Meriana e bolaeang likokoanyanake dikhemikhale tse sebedisoang ho bolaya kapa ho laola dikokonyana tse kotsi.Li sebelisoa haholo temong, bophelo bo botle le temo ea limela ho sireletsa lijalo, tikoloho ea lehae le bophelo bo botle ba sechaba.Likokoana-hloko li sebelisoa haholo temong le bophelong bo botle.Ha li eketse chai ea lijalo feela empa li boetse li thibela ho ata ha mafu ka katleho.

 

Ke mefuta efe ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana?

Likokoana-hloko li ka aroloa ka mefuta e fapaneng e kang organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids,li-neonicotinoids, le organochlorines, e 'ngoe le e' ngoe e nang le lik'hemik'hale tse khethehileng le mokhoa oa ho sebetsa, 'me li sebelisetsoa ho laola mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea likokoanyana le ho sireletsa lijalo le bophelo bo botle ba batho.Ka mor'a moo, re tla sheba hore na ke lihlopha life le lihlahisoa tse tloaelehileng tse fumanehang.

 

Karolelano ho latela sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale

Likokoana-hloko tsa Organophosphorus

Likokoana-hloko tsa Organophosphorus ke sehlopha sa likokoana-hloko tse sebelisoang haholo tse thibelang enzyme ea acetylcholinesterase ho likokoanyana, e leng se lebisang ho sitisoeng ke tsamaiso ea methapo ea kokoanyana le lefu.

Dichlorvos (DDVP)

 

Malathion

Likokoana-hloko tsa Carbamate

Likokoana-hloko tsa carbamate li kena-kenana le tsamaiso ea methapo ea likokoanyana ka ho thibela enzyme ea acetylcholinesterase.Likokoana-hloko tsena li sebetsa haholo ebile li sebetsa ka potlako.

Methomyl

 

Likokoana-hloko tsa Pyrethroid

Likokoana-hloko tsa Pyrethroid ke metsoako ea maiketsetso ea pyrethroid e nang le liphello tsa eona tsa ho bolaea likokoanyana ka ho ama tsamaiso ea methapo ea likokoanyana.Li khetholloa ke chefo e tlaase, ts'ebetso e phahameng le botsoalle ba tikoloho.

Cypermethrin

 

Likokoana-hloko tsa Neonicotinoid

Likokoana-hloko tsa Neonicotinoid ke moloko o mocha oa likokoana-hloko tse bolaeang likokoanyana ka ho tlama li-receptor tsa tsona tsa nicotinic acetylcholine, tse lebisang ho overstimulation ea tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng le lefu.

Imidacloprid

Clothianidin

 

Likokoana-hloko tsa Organochlorine

Likokoana-hloko tsa Organochlorine ke sehlopha sa likokoanyana tse tloaelehileng tse tšoarellang nako e telele le tse pharaletseng, empa tšebeliso ea tsona e lekanyelitsoe ka lebaka la ho phehella ha tsona tikolohong le bioaccumulation ea tsona.Likokoana-hloko tse tloaelehileng tsa organochlorine li kenyelletsa DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) le chlordane.

 

Karolelano ho ya ka mokgoa wa ketso

Tšoara chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana
Likokoana-hloko tsa mofuta oa ho ama li sebetsa ka ho kopana ka ho toba le epidermis ea kokoanyana.Mofuta ona oa likokoanyana o kenyelletsa metsoako e mengata ea organophosphorus le pyrethroids.

Likokoanyana tse chefo ka mpeng
Ka mpeng Toxicant e kenngoa ke likokoanyana 'me e na le liphello tse chefo' meleng.Likokoana-hloko tse tloaelehileng tsa gastric li kenyelletsa carbamates le metsoako e meng ea organophosphorus.

Meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana
Meriana e bolaeang likokoanyanae ka monngoa ke semela mme ea isoa likarolong tse sa tšoaneng tsa semela, kahoo e sireletsa semela sohle ho tse senyang lijalo.Mofuta ona oa likokoanyana o kenyelletsa imidacloprid le furosemide.

 

Karolelano ho latela tshebediso

Likokoana-hloko tsa Temo
Likokoana-hloko tsa temo li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho sireletsa lijalo ho likokoanyana le ho ntlafatsa chai le boleng.Tsena li kenyelletsa likokoana-hloko tse sebelisoang haholo tsa organophosphorus, pyrethroid le neonicotinoid.

Likokoana-hloko tsa Bohloeki
Likokoana-hloko tsa bohloeki li sebelisoa ho laola likokoana-hloko tse kang menoang, lintsintsi le maphele ho thibela ho ata ha mafu.Likokoana-hloko tse joalo li kenyelletsa deltamethrin le cypermethrin.

Likokoana-hloko tsa Horticultural
Likokoana-hloko tsa horticultural li sebelisoa haholo-holo ho sireletsa lipalesa, mekhabiso le lifate tsa litholoana ho tse senyang lijalo.Likokoana-hloko tsena hangata li kenyelletsa chefo e tlase, li-pyrethroids tse sebetsang haholo le li-neonicotinoids.

 

Mokhoa oa ts'ebetso ea chefo ea likokoanyana

Liphello tsamaisong ea methapo ea likokoanyana
Likokoana-hloko tse ngata li sebetsa ka ho kena-kenana le tsamaiso ea methapo ea likokoanyana, mohlala, organophosphorus le likokoana-hloko tsa carbamate li thibela enzyme ea acetylcholinesterase, e lebisang ho mafu a tsamaiso ea methapo le likokoanyana tse shoeleng.

Liphello tsamaisong ea endocrine ea likokoanyana
Likokoana-hloko tse ling li thibela ho hōla le ho ikatisa ha likokoanyana ka ho senya tsamaiso ea tsona ea endocrine, mohlala, li-insect growth regulators (IGRs), tse thibelang ho kopanya kapa ho etsa ketso ea lihomone tse senyang likokoanyana.

Liphello tsamaisong ea phefumoloho ea likokoanyana
Likokoana-hloko tse ling li bolaea likokoanyana ka ho ama tsamaiso ea tsona ea ho hema, li li thibela ho hema hantle.Ka mohlala, likokoana-hloko li kena 'meleng oa kokoanyana ka mokhoa oa khase ebe li kena-kenana le mekhoa ea eona e tloaelehileng ea ho hema.

 

Mekhoa ea ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana

Ho fafatsa
Ho fafatsa ke mokhoa o atileng haholo oa ho sebelisa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.E kopana le ho bolaya disenyi ka ho otloloha ka ho fafatsa motswako wa sebolaya dikokonyana hodima sejalo kapa moo dikokonyana di bokanang teng.

Rooting
Mokhoa oa ho nosetsa oa metso o kenyelletsa ho tšela motsoako oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka kotloloho metsong ea semela, e le hore e monoe ke semela ebe e isoa likarolong tsohle tsa semela ho fana ka tšireletso.Mokhoa ona o sebelisoa hangata bakeng sa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.

Fumigation
Mokhoa oa ho tsuba o sebelisa mofuta oa khase oa sebolaea likokoanyana, se lokolloang sebakeng se koetsoeng ho fihlela phello ea ho bolaea likokoanyana ka botlalo.Mokhoa ona o atisa ho sebelisoa libakeng tse koaletsoeng tse kang polokelo ea lijo-thollo, matlo a polokelo le li-greenhouses.

Mokhoa oa ho hasanya
Mokhoa oa kopo o kenyelletsa ho sebelisa sebolaea-kokoanyana ka kotloloho sebakeng seo likokoanyana li sebetsang ho sona kapa ka holim'a semela, 'me se loketse ho bolaea likokoanyana le taolo ea likokoanyana tse itseng.

 

Meriana e bolaeang likokoanyanake lihlahisoa tsa bohlokoa haholo temong le bophelong bo botle, 'me li ka aroloa ka mefuta e mengata e fapaneng ho latela sebopeho sa lik'hemik'hale, mokhoa oa ts'ebetso le ts'ebeliso.Ho tloha ho likokoana-hloko tse sebetsang hantle haholo tsa organophosphorus ho ea ho li-neonicotinoids tse nang le botsoalle ba tikoloho, se seng le se seng se na le melemo ea sona e ikhethang.Ho khetha sebolaea-kokoanyana se nepahetseng ho ka sireletsa lijalo ho likokoanyana le ho netefatsa boleng le chai ea lihlahisoa tsa temo.Eseng hoo feela, meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e boetse e phetha karolo ea bohlokoa lefapheng la bophelo bo botle, e thusa ho laola likokoanyana le ho sireletsa bophelo ba sechaba.Ka hona, kutloisiso le tšebeliso e nepahetseng ea mefuta e fapaneng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e bohlokoa bakeng sa tlhahiso ea temo le thibelo ea bophelo bo botle.