ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻauhe mau mea kemika i hoʻohana ʻia no ka pepehi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā pepeke ʻino.Hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou i ka mahiʻai, ke olakino a me ka horticulture e pale i nā mea kanu, ka home home a me ke olakino lehulehu.Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā insecticides i ka mahiʻai a me ke olakino.ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻonui wale i nā hua kanu akā pale maikaʻi hoʻi i ka laha ʻana o nā maʻi.

 

He aha nā ʻano lāʻau insecticides?

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā insecticides i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids,neonicotinoids, a me nā organochlorines, ua loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea kona haku mele ponoʻī ponoʻī a me ke ʻano o ka hana, a hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomalu i nā ʻano mea ʻino a pale i nā mea kanu a me ke olakino kanaka.Ma hope aʻe, e nānā mākou i nā papa inoa a me nā huahana maʻamau i loaʻa.

 

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka haku mele

Organophosphorus Insecticides

ʻO ka organophosphorus insecticides kahi papa o nā mea inika i hoʻohana nui ʻia e keʻakeʻa i ka enzyme acetylcholinesterase i loko o nā iniseti, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana nerve o ka pepeke a make.

Dichlorvos (DDVP)

 

Malathion

Nā lāʻau lapaʻau Carbamate

Hoʻopilikia ka insecticides Carbamate i ka lawe ʻana i ke aʻalolo i nā inike ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka enzyme acetylcholinesterase.ʻO kēia mau insecticides maikaʻi loa a me ka wikiwiki.

Methomyl

 

Pyrethroid Insecticides

ʻO nā insecticides Pyrethroid nā pūhui pyrethroid synthetic e hoʻokō i kā lākou hopena insecticidal ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka hoʻokele nerve i nā inike.Hōʻike ʻia lākou e ka haʻahaʻa toxicity, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ke aloha kaiapuni.

ʻO Cypermethrin

 

Neonicotinoid Insecticides

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau Neonicotinoid he hanauna hou ia e pepehi i nā pepeke ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kā lākou nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, e alakaʻi ana i ka overstimulation o ke kikowaena o ke kikowaena a me ka make.

ʻO ka imidacloprid

Clothianidin

 

Organochlorine Insecticides

ʻO ka Organochlorine insecticides he pūʻulu o nā insecticides kuʻuna i lōʻihi a ākea, akā ua kaupalena ʻia ko lākou hoʻohana ʻana ma muli o ko lākou hoʻomau ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka bioaccumulation.ʻO nā lāʻau inika organochlorine maʻamau ka DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) a me ka chlordane.

 

Hoʻokaʻawale e like me ke ʻano o ka hana

Hoʻopā i nā lāʻau lapaʻau
Hana ʻia nā lāʻau lāʻau lāʻau paʻi ma ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana me ka epidermis o ka iniseti.ʻO kēia ʻano insecticide ka nui o nā hui organophosphorus a me pyrethroid.

ʻO nā lāʻau lāʻau ʻawaʻawa o ka ʻōpū
ʻAi ʻia ka ʻōpū ʻawaʻawa e nā pepeke a hoʻohana i kā lākou hopena ʻona i ke kino.ʻO nā insecticides ʻōpū maʻamau ka carbamates a me kekahi pūhui organophosphorus.

Nā Insecticides Systemic
Pūnaehana insecticideshiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e ka mea kanu a alakaʻi ʻia i nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka mea kanu, pēlā e pale ai i ka mea kanu holoʻokoʻa mai nā pests.ʻO kēia ʻano insecticide ka imidacloprid a me ka furosemide.

 

Hoʻokaʻawale e like me ka hoʻohana ʻana

ʻO nā Insecticides Mahiʻai
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā insecticides mahiʻai e pale i nā mea kanu mai nā pests a e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hua a me ka maikaʻi.Hoʻopili kēia i nā organophosphorus, pyrethroid a me neonicotinoid insecticides.

Nā Insecticides Maʻemaʻe
Hoʻohana ʻia nā insecticides maʻemaʻe no ka mālama ʻana i nā iniseti vector e like me ka makika, nā nalo a me nā ʻōpala e pale ai i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi.ʻO ia mau insecticides he deltamethrin a me cypermethrin.

ʻO nā Insecticides Horticultural
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā insecticides horticultural no ka pale ʻana i nā pua, nā mea hoʻonaninani a me nā lāʻau hua mai nā pests.Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kēia mau insecticides i nā pyrethroids maikaʻi loa a me nā neonicotinoids.

 

Mechanism o ka hana o na insecticides

Nā hopena i ka ʻōnaehana nerve o nā pepeke
Hoʻohana ka nui o nā insecticides ma ke keʻakeʻa ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana nerve o nā iniseti, no ka laʻana, organophosphorus a me carbamate insecticides keʻakeʻa i ka enzyme acetylcholinesterase, e alakaʻi ana i nā maʻi aʻalolo a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā iniseti i ka make.

Nā hopena i ka ʻōnaehana endocrine o nā pepeke
Kāohi kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau i ka ulu ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā pepeke ma o ka hoʻopau ʻana i kā lākou ʻōnaehana endocrine, no ka laʻana, nā mea hoʻoponopono ulu iniseti (IGRs), ka mea e kāohi ai i ka synthesis a i ʻole ka hana o nā hormones moulting insect.

Nā hopena i ka ʻōnaehana hanu o nā pepeke
ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau lapaʻau e pepehi i nā pepeke ma o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ko lākou ʻōpū hanu, e pale ana iā lākou mai ka hanu pono ʻana.No ka laʻana, komo nā fumigants i loko o ke kino kinoea a keʻakeʻa i kāna kaʻina hana hanu maʻamau.

 

Nā ʻano hana hoʻohana insecticide

Kapu ana
ʻO ke kāpī ʻana ke ʻano maʻamau o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticide.Hoʻopili pololei ʻo ia a pepehi i nā mea ʻino ma ke kāpī ʻana i ka solution insecticide ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mea kanu a i ʻole kahi e ʻākoakoa ai nā mea pest.

Ke aʻa ʻana
ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻoinu ʻana i ke aʻa, ʻo ia ka ninini ʻana i ka solution insecticide i loko o nā aʻa o ka mea kanu, i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka mea kanu a alakaʻi ʻia i nā wahi āpau o ka mea kanu e mālama ai.Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano no nā insecticides systemic.

Hoʻohuhi
Hoʻohana ke ʻano fumigation i ke ʻano kinoea o ka insecticide, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o kahi wahi paʻa e hoʻokō ai i ka hopena o ka luku piha ʻana i nā pests.Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia ʻano hana i nā wahi paʻa e like me ka mālama ʻana i ka palaoa, nā hale kūʻai a me nā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo.

ʻano hoʻolaha
ʻO ke ʻano o ka noi ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i ka insecticide i kahi e hana ai nā pests a i ʻole i ka ʻili o ka mea kanu, a kūpono no ka pepehi kūloko ʻana i nā pests a me ka mālama ʻana i nā pests kikoʻī.

 

ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻauhe mau huahana koʻikoʻi i ka mahiʻai a me ke olakino, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole e pili ana i ka haku mele, ke ʻano o ka hana, a me ka hoʻohana.Mai nā insecticides organophosphorus maikaʻi loa a hiki i nā neonicotinoids pili i ke kaiapuni, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea kona pono ponoʻī.ʻO ke koho ʻana i ka insecticide kūpono hiki ke pale pono i nā mea kanu mai nā pests a hōʻoia i ka maikaʻi a me ka hua o nā huahana mahiʻai.ʻAʻole ʻo ia wale nō, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā insecticides i ka ʻoihana olakino, e kōkua ana i ka mālama ʻana i nā iniseti vector a mālama i ke olakino lehulehu.No laila, pono ka ʻike a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i nā ʻano insecticides no ka hana mahiʻai a me ka pale ʻana i ke olakino.