Amayeza okubulala izinambuzanezizinto zekhemikhali ezisetyenziselwa ukubulala okanye ukulawula izinambuzane eziyingozi.Zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwezolimo, ezempilo kunye nokulima izitiya ukukhusela izityalo, indawo yekhaya kunye nempilo yoluntu.Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane asetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo nakwimpilo.Ayandisi isivuno sezityalo nje kuphela kodwa ikwakhusela ngokunempumelelo ukusasazeka kwezifo.

 

Zeziphi iintlobo zamayeza okubulala izinambuzane?

Izibulali-zinambuzane zinokuhlelwa ngokweendidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana ne-organophosphates, i-carbamates, i-pyrethroids,i-neonicotinoids, kunye ne-organochlorines, nganye inemichiza yayo ethile kunye nendlela yokwenza, kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulawula iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinambuzane kunye nokukhusela izityalo kunye nempilo yabantu.Okulandelayo, siza kujonga ukuba zeziphi iindidi kunye neemveliso eziqhelekileyo ezikhoyo.

 

Ukwahlula ngokwemichiza

Izitshabalalisi zeOrganophosphorus

I-Organophosphorus insecticides yiklasi ye-insecticide esetyenziswa ngokubanzi evimbela i-enzyme i-acetylcholinesterase kwizinambuzane, ekhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kwenkqubo ye-nervous yesinambuzane kunye nokufa.

I-Dichlorvos (DDVP)

 

Malathion

Carbamate Insecticides

I-Carbamate insecticides iphazamisa i-nerve conduction kwizinambuzane ngokuvimbela i-acetylcholinesterase ye-enzyme.Ezi zinambuzane zisebenza kakhulu kwaye zisebenza ngokukhawuleza.

Methomyl

 

Izinambuzane zePyrethroid

I-Pyrethroid insecticides ziyi-synthetic pyrethroid compounds ezenza i-insecticidal effect ngokuchaphazela i-nerve conduction kwizinambuzane.Zibonakaliswa yityhefu ephantsi, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye nobuhlobo bendalo.

Cypermetrin

 

Neonicotinoid Insecticides

I-Neonicotinoid insecticide isizukulwana esitsha sezinambuzane ezibulala izinambuzane ngokuzibophelela kwi-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, ekhokelela ekugqithiseni kwenkqubo ye-nervous kunye nokufa.

Imidacloprid

Clothianidin

 

Organochlorine Insecticides

I-Organochlorine insecticides liqela lezinambuzane zemveli ezihlala ixesha elide kunye ne-spectrum ebanzi, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwazo kulinganiselwe ngenxa yokuphikelela kwazo kwendalo kunye ne-bioaccumulation.Izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo ze-organochlorine ziquka i-DDT (i-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) kunye ne-chlordane.

 

Ukuhlelwa ngokwendlela yokwenza

Bamba amayeza okubulala izinambuzane
Izitshabalalisi zohlobo lwezinambuzane zisebenza ngokudibana ngqo ne-epidermis yesinambuzane.Olu hlobo lwe-insecticide lubandakanya ezininzi i-organophosphorus kunye ne-pyrethroid compounds.

Izibulali-zinambuzane ezinetyhefu yesisu
Isisu se-Toxicant sifakwe zizinambuzane kwaye zenza iziphumo zazo ezinobuthi emzimbeni.Izinambuzane eziqhelekileyo zesisu zibandakanya i-carbamates kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ze-organophosphorus.

Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane
Amayeza okubulala izinambuzaneinokufunxwa sisityalo kwaye iqhutywe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zesityalo, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela isityalo sonke kwizinambuzane.Olu hlobo lwe-insecticide lubandakanya imidacloprid kunye ne-furosemide.

 

Ukuhlelwa ngokokusetyenziswa

Izitshabalalisi zezoLimo
Izitshabalalisi zezolimo zisetyenziselwa ukukhusela izityalo kwizitshabalalisi kunye nokuphucula isivuno kunye nomgangatho.Ezi ziquka i-organophosphorus esetyenziswa kakhulu, i-pyrethroid kunye ne-neonicotinoid insecticide.

Amayeza okucoca izinambuzane
Izibulali-zinambuzane ezicocekileyo zisetyenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ezithwalayo ezifana neengcongconi, iimpukane namaphela ukuthintela ukwanda kwezifo.Ezo zinambuzane ziquka ideltamethrin kunye necypermethrin.

Izitshabalalisi zeHorticultural
Izitshabalalisi zehorticultural zisetyenziswa ikakhulu ukukhusela iintyatyambo, imihombiso kunye nemithi yeziqhamo kwizitshabalalisi.Ezi zinambuzane zihlala zibandakanya ubuthi obuphantsi, iipyrethroids ezisebenza kakhulu kunye neonicotinoids.

 

Indlela yokusebenza yamayeza okubulala izinambuzane

Iimpembelelo kwinkqubo ye-nervous yezinambuzane
Uninzi lwezinambuzane zisebenza ngokuphazamisa inkqubo ye-nervous yezinambuzane, umzekelo, i-organophosphorus kunye ne-carbamate insecticides inhibit i-acetylcholinesterase ye-enzyme, ekhokelela ekuphazamisekeni kwe-nerve conduction kunye nezinambuzane ezifayo.

Iimpembelelo kwinkqubo ye-endocrine yezinambuzane
Izinambuzane ezithile zithintela ukukhula kunye nokuzala kwezinambuzane ngokuphazamisa inkqubo yazo ye-endocrine, umz., i-insect growth regulators (IGRs), evimbela ukuhlanganiswa okanye isenzo se-hormone moulting yezinambuzane.

Iimpembelelo kwinkqubo yokuphefumla yezinambuzane
Ezinye izibulali-zinambuzane zibulala izinambuzane ngokuchaphazela inkqubo yazo yokuphefumla, zithintela ukuba zingaphefumli kakuhle.Ngokomzekelo, i-fumigants ingena emzimbeni wesinambuzane ngendlela yegesi kwaye iphazamise iinkqubo zayo eziqhelekileyo zokuphefumla.

 

Iindlela zokusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane

Ukutshiza
Ukutshiza yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokufaka isibulali zinambuzane.Idibana ngqo kwaye ibulale izinambuzane ngokutshiza isisombululo sezinambuzane kumphezulu wesityalo okanye apho izinambuzane zidibana khona.

Iingcambu
Indlela yokunkcenkceshela ingcambu ibandakanya ukugalela isisombululo sezinambuzane ngqo kwiingcambu zesityalo, ukuze sifunxwe sisityalo kwaye siqhutywe kuzo zonke iindawo zesityalo ukubonelela ngokhuseleko.Le ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwi-systemic insecticides.

Fumigation
Indlela yokutshisa isebenzisa uhlobo lwegesi lwesibulali zinambuzane, esikhutshwa kwindawo evaliweyo ukuze kuphunyezwe isiphumo sokubulala izinambuzane ezitshabalalisayo.Le ndlela isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezivaliweyo ezifana nokugcinwa kweenkozo, iindawo zokugcina iimpahla kunye neendawo zokugcina izityalo.

Indlela yokusasaza
Indlela yokufaka isicelo ibandakanya ukusebenzisa isibulali zinambuzane ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo apho izitshabalalisi zisebenza khona okanye kumphezulu wesityalo, kwaye ilungele ukubulawa kwendawo yezinambuzane kunye nokulawula izinambuzane ezithile.

 

Amayeza okubulala izinambuzanezimveliso eziyimfuneko kwezolimo kunye nempilo, kwaye zingahlelwa kuluhlu olubanzi lweentlobo ezisekelwe kukwakheka kweekhemikhali, indlela yokwenza, kunye nokusetyenziswa.Ukusuka kwi-organophosphorus insecticide esebenzayo kakhulu ukuya kwi-neonicotinoids ehambelana nokusingqongileyo, nganye ineenzuzo zayo ezizodwa.Ukukhetha isibulali-zinambuzane esifanelekileyo kunokukhusela izityalo ngokufanelekileyo kwizitshabalalisi kunye nokuqinisekisa umgangatho kunye nesivuno seemveliso zezolimo.Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, amayeza okubulala izinambuzane nawo adlala indima ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lezempilo, enceda ekulawuleni izinambuzane ezithwalayo kunye nokukhusela impilo yoluntu.Ngoko ke, ukuqonda kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubulala izinambuzane kubalulekile kwimveliso yezolimo kunye nokukhusela impilo.