Ziyini izibulala-zinambuzane?

Izibulala-zinambuzaneziyisigaba sezinto zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziselwa ukulawula noma ukucekela phansi izinambuzane nokuvikela izitshalo, impilo yomphakathi kanye nemikhiqizo egciniwe.Ngokuya ngohlobo lwesenzo kanye nezinambuzane ezihlosiwe, ama-insecticide angahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ama-insecticide othintana naye, ama-insecticide anobuthi besisu, ama-insecticide e-fumigant njalonjalo.

Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zama-insecticides

Ama-insecticides e-Organophosphorus

Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphorus ziyikilasi lamakhemikhali asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, ezempilo yomphakathi kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane zasendlini.Basebenza ngokuyinhloko ngokuvimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme i-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), evimbela ukuqhutshwa kwezinzwa ezinambuzaneni, okuholela ekufeni kwazo.

Izinzuzo:

Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kanye ne-spectrum ebanzi: inomthelela obalulekile ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinambuzane futhi inokusetshenziswa okubanzi.

Ukwenza ngokushesha: kungabulala izinambuzane ngokushesha, ngomphumela osheshayo.

Izindleko eziphansi: izindleko eziphansi zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa, ezifanele ukusetshenziswa kwezinga elikhulu.

Imikhiqizo Eshisayo

I-Trichlorfon: Isibulala-zinambuzane se-organophosphate esisebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu esivame ukusetshenziswa ukulawula izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane zezolimo.

I-Malathion: enobuthi obuphansi, isetshenziswa kabanzi kwizibulala-zinambuzane zasekhaya nezempilo yomphakathi, kanye nokulawulwa kwezinambuzane kwezolimo.

I-Parathion: Ubuthi obuphezulu, obusetshenziswa kakhulu ekulawuleni izinambuzane kwezolimo, kodwa buvinjelwe noma bavinjelwa kwamanye amazwe nasezifundeni.

I-Malathion 45%EC, 57%EC, 65%EC, 50%WP, 90%TC, 95%TC

Ama-insecticides e-Carbamate

Ama-insecticide e-Carbamate yikilasi lamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ezindaweni zezolimo nezasekhaya.Basebenza ngokuvimbela i-enzyme i-acetylcholinesterase, eholela ekwakhiweni kwe-acetylcholine kuma-synapses wezinzwa kanye ne-neuromuscular junctions.Lokhu kubangela ukucasuka kwemisipha njalo ekugcineni ukukhubazeka nokufa kwesinambuzane.

Izinzuzo:

Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu: kunomphumela onamandla wokubulala ezinambuzaneni ezihlafunayo.

Ukwenza ngokushesha: kusebenza ngokushesha futhi kusebenza kahle ngesikhathi esifushane.

Izinsalela eziphansi: ukuwohloka okusheshayo endaweni ezungezile, isikhathi esifushane sensalela.

Imikhiqizo Eshisayo

I-Carbaryl (Sevin): Isetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, izingadi zasekhaya, kanye nokulawula izinambuzane ezifuywayo.

I-Carbaryl 50% WP, 85%WP, 5%GR, 95%TC

I-Aldicarb: Inamandla ngokwedlulele, isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izinambuzane zomhlabathi.

I-Propoxur: Isetshenziswa ekulawulweni kwezinambuzane kwezolimo nasemadolobheni, okuhlanganisa namazeze amakhola kanye nezithiyo zezintuthwane.

I-Methomyl: Kuqashwe kwezolimo ukulawula izinambuzane ezitshalweni.

I-Methomyl 20% SL, 24% SL, 20% EC, 40% EC, 90% SP, 90% EP, 98% TC

Ama-insecticide e-pyrethroid

Ama-insecticide e-Pyrethroid ayikilasi lamakhemikhali okwenziwa afanekiselwa i-pyrethroid eyinhlanganisela yemvelo yezinambuzane (etholakala ku-chrysanthemum).Ama-pyrethroids asetshenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenza kwawo ngempumelelo, ubuthi obuncane ezilwaneni ezincelisayo, kanye nokuzinza kwemvelo.Ama-pyrethroids ahlasela isimiso sezinzwa zezinambuzane ngokubopha iziteshi ze-sodium ezine-voltage-gated.Lokhu kubophezela kwandisa isimo esivulekile somzila, okuholela ekuphumeni okuphindaphindiwe kwemizwa, ukukhubazeka, futhi ekugcineni nokufa kwesinambuzane.

Izinzuzo:

Ubuthi obuphansi: buphephe kakhulu kubantu nasezilwaneni, bufanele ukusetshenziswa kwezempilo yasekhaya neyomphakathi.

Ukwenza ngokushesha: kunomphumela wokuwisa ngokushesha ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane.

Izinzile: izinzile endaweni enesikhathi eside sokusebenza.

Imikhiqizo Eshisayo

I-Permethrin: Isetshenziswa kwezolimo, ezempilo yomphakathi, kanye nemithi yezilwane.Ibuye itholakale emikhiqizweni yasendlini njengezifutho zezinambuzane nezingubo ezilashwayo Ibuye itholakale emikhiqizweni yasendlini njengezifutho zezinambuzane nasezimpahleni ezilashwayo.

I-Cypermethrin: Isetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwezolimo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane zasendlini.

I-Deltamethrin: Yaziwa ngokusebenza kwayo ngempumelelo ekulweni nezinambuzane eziningi eziwuhlupho kwezolimo nasezindaweni zokuhlala.

I-Lambda-cyhalothrin: Isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zezolimo nezempilo zomphakathi zokulawula omiyane.

I-Fenvalerate: Isetshenziswa ekulawuleni izinambuzane kwezolimo.

I-Alpha-Cypermethrin 10% SC

Neonicotinoid insecticides

Neonicotinoid insecticides, ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi “ama-neonics,” ayisigaba sezibulala-zinambuzane ezisebenza nge-neuro-active ngamakhemikhali afana ne-nicotine.Zisetshenziswa kabanzi ngenxa yokuphumelela kwazo ekulawuleni izinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane eziwuhlupho kanye nezakhiwo zazo zesistimu, ezivumela ukuthi zivikele izitshalo zonke.I-Neonicotinoids ibophezela kuma-nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ohlelweni lwezinzwa olumaphakathi lwezinambuzane, okubangela ukuvuselela ngokweqile kwesimiso sezinzwa.Lokhu kuholela ekukhubazekeni nasekufeni.

Izinzuzo:

Isebenza kahle futhi ine-spectrum ebanzi: isebenza ngempumelelo ngokumelene nezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izingxenye zomlomo ezihlabayo.

Isikhathi eside sokusebenza: Ukusebenza okuhlala isikhathi eside, ukunciphisa inani lezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Ubuthi obuphansi: buphephile kubantu nasezilwaneni, ukusetshenziswa okubanzi.

Imikhiqizo Eshisayo

Imidacloprid: Esinye sezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni jikelele, sisetshenziswa kwezolimo, ukulima, kanye nokulawula amazeze ezifuyweni.

I-Imidacloprid 25% WP

I-Clothianidin: Isetshenziswa kwezolimo, ikakhulukazi njengokwelashwa kwembewu ukuvikela izitshalo ezifana nommbila nobhontshisi wesoya.

I-Clothianidin 50% WDG

I-Thiamethoxam: Isetshenziswa ezindaweni zezolimo ezitshalweni ezahlukahlukene.

I-Thiamethoxam 25% SC

I-Acetamiprid: Isetshenziswa kokubili ezindaweni zezolimo nezindawo zokuhlala.

I-Acetamiprid 20% SP

I-Dinotefuran: Isetshenziswa kwezolimo kanye nemikhiqizo yokulawula izinambuzane ukuze isetshenziswe ekhaya.

I-Dinotefuran 50% WP, 25% WP, 70% WDG, 20% SG, 98% TC

Indlela yokusebenza yama-insecticides

Ama-insecticide akhiqiza imiphumela ezinambuzaneni ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ezihlanganisa:

I-Neurotoxicity:kuphazamisa isimiso sezinzwa sokuqhuba izinambuzane, okubangela ukukhubazeka noma ukufa.

Izinzuzo:

Esebenza kahle futhi esheshayo: ingasebenza ngokushesha ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwezinambuzane futhi izibulale ngokushesha.

I-Broad-spectrum: iphumelela ngokumelene nezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane, izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza.

Kulula ukufaka: iningi lalezi zinambuzane zingasetshenziswa ngokufafaza, ukufuthwa nezinye izindlela.

Ukuvinjelwa kokuphefumula:ibhubhisa uhlelo lwe-enzyme yokuphefumula yezinambuzane, okuholela ekuphefumuleni nasekufeni.

Izinzuzo:

I-insecticide ephumelela kakhulu: ngokuvimbela uhlelo lwe-enzyme yokuphefumula yezinambuzane, okuholela ekufeni ngokuphefumula.

Ukumelana okuphansi: izinambuzane mancane amathuba okuthi zithuthukise ukumelana nalo mshini.

Uhlu olubanzi lwezenzo: lungasetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane kanye nezigaba zazo zokukhula ezihlukene.

Ukuvinjelwa kokugaya ukudla:kuthinta uhlelo lokugaya ukudla kwezinambuzane, kuzivimbela ekutholeni imisoco.

Izinzuzo:

Ukukhetha okuhle: ikakhulukazi kusebenza ezinambuzaneni ezihlafunayo, umthelela omncane kwezinye izinto eziphilayo.

Ukumelana okuphansi: izinambuzane mancane amathuba okuthi zithuthukise ukumelana nale ndlela yokusebenza.

Ivumelana nemvelo: ngokuvamile ayingcolisi kangako imvelo.

Ukuphazamiseka kwe-epidermis:ibhubhisa ukwakheka kwe-epidermal yezinambuzane, okuholela ekulahlekelweni uketshezi lomzimba nokufa ngokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.

Izinzuzo:

I-insecticide ephumelela kakhulu: ngokubhubhisa i-epidermis yezinambuzane, okuholela ekulahlekelweni uketshezi lomzimba nokufa ngenxa yokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni.

Ukumelana okuphansi: izinambuzane mancane amathuba okuthi zikwazi ukumelana nalo monakalo obonakalayo.

Ukuphepha kwemvelo: umthelela ophansi emvelweni nasezintweni ezingahlosiwe, eziphephile ngokwendawo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwama-insecticides

Isicelo Kwezolimo

Ama-insecticide angenye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulawula izinambuzane ekukhiqizeni kwezolimo.Uma isetshenziswa, ama-insecticide afanelekile kufanele akhethwe ngokuya ngezinhlobo zezinambuzane eziqondiwe, iphethini eyenzeka kuzo kanye nezimo zemvelo, futhi asetshenziswe ngokwesilinganiso esinconyiwe nendlela yokuzuza umphumela omuhle kakhulu.

Isicelo kuMndeni kanye Nezempilo Yomphakathi

Emkhakheni wezempilo yomndeni neyomphakathi, ama-insecticide avame ukusetshenziselwa ukubulala omiyane, amaphela nokunye.Izinyathelo zokuphepha kufanele zithathwe uma uzisebenzisa ukugwema izingozi ezingadingekile kubantu, izilwane kanye nemvelo.Kunconywa ukusebenzisa ama-insecticide anobuthi obuphansi, asebenza ngokushesha, futhi ulandele ngokuqinile imiyalelo yokusetshenziswa.

FAQ

1. Iyini indlela yokusebenza kwezibulala-zinambuzane?

Impendulo: Indlela yokusebenza yama-insecticides ibhekisela endleleni ama-insecticide athinta ngayo izinqubo ze-physiological kanye ne-biochemical yezinambuzane, okuholela ekufeni kwazo.Izindlela ezivamile zokwenza zihlanganisa i-neurotoxicity, ubuthi bemisipha, ukuvimbela ukuphefumula kanye nokulawulwa kokukhula.

2.Iyini indlela yamangqamuzana okusebenza kwama-insecticides?

Impendulo: Indlela ye-molecular of action ye-insecticide ihilela ukusebenzisana kwama-molecule e-insecticide namaprotheni ahlosiwe noma ama-enzyme emzimbeni wezinambuzane, ngaleyo ndlela iphazamise imisebenzi evamile yokuphila kwesinambuzane futhi iholele ekufeni kwesinambuzane.Izindlela eziqondile zihlanganisa ukuvimbela ukuqhutshwa kwezinzwa, ukuvimbela umsebenzi we-enzyme nokuphazamisa ibhalansi ye-hormone.

3. Yini ukubaluleka kokuhlukanisa izibulala-zinambuzane ngokusekelwe endleleni yokusebenza?

Impendulo: Ukuhlelwa okusekelwe endleleni yokusebenza kusiza ukukhetha izibulala-zinambuzane ezifanele zokulawula izinambuzane ezididiyelwe kanye nokugwema ukusetshenziswa okuphindaphindiwe kwesigaba esifanayo sezibulala-zinambuzane, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ubungozi bokuthuthuka kokungazweli.