Zonke ziqukethe ama-insecticide abizwa ngokuthi ama-pyrethrins asetshenziswa ePheresiya lasendulo.Namuhla, siwasebenzisa kuma-shampoos wezintwala.
Uyemukelwa ochungechungeni lwe-JSTOR Daily lwe-detox, lapho sicabanga ukuthi ungakhawulela kanjani ukuchayeka ezintweni ezibhekwa njengezingaphephile ososayensi.Kuze kube manje, sesimboze ama-flame retardants obisini, amapulasitiki emanzini, amapulasitiki kanye namakhemikhali ku-digital detoxification.Namuhla, silandelela umsuka we-shampoo yezintwala ePheresiya lasendulo.
Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, izikole ezweni lonke bezilwa nokuhlaselwa kwezintwala.Ngo-2017, eHarrisburg, ePennsylvania, kwatholakala izingane ezingaphezu kwekhulu zinezintwala, isifunda sesikole esizibize “ezingakaze zibonwe ngaphambili.”Futhi ngo-2019, isikole esise-Sheepshead Bay e-Brooklyn School sabika umqedazwe.Nakuba iCenters for Disease Control and Prevention ngokuvamile ikholelwa ukuthi izintwala aziyona ingozi empilweni, zingaba inkinga enkulu.Ukuqeda izintwala nezibungu (amaqanda azo amancane), udinga ukugeza izinwele zakho nge-shampoo equkethe isibulala-zinambuzane.
Izithako ezibulala izinambuzane kuma-shampoos amaningi atholakala ngaphandle kwekhawunta ziqukethe isakhi esibizwa nge-pyrethrum noma i-pyrethrin.Inhlanganisela itholakala ezimbalini ezifana ne-tansy, pyrethrum ne-chrysanthemum (evame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-chrysanthemum noma i-chrysanthemum).Lezi zitshalo ngokwemvelo ziqukethe ama-ester ayisithupha ahlukene noma ama-pyrethrins-organic compounds anobuthi ezinambuzaneni.
Kwaqashelwa ukuthi lezi zimbali zinemiphumela yokubulala izinambuzane emakhulwini eminyaka edlule.Ekuqaleni kwawo-1800, i-Persian pyrethrum chrysanthemum yayisetshenziselwa ukususa izintwala.Lezi zimbali zaqala ukudayiswa e-Armenia ngo-1828, futhi zatshalwa eDalmatia (namuhla eyiCroatia) cishe eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva.Izimbali zakhiqizwa kwaze kwaba yiMpi Yezwe Yokuqala.Lesi sitshalo senza kahle ezindaweni ezifudumele.Ngawo-1980, ukukhiqizwa kwe-pyrethrum kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi kungaba amathani angu-15 000 ezimbali ezomisiwe ngonyaka, ezingaphezu kwengxenye yazo zivela eKenya, kanti ezinye zivela eTanzania, eRwanda nase-Ecuador.Cishe abantu abangu-200,000 emhlabeni wonke bahlanganyela ekukhiqizweni kwayo.Izimbali zikhiwa ngesandla, zomiswe elangeni noma ngomshini, bese zigaywa zibe yimpushana.Imbali ngayinye iqukethe cishe u-3 kuya ku-4 mg we-pyrethrin -1 kuya ku-2% ngesisindo, futhi ikhiqiza amathani angaba ngu-150 kuya kwangu-200 wezibulala-zinambuzane ngonyaka.I-United States yaqala ukungenisa impushana ngo-1860, kodwa imizamo yokukhiqiza ukuhweba yasekhaya ayizange iphumelele.
Ekuqaleni, i-pyrethrum yayisetshenziswa njengempushana.Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19, ukuyixuba nophalafini, i-hexane noma izincibilikisi ezifanayo ukwenza isifutho esiwuketshezi kuphumelela kakhulu kunempushana.Kamuva, kwenziwa ama-analogue ahlukahlukene okwenziwa.Lawa abizwa ngama-pyrethroids (pyrethroids), okungamakhemikhali anesakhiwo esifana ne-pyrethroids kodwa anobuthi kakhulu ezinambuzaneni.Ngawo-1980, ama-pyrethroids amane asetshenziselwa ukuvikela izitshalo-permethrin, i-cypermethrin, i-decamethrin ne-fenvalerate.Lezi zinhlanganisela ezintsha zinamandla futhi zihlala isikhathi eside, ngakho zingakwazi ukuqhubeka nemvelo, izitshalo, ngisho namaqanda noma ubisi.Ngaphezu kwe-1,000 ye-synthetic pyrethroids eyenziwe, kodwa okwamanje kune-pyrethroids yokwenziwa engaphansi kweshumi nambili esetshenziswa e-United States.Ama-pyrethroids nama-pyrethroids avame ukusetshenziswa ngokuhlangana namanye amakhemikhali ukuvimbela ukubola kwawo nokwandisa ukufa.
Kuze kube muva nje, ama-pyrethroids ayebhekwa njengephephile kakhulu kubantu.Ikakhulukazi, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izinhlanganisela ezintathu ze-pyrethroid i-deltamethrin, i-alpha-cypermethrin ne-permetrin ukulawula izinambuzane ekhaya.
Kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva luye lwathola ukuthi i-pyrethroids ayinayo ingozi.Nakuba zinobuthi obuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2250 ezinambuzaneni kunezilwane ezinomgogodla, zingase zibe nemiphumela elimazayo kubantu.Lapho ososayensi eNyuvesi yase-Iowa behlola idatha yezempilo yabantu abadala abangu-2 000 ukuze baqonde ukuthi umzimba uphula kanjani ama-pyrethroids, bathola ukuthi la makhemikhali aphinda kathathu ingozi yesifo senhliziyo.Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini luphinde lwathola ukuthi ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kuma-pyrethroids (isibonelo kubantu abawapakishayo) kungabangela izinkinga zempilo ezifana nesiyezi nokukhathala.
Ngaphezu kwabantu abasebenza ngokuqondile ngama-pyrethroids, abantu baphinde bahlangane nabo ikakhulukazi ngokudla, ngokudla izithelo nemifino efuthwe, noma uma izindlu zabo, utshani nezingadi zifuthwe.Nokho, izibulala-zinambuzane zanamuhla ze-pyrethroid zingeyesibili ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni.Ingabe lokhu kusho ukuthi abantu kufanele bakhathazeke ngokugeza izinwele zabo nge-shampoo equkethe i-pyrethrum?Inani elincane lokugeza alinakwenzeka ukulimaza abantu, kodwa kufanelekile ukuhlola izithako emabhodleleni ezinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukufafaza izindlu, izingadi nezindawo ezivame umiyane.
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