Umbulali we-ecosystem i-Fipronil inobuthi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini futhi itholakala emanzini kulo lonke elase-United States Okthoba 27, 2020.
I-US Geological Survey ithole ukuthi izingxube zezibulala-zinambuzane zisakazwa kabanzi emifuleni nasemifudlaneni yase-US ngoSepthemba 24, 2020.
Umbulali wemfashini: Umbiko uthola ukuthi imboni yezingubo iyimbangela eyinhloko ebangela ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngoSepthemba 17, 2020
Izinguzunga zeqhwa zase-Arctic zibamba izibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izinto ezingcolisa imvelo ekukhukhuleni komhlaba, futhi zikhiphe amakhemikhali ayingozi lapho ukufudumala kwembulunga kuncibilika.Agasti 20, 2020
Amahlengethwa axakile endaweni yogu olusempumalanga ayagula futhi angcoliswe izibulala-zinambuzane, amapulasitiki, izibulala-magciwane nezinsimbi ezisindayo Agasti 19, 2020
Thatha isinyathelo!Tshela u-Evian ukuthi asekele inguquko yomhlaba wonke iye ku-organic ukuvikela ubuqotho bezimfuneko zayo zokuhlanzeka ngomhla ka-27 Julayi 2020
Imiphumela ehlanganisiwe yokuchayeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kulimaza kakhulu izinhlanzi zama-coral reef Julayi 21, 2020
Ngokusho kwe-USGS, isibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa noma ngaphezulu ku-56% wamanzi emifudlaneni eyisampula yeqe okungenani indinganiso eyodwa yenhlangano yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.Eziningi zalezi zibulala-zinambuzane zibuye zihlotshaniswe nohlu lwemiphumela yezempilo yabantu neyemvelo, okuhlanganisa umdlavuza, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, imiphumela yemizwa kanye nezempilo yokuzala.Ucwaningo olulandelayo lugqamisa umthelela wezibulala-zinambuzane ezingeni lamanzi, impilo yabantu kanye nemvelo.
Ikhwalithi Yamanzi Kazwelonke: I-Ecological Health of National Rivers, 1993-2005, umbiko ka-2013 okhishwe yi-US Geological Survey “ngokusekelwe esimweni somphakathi webhayoloji ohlobene nezinto ezibalulekile zomzimba namakhemikhali (ezifana nezinga) Hlola izinguquko ze-hydrological and ukugxila kwezakhamzimba nezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya ezincibilikisiwe.Ulwelwe, ama-macroinvertebrates nenhlanzi angakwazi ukukala ngokuqondile impilo yomfula ngoba ahlala emfuleni amasonto ambalwa kuya eminyakeni eminingana, ngakho-ke, njengoba isikhathi sihamba Umthelela wezinguquko endaweni yazo yamakhemikhali nengokwenyama uhlala uhlanganiswa. "Isiphetho salo mbiko sithi: “Lapho sizama ukuqonda izizathu zokuncipha kwempilo yemifudlana, ngaphezu kwezinguquko zokugeleza, imiphumela engase ibe khona yezakhi zomsoco nezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele kucatshangelwe, ikakhulukazi Kusendaweni yezolimo nasemadolobheni.”Eqinisweni, ngokusho komlobi, ingxenye eyodwa kuphela kwezinhlanu zemifudlana ezindaweni zezolimo nasemadolobheni ezibhekwa njengenempilo.Le mifudlana ivame ukuba nokugeleza kwemvelo okwengeziwe, kuyilapho imigwaqo namapulazi akhiqiza amanzi amancane angcolile.
Ukuvela kwezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini nasezinsaleni eziqoqwe ezindaweni ezihlala amphibians kulo lonke elase-United States ngo-2009-2010.Lolu cwaningo olwenziwe yi-US Geological Service ngo-2012 lwahlola i-California phakathi kuka-2009 no-2010 Ulwazi kumasayithi angu-11 esifundazweni kanye nezindawo ezingu-18 kwenye indawo.Sebenzisa i-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry ukuze uhlaziye izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-96 kumasampuli amanzi.Esampulani elilodwa noma ngaphezulu kwamasampula amanzi angama-54, kutholwe isamba sezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-24, okuhlanganisa izibulala-sikhunta eziyi-7, izibulala-khula eziyi-10, izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-4, i-synergist eyodwa kanye nemikhiqizo emi-2 yokucekela phansi izibulala-zinambuzane.Ngokusebenzisa isizinda se-solvent esisheshayo, i-gel permeation chromatography ukuze kukhishwe ikholomu yesibabule nekhabhoni/alumina enqwabelene yesigaba esiqinile ukuze kususwe i-matrix yenhlabathi ephazamisayo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-94 kumasampula enzinga yombhede zahlaziywa.Ezintilini ezisemifuleni, kutholwe izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-22 kusampula eyodwa noma ngaphezulu, okuhlanganisa izibulala-sikhunta eziyi-9, izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-3 zepyrethroid, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) kanye nemikhiqizo yayo eyinhloko yokucekela phansi kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane eziningana.Umbiko okhishwe yi-United States Geological Service "Ukwenzeka kwezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini nasezintanjeni eziqoqwe ezindaweni ezihlala amphibian kulo lonke elase-United States kusukela ngo-2009 kuya ku-2010".
Ukuxazulula inkinga ye-nitrate emanzini okuphuza aseCalifornia Umbiko okhishwe ku-2012 yi-University of California Davis (UC Davis) wafunda izifunda ezine zeLake Tulare Basin kanye nendawo yaseMonterey County eSalinas Valley.Ucwaningo lwathola: “Inkinga ye-nitrate ingase ithathe amashumi eminyaka.Kuze kube manje, umanyolo wezolimo kanye nemfucuza yezilwane esetshenziswa emapulazini yimithombo emikhulu yesifunda ye-nitrate emanzini angaphansi komhlaba;ukunciphisa umthwalo we-nitrate kungenzeka, kanti ezinye zibiza kancane Ukuncipha okukhulu komthwalo we-nitrate emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kuzoba nezindleko ezinkulu zomnotho;ukulungiswa okuqondile kokususwa kwe-nitrate emanzini amakhulu angaphansi komhlaba kuyabiza futhi ngokobuchwepheshe akwenzeki.Kunalokho, “ukumpompa nokufaka umanyolo” kanye nokuphathwa okuthuthukisiwe kokugcwalisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba Kuyindlela engabizi kakhulu yesikhathi eside;Izenzo zokunciphisa amanzi (njengokuxutshwa, ukuhlanzwa kanye nokunye ukuphakelwa kwamanzi) yizona ezingabizi kakhulu.Njengoba ukungcola kwe-nitrate kuqhubeka nokusabalala, ezimweni eziningi ukuxuba kuzoncipha.Imiphakathi eminingi emincane ayikwazi ukukhokhela ukuhlanza nokuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza aphephile.Izindleko ezingaguquki eziphakeme zizothinta kakhulu amasistimu amancane.Umthombo othembisa kakhulu wemali engenayo yizindleko zokusetshenziswa komanyolo we-nitrogen kulezi zindawo ezinamanzi;Izimali zokusetshenziswa komanyolo we-nitrogen zinganxephezela imiphakathi emincane ethintekile Ukunciphisa izindleko kanye nomthelela wokunukubezeka kwe-nitrate;ukungahambisani nokungafinyeleleki kwedatha kuphazamisa ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo nokuqhubekayo.Ukuhlanganiswa kombuso wonke kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlanganiswe ukuqoqwa kwedatha okuhlobene namanzi okuhlukahlukene okwenziwa yizifunda eziningi kanye nomsebenzi wama-ejensi wendawo.
Imodeli yokuhlehla yokulinganisa ukugxila kwe-atrazine ne-desethylatrazine emanzini angashoni angaphansi komhlaba ezindaweni zezolimo e-United States.Lolu cwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-Journal of Environmental Quality ngo-2012 lwasebenzisa imodeli ukubikezela amanzi angaphansi angashoni ezindaweni ezingase zezolimo Ingqikithi yokuhlushwa kwe-atrazine kanye ne-deethylatrazine yayo (DEA) eyonakele.E-United States yonke.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi cishe u-5% wezindawo zezolimo ezinethuba elingaphezu kuka-10% lokudlula izinga eliphezulu le-USEPA lokungcolisa elingu-3.0 μgL.
Ulwelwe luyaqhakaza eLake Erie, olubangelwa ukuthambekela kwezolimo kanye nesimo sezulu, luqopha umlando futhi luhambisana nezimo ezilindelekile zesikhathi esizayo.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa kuyi- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ngo-2012 lwaphetha ngokuthi: “Izindlela zesikhathi eside ezinkambisweni zezolimo kanye nomthwalo we-phosphorus entshonalanga Ukwanda kuyahambisana.Umfula wechibi, lezi zimo, kuhlangene nezimo zezulu entwasahlobo ka-2011, zabangela ukwanda okuphawulekayo komsoco.”Ngamafuphi, inkinga yolwelwe eLake Erie ibangelwa izindlela zokulima, ikakhulukazi umanyolo.Kusetshenziswa, lokhu kunikeza umsoco ekukhuleni kwezimbali ezinkulu.Isimo sezulu sokufudumala sibhebhethekisa lesi simo, sibangele ukuthi i-cyanobacteria noma i-cyanobacteria ikhule futhi yande, ngaleyo ndlela ikhiqize imiphumela enobuthi.Isihloko esithi “Ucwaningo lokuqopha umlando wokuqhakaza kolwelwe lwaseLake Erie oluhambisana nezimo ezilindelekile zesikhathi esizayo ezibangelwa amathrendi ezolimo nezesimo sezulu” sanyatheliswa ku-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Funda “Izindaba Zansuku Zonke Zokususwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane” kusukela ngo-April 2013.
Isiphetho Nokuthuthwa Kwe-Glyphosate kanye ne-Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Emanzini Angaphezulu Emigoqo Yezolimo I-athikili ethi "Isayensi Yokulawulwa Kwezinambuzane" ngo-2012 yanquma ukuthi "i-glyphosate ne-AMPA zivame ukutholwa emanzini angaphezulu ezitsheni ezine zezolimo."Imvamisa yokuthola kanye nobukhulu bomcengezi ngamunye kuhlukile, futhi umthwalo (njengephesenti lokusetshenziswa) uphakathi kuka-0.009 no-0.86%, okungenzeka uhlobane nezici ezintathu ezijwayelekile: amandla omthombo, ukugeleza kwemvula kanye nendlela yokugeleza.”
I-Glyphosate kanye nemikhiqizo yayo ye-degradation (AMPA) isatshalaliswa kakhulu enhlabathini, emanzini angaphezulu, emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemvula e-United States.Ucwaningo lwango-2011 olukhishwe yi-USGS kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2009 lufingqa amasampula amanzi kanye nenhlabathi eqoqwe kusukela ngo-2001 kuya ku-2009 Ukugxila kwe-glyphosate.Imiphumela yezindawo eziyi-3,606.Amasampula okuqinisekisa ikhwalithi angu-1,008 aqoqwe ezifundazweni ezingu-38 kanye neSifunda sase-Columbia abonise ukuthi i-glyphosate ihamba kakhulu kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili futhi isatshalaliswa kabanzi endaweni ezungezile.I-Glyphosate ivame ukutholakala enhlabathini nasezintanjeni (91% wesampula), imisele kanye nemisele (71%), imvula (71%), imifudlana (51%) kanye nemifula emikhulu (46%);ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi (38%), amanzi enhlabathini (34%), amachibi (22%), izikhungo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile (WWTP) (9%) kanye namanzi angaphansi komhlaba (6%) ayenzeka kancane.I-American Geophysical Union ishicilele ucwaningo mayelana ne-"Wide Distribution of Glyphosate and Its Degradation Products (AMPA) in Soil, Surface Water, Groundwater and Precipitation in the United States, 2001-2009″.
Ukwenzeka nesiphetho se-glyphosate kanye ne-aminomethylphosphonic acid ewohlokayo emkhathini.Ngo-2011, lesi sihloko esanyatheliswa ku- "I-Environmental Toxins and Chemicals" sasimayelana ne-glyphosate, i-herbicide esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi yayo Umbiko wokuqala mayelana nezinga lemvelo lokuwohloka okukhulu.Umkhiqizo ukhiqiza i-aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) ezinsukwini zemvula nezimvula…Ngezinsuku zemvula nezimvula, imvamisa yokutholwa kwe-glyphosate isuka ku-60% iye ku-100%.Emoyeni nasemanzini emvula, ukugxila kwe-glyphosate kusebangeni elingu-<0.01 kuya ku-9.1 ng/m(3) kanye no-<0.1 kuya ku-2.5 µg/L… Akukacaci okwamanje ukuthi yimaphi amaphesenti e-glyphosate azokwethulwa emoyeni. , kodwa kulinganiselwa ukuthi kuze kufike ku-0.7% wezicelo ezikhishwa emoyeni phakathi nemvula.I-Glyphosate ingasuswa ngokuphumelelayo emoyeni;kulinganiselwa ukuthi imvula yamasonto onke engu-≥30 mm ingasusa isilinganiso esingu-97% se-glyphosate esemoyeni”
I-Environmental Working Group on Hexavalent Chromium in Tap Water e-United States yathola embikweni owakhishwa ngo-2011 ukuthi, ngokokuhlola kwaselabhorethri, “amanzi kampompi asemadolobheni angu-31 kwangu-35 e-United States aqukethe i-chromium eyi-hexavalent (noma i-chromium ene-hexavalent) .Lena i-carcinogenic "Eileen Brokovic Chemical".Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu litholwe eNorman, e-Oklahoma.e-Honolulu, eHawaii;Amadolobha angama-25 ahlolwe yi-EWG ayenamazinga aphezulu e-carcinogens kune-California Umgomo ohlongozwayo wezempilo womphakathi.Okuqukethwe kwamanzi ompompi (inani labantu abangu-90,000) asuka eNorman, e-Oklahoma kuwuphinda izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-200 umkhawulo wokuphepha ohlongozwa yiCalifornia.”
Kusukela ngo-2005 kuya ku-2006, emifuleni yaseMelika, i-azoxystrobin, i-propiconazole namanye ama-fungicides akhethiwe.Isihloko sango-2011 esanyatheliswa ku-“Water, Air and Soil Pollution” sathola ukuthi: “Kunamasampula angu-103 Okungenani kutholwe isibulala-magciwane esisodwa kuma-56%, futhi kufika ku-5 kuwo bekungama-bactericides.Itholwe kusampula eyodwa, futhi izingxube zama-bactericide zazivamile.Okutholakele okuphezulu kakhulu kwakuyi-azoazolone (amasampula angama-45 kwangu-103).%), kulandele i-metaxyl (27%), i-propiconazole (17%), i-mycotin (9%) kanye ne-tebuconazole (6%).Ibanga lokutholwa kwama-fungicides lingu-0.002 kuya ku-1.15μg/L.Yebo Kunezinkomba zokuthi ukwenzeka kwemithi yokubulala isikhunta kungokwesizini, futhi izinga lokutholwa liphezulu ngasekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kwekwindla kunasentwasahlobo, futhi izinga lokutholwa liphezulu.Kwezinye izindawo, kutholwe ama-fungicides kuwo wonke amasampula aqoqiwe, okubonisa ukuthi ukusakazwa okuthile kungase kuvele isizini yonke…”
Izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni nasezigamekweni zezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini angaphezulu eCalifornia ezindaweni ezitshala irayisi.Lolu cwaningo olukhishwe yi-USGS ngo-2011 “luphenye ngezinguquko kukhwalithi yamanzi ezinsimu zerayisi zaseCalifornia, ezibaluleke kakhulu eSacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, iSacramento / San Joaquin River Delta iyindawo ebalulekile yabantu abaningi bemvelo abasongelwa.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-92 nemikhiqizo yokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane kumasampula amanzi ahlungiwe kwahlaziywa nge-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.I-Azoxystrobin ne-azoxystrobin kanye nemikhiqizo yokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane kutholwe kusampula ngayinye.I-3,4-DCA (umkhiqizo oyinhloko wokubola we-propane), ukugxiliswa kwayo okwakuyi-136 kanye ne-128μg, ngokulandelana./L, i-clomazone ne-thiobencarb kutholwe kumasampula amanzi angaphezu kuka-93%, ukugxila okuphezulu kwaba ngu-19.4 no-12.4μg /L.I-Propylene glycol ikhona kumasampula angu-60% anesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-6.5μg/L.
Ukuhlaziywa Kwezibalo Zezibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organic Phosphate Emanzini Okuphuza E-Urban Lolu cwaningo, olwanyatheliswa ku-International Journal of Mass Spectrometry ngo-2011, lwasebenzisa indlela ebucayi ukuze kulinganiswe izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziyisishiyagalombili kumasampula amanzi ane-ngL-1.Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Phosphate.Abacwaningi bathola i-monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, ne-methazine kuma-organic phosphates emanzini okuphuza kanye nendle eqoqwe ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zedolobha.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokugeleza kwe-herbicide esikalini kanye nokulahlekelwa kokushintshashintsha: inhlolovo yasensimini yeminyaka eyisishiyagalombili.I-athikili yango-2010 eyanyatheliswa kujenali ethi "Ikhwalithi Yezemvelo" yafunda ukugeleza kanye nokushintshashintsha kwe-diazepam ne-metapropamide.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi noma ukucindezela komhwamuko wemithi yokubulala ukhula emibili iphansi ngokuqhathaniswa, ukulahlekelwa kwawo kokushintshashintsha kukhulu kakhulu kunokulahlekelwa okuphumayo (<0.007).Umkhawulo omkhulu wokulahlekelwa kwe-alachlor waminyaka yonke awukaze udlule u-2.5%, futhi ukugeleza kwe-attrition akuzange kudlule u-3% wohlelo lokusebenza.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukulahlekelwa okukhulayo kokushabalala komuthi wokubulala ukhula ngemva kwezinsuku ezi-5 kusuka cishe ku-5-63% we-metolachlor futhi cishe ku-2-12% we-dezine.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulahleka kokushintshashintsha kwezibulala-khula phakathi nosuku kwakukhulu kakhulu kunokulahlekelwa ngumhwamuko ebusuku (<0.05).Lolu cwaningo luqinisekisile ukuthi ukulahlekelwa ngumhwamuko kwezinye izibulala-khula ezisetshenziswa kakhulu kuvame ukudlula ukulahleka okugelezayo.Endaweni efanayo futhi kusetshenziswa indlela efanayo yokuphatha, ukulahleka komhwamuko wokubulala ukhula kuzohluka kakhulu unyaka nonyaka ngenxa yezimo zendawo zendawo.”
Amathrendi ekugxilweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane emifuleni yasemadolobheni e-United States.Kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-2008, ucwaningo lwango-2010 olwakhishwa yi-United States Geological Survey lwaqoqa amasampula emifuleni yasemadolobheni e-United States futhi lwahlola ukuba khona “kwemithi yokubulala ukhula eyisishiyagalombili kanye nomkhiqizo owodwa wokuwohloka.”(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol and dakota, kanye nama-insecticides amahlanu Kanye nemikhiqizo emibili yokucekela phansi (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulbicide and carendbarylfiproni). imiphumela ikhombisa Izitayela eziningi ezibalulekile, eziya phezulu noma ezansi, ziyahlukahluka ngendlela ezishintsha ngayo kuye ngesikhathi, isifunda, kanye nomuthi wokubulala ukhula.
Ngo-2002-05, izinhlanganisela ze-anthropogenic eziphilayo ezinhlelweni zamanzi zomphakathi eziyisishiyagalolunye zahoxiswa emifudlaneni.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa yi-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ngo-2008 lwathola ukuthi “cishe uhhafu (134) wezinhlanganisela zitholwe okungenani kanye kumasampula omthombo wamanzi.Ngokuvamile ama-compounds angu-47 (ku-10% noma ngaphezulu) Amasampula), kanye nama-compounds angu-6 (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine ne-hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) atholwe ngaphezu kwesigamu samasampuli e-HHCB.iyinhlanganisela evame ukutholwa ezindaweni ezinhlanu zesayithi ngayinye (unyaka wonke).Ukutholakala kwe-chloroform, i-aromatic hydrocarbon HHCB kanye ne-acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) kukhombisa ukuchitheka kwamanzi angcolile ezindaweni ezingaphezulu komcengezi Kukhona ukuhlobana phakathi kokwenzeka nokuba khona kwemithi yokubulala ukhula.Imithi yokubulala ukhula i-attriazine, i-simazine kanye ne-metolachlor nayo iyinhlanganisela evame ukutholwa.Le mithi yokubulala ukhula kanye nemikhiqizo yokuwohloka kweminye imichiza yokubulala ukhula evamile ngokuvamile ihlobene nokuhlolwa kwenhlanganisela yomzali ezindaweni ezifanayo noma eziphakeme.Ngokuvamile iqukethe ingxube yezinhlanganisela ezimbili noma ngaphezulu.Isamba senani lezinhlanganisela kanye nengqikithi yazo c Njengoba inani lendawo yasemadolobheni neyokulima esigodini sanda, ukugxila kwesampula kuvame ukukhuphuka.”
Kusukela ngo-1991 kuya ku-2004, izinga lamanzi lemithombo yasekhaya emanzini amakhulu e-United States.Lesi isihloko sango-2008 esishicilelwe yi-United States Geological Survey (USGS) njengengxenye yoHlelo Lukazwelonke Lokuhlola Ikhwalithi Yamanzi.“Amasampula amanzi athathwa ngo-1991-2004.Kuqoqwe emithonjeni yasendlini (amanzi okuphuza emithonjeni yangasese esetshenziswa emakhaya) ukuhlaziya ukungcola emanzini okuphuza.Ngokwencazelo yoMthetho Wamanzi Okuphuza Aphephile, izinto ezingcolile zithathwa njengazo zonke izinto ezisemanzini… Zingaba ngu-23 sezizonke.I-% yemithombo okungenani inokungcola okukodwa okugxilile kwakho kungaphezu kwe-MCL noma i-HBSL.Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwamasampula avela emithonjeni engu-1389, ukungcola okuningi kulawa masampula kuye kwalinganiswa…”
Ukubuyekezwa kwesayensi kwenhlolovo yokwakheka komhlaba ye-Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem e-United States kanye nokubaluleka kwayo ekuphathweni kwemvelo.Lesi sihloko esanyatheliswa yi-USGS ngo-2007 sifinyezwa kanje: “Izinguquko zokusetshenziswa komhlaba, izinga lamanzi emgqonyeni, okuhlanganisa imisoco, intlenga kanye nokungcola;Ngokuphathelene nezinguquko zesikhathi eside izinga lamanzi echwebeni lechweba, indawo ehlala umfula igxile ezitshalweni zasemanzini ezingaphansi kwamanzi nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamanzi, kanye nezici ezithinta izinhlanzi nezinyoni zasemanzini.”… “Izibulala-zinambuzane zokwenziwa kanye nemikhiqizo ethile ewohlokayo ibilokhu isemanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye nemifudlana yeGulf Basin Itholakala kabanzi.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezivame kakhulu imithi yokubulala ukhula esetshenziswa kummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya kanye nezinhlamvu ezincane.Izibulala-zinambuzane nazo ziyatholwa emadolobheni.Izibulala-zinambuzane zikhona unyaka wonke, kodwa izinguquko ekugxiliseni kwazo zibonisa izinga lokufaka isicelo kanye nezici ezithinta ukufuduka kwazo;Ukungcola okusafufusa okufana nezidakamizwa namahomoni nakho kutholwe eGulf Basin, okuyinani eliphakeme kakhulu lokukhuculula indle komasipala.
Izibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo kanye nemikhiqizo ethile ewohlokayo ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezinamagagasi neziqu ze-Chesapeake Bay e-United States.I-athikili eyanyatheliswa ku-"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ngo-2007 yafunda izibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezinamagagasi: "Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ka-2000, amasampula amanzi angaphezulu aqoqwa ezindaweni ezingu-18 e-Chesapeake Bay.Ukuhlaziywa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Ngo-2004, iziteshi zesimo sezulu ezingama-61 ezindaweni eziningi ezinamagagasi abonakala njengezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-21 kanye nemikhiqizo yokucekela phansi eyi-11, ezintathu zazo zitholakala e-Agricultural Del Mar Peninsula: Umfula iChester, uMfula iNantic kanye noMfula iPocomok, izindawo ezimbili zitholakala entshonalanga yoMfula. idolobha.Izigu: Rhode River, Procyon kanye neLower Mobok Bay, okuhlanganisa nomfula iHou kanye nomfula iPokson.Kulezi zifundo ezimbili, imithi yokubulala ukhula kanye nemikhiqizo yayo yokucekela phansi yikhona okuvame ukutholakala Ngo-2000, i-pyrazine ne-alachlor yatholakala kuzo zonke iziza eziyi-18 ngo-2000. Ngo-2004, inani eliphakeme kakhulu lokubulala ukhula lwabazali latholakala endaweni engenhla yaseChester River.Kulezi zifundo, noma yikuphi ukuhlaziya Ukugxila kwezinto yi-ethane sulfonic acid engu-2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) eMfuleni iNanticoke.Umkhiqizo wokucekela phansi i-MESA utholakala emfuleni i-Pocomoke (2,100 ng/L) kanye ne-Chester River (1,200 ng/L).I-analyte concentration ku-L) nayo iphakeme kakhulu. ”
Ikhwalithi Yamanzi Kazwelonke-Izibulala-zinambuzane Emifudlaneni Kazwelonke Namanzi Angaphansi Kwaphansi.Indatshana yango-2006 eyashicilelwa yi-USGS kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-2001 ihlose ukuphendula: “Liyini izinga lemifudlana namanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezweni lethu?Ishintsha kanjani ikhwalithi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi?Yiziphi izici zemvelo nemisebenzi yabantu?Kuthinta izinga lemifula namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.Ikuphi le miphumela esobala kakhulu?Ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi mayelana namakhemikhali amanzi, izici ezibonakalayo, izindawo ezihlala emifuleni nezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, uhlelo lwe-NAWQA luhlose ukuhlinzeka ngendlela esekelwe kwisayensi ezindabeni zamanje nezisafufusa zamanzi kanye nezinto ezibalulekile Imibono ye-NAWQA.Imiphumela ye-NAWQA isiza ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi zokwenza ukulawulwa kwamanzi ngempumelelo kanye namasu okuvikela izinga lamanzi kanye namasu okubuyisela.”
Imodeli yobuthi basemanzini yendawo yasogwini elawulwa ezolimo eCalifornia yanyatheliswa ngo-1999 kwethi Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment.“Inhloso iwukuphenya ngesigameko, ubucayi, umthombo kanye nembangela yobuthi basemanzini bokungcoliswa kwemithombo engekho ezindaweni emifuleni nasemifuleni egudle ugu.Okokufaka okungcolile okuvela ezindaweni zezolimo nezasemadolobheni eduze nesiza somfula i-Pajaro, izizalo zemifula ezikhethiwe, imifula ekhuphuka nomfula, ama-tributary sludge Kanye nezindawo eziyisikhombisa emiseleni yezolimo yokukhipha amanzi ukuze kuhlonzwe imisele engase ibangele ukugeleza kwechweba.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezintathu (i-toxaphene, i-DDT ne-diazinon zitholwe ziphakeme kunezilinganiso zobuthi ezishicilelwe zezilwane zasendaweni zasemanzini, ubuthi be-estuary Ngokuphawulekayo buhlobene nokwanda kokugeleza komfula.
Ucwaningo lwamanzi nempilo yabantu lwathola ukuthi i-triclosan kanye nemikhiqizo yayo ebolayo enobuthi kungcolisa amachibi anamanzi ahlanzekile.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngo-2013 yi-Environmental Science and Technology lwathatha isampula yenhlabathi yamachibi amanzi ahlanzekile e-Minnesota, kuhlanganise neLake Superior.Umlobi ongumhlanganyeli walolu cwaningo, uDkt. Bill Arnold, uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseMinnesota, uthe: “Sithole ukuthi kuwo wonke amachibi, kune-triclosan esenhlabathini, futhi kusukela kwasungulwa i-triclosan ngo-1964, ukugxilisa ingqondo jikelele. ibilokhu Yanda.Kuze kube namuhla.Siphinde sathola ukuthi kunezinye izinhlanganisela eziyisikhombisa eziphuma noma eziwohlokayo ze-triclosan, nazo ezisezinsaleni, futhi ukugxila kwazo kuyanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.”Eminye imikhiqizo ebolile etholwe ososayensi I-polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), ikilasi lamakhemikhali elaziwa ngokuba nobuthi kubantu nasezilwaneni zasendle.Funda umbhalo othi “Ukususwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Daily News”, ngoJanuwari 2013.
Ukuvela kanye nemithombo engaba khona yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid endaweni ehlala emifuleni yezindawo zamadolobha amakhulu ayisikhombisa e-United States.Lolu cwaningo lwango-2012 olushicilelwe ku-Environmental Science and Technology lubuyekeze idatha kazwelonke yezinambuzane ze-pyrethroid., Kutholwe ukuthi “i-pyrethroids eyodwa noma ngaphezulu itholwe cishe kuhhafu wamasampula, phakathi kwawo i-bifenthrin enezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokutholwa.Ivamisile (41%), futhi itholakala kuwo wonke amadolobha amakhulu.Kutholiwe Imvamisa ye-cyfluthrin, i-cypermethrin, i-permethrin ne-permetrin iphansi kakhulu.Ukuhlushwa kwe-pyrethroid kanye nokufa kwe-hyaluronic acid ocwaningweni lwezinsuku ezingama-28 kuphansi kunezifundo eziningi zomfula wasemadolobheni.Ukuguqulwa kwe-Logarithmic kwengqikithi ye-pyrethroids Amayunithi anobuthi (TUs) ahlobene kakhulu namazinga okusinda, futhi i-bifenthrin ingase ibe nesibopho sobuningi bobuthi obubonwayo.Lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ama-pyrethroids avame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezisemadolobheni emfuleni futhi angase afakwe kuyo yonke imifula Izinto ezinobuthi.Izwe.”
Ama-biomarker womchamo wokuchayeka kwe-Atrazine ngaphambi kokubeletha kanye nemiphumela yokuzalwa engemihle eqenjini lokuzalwa le-PELAGIE.Lolu cwaningo lwanyatheliswa ku-"Environmental Health Perspective" futhi "lwahlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwemiphumela yokuzalwa embi kanye nama-biomarker omchamo wokuchayeka kwe-atrazine ngaphambi kokubeletha.Ubudlelwano phakathi kwale michiza yokubulala ukhula emibili kanye nokuchayeka kweminye imithi yokubulala ukhula esetshenziswa ezitshalweni zombila (i-octazine, i-pretilachlor, i-metolachlor ne-acetochlor)… Lolu cwaningo lwasebenzisa i-case cohort design, futhi icala lafakwa isidleke ngo-2002 Kuqembu elalizoba khona lokuzalwa elenziwa e-Brittany, I-France kuze kube ngu-2006. Siqoqe amasampula omchamo kwabesifazane abakhulelwe ukuze sihlole ama-biomarker wokuchayeka kwesibulala-zinambuzane ngaphambi komhla ka-19.Lolu cwaningo lwalungelokuqala ukuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kwemiphumela yokuzalwa kanye nama-triazines nama-triazines.Ucwaningo ngokuhlotshaniswa kwama-biomarker amaningi womchamo wokuchayeka kwe-chloroacetanilide herbicide.Emazweni lapho i-atrazine isasetshenziswa khona, ubufakazi obuhlobene nemiphumela yokuzalwa engemihle budonse ukunaka okukhethekile.”
Ukuhlolwa kwamalungelo abantu emithi yokubulala ukhula esemoyeni e-Delta Lake e-Oregon nasezindaweni ezizungezile, umbiko ka-2011 okhishwe yiKomidi Lokweluleka Ngezemvelo kanye Namalungelo Abantu wahlola ukuchayeka kwezibulala-khula zasemoyeni ezindaweni ezihlala emahlathini eduze nemindeni kanye nemiphumela yazo yezempilo kule mindeni.“Ngemuva kokuthi u-Weyerhaeuser efafaze nge-aerial ngo-Ephreli 8 nango-Ephreli 19, ngokulandelana, amasampula omchamo ezakhamuzi ezingama-34, okuhlanganisa nezakhamuzi, anikezwa ilabhorethri yase-Emory University futhi ahlolelwa kanye no-2, Ukuba khona kwe-4-D.Wonke amasampula e-urea angamashumi amathathu nane ahlolwe ukuthi anayo yomibili imithi yokubulala ukhula.Izibonelo ezimbili: umchamo womuntu omdala ophuma ku-atrazine ukhuphuke ngo-129 emchameni ngemva kokufakwa emoyeni %, ukwanda ngo-31% kumchamo 2,4-D, ukwanda ngo-163% kumthamo womchamo we-atrazine kumchamo womuntu wesifazane omdala. umhlali, kanye no-54 kanye nezinyanga ezimbalwa ezedlule Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lesisekelo, iphesenti lika-2,4-D emchamweni ngemva kokwenyuka kokufakwa emoyeni.Ngokombono wezindinganiso zamalungelo abantu, lokhu kungase kubangele umthwalo wemfanelo wenhlangano.”
Izifo ezibulala izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlobene nokukhukhuleka kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezibangelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo: amazwe angu-11, 1998-2006, ucwaningo lwanyatheliswa ku-"Environmental Health Perspective", "lilinganisela izehlakalo zezifo ezinzima ezibangelwa ukukhukhuleka kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekusetshenzisweni kwezolimo zangaphandle Rate , futhi ibonise ukuchayeka kokukhukhuleka nezifo.”Imiphumela iyabonisa: “Kusukela ngo-1998 kuya ku-2006, sathola izigameko ezingu-2945 ezihlobene nokulahlekelwa izibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo ezifundazweni ezingu-11.Esikutholile kukhomba ukuthi u-47% wabantu ubhekene ne-Exposure emsebenzini, u-92% wabantu uhlushwa izifo ezingatheni kakhulu, kanye no-14% wezingane (ezineminyaka engaphansi kwe-15).Phakathi nale minyaka engu-9, izigameko zonyaka zisuka ku-1.39 zaya ku-5.32 kubantu abayizigidi.E-California Phakathi kwezifunda ezinhlanu ezigxile kakhulu kwezolimo, isibalo sabantu abasebenza ezolimo (iminyaka eyisigidi somuntu) singu-114.3, abanye abasebenzi bangu-0.79, abangahlali bangu-1.56, kanti izakhamuzi zingu-42.2.Ukufakwa kwezifutha emhlabathini kubala ingxenye enkulu (45%) yezicelo zezindiza ezibalelwa ku-24% wamacala.Izici ezivamile ezidala izimo zezulu ezihlanganisa izimo zezulu, ukuvaleka okungafanele kwezindawo zokuthuthwa kwemfucuza, nokunganaki kwabafake izicelo eduze nezindawo okungahlosiwe.”Lolu cwaningo lwaphetha ngokuthi: “Ngenxa yokuchayeka ngendlela enhlanhlathayo, izisebenzi zezoLimo nezakhamuzi ezindaweni zokulima zinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lobuthi bezibulala-zinambuzane, futhi ukuthuthwa kwenhlabathi kuyingozi enkulu, ebangela izingozi ezinkulu.Imiphumela yethu yocwaningo igqamisa izindawo lapho ukungenelela kungancishiswa kusukela ekuphambukeni.
Ingabe izivimbela-nzalo zomlomo zenza umnikelo obalulekile ku-estrogenicity yamanzi okuphuza?Ucwaningo lwe-2011 lubuyekeze izincwadi emithonjeni ehlukahlukene ye-estrogen ebusweni, amanzi namanzi okuphuza ukuze kutholakale ukuthi ama-OCs angumthombo we-estrogen emanzini angaphezulu, egxile kuma-molecule asebenzayo avela ku-OC.Umbhali uthole ukuthi izinsiza zezimboni nezolimo azikhiphi i-estrogen kuphela, kodwa futhi zikhulula amanye amakhemikhali ayingozi angalingisa i-estrogen.Lezi zinhlanganisela zandisa ukungcoliswa kwe-estrogen okuphelele kokunikezwa kwethu kwamanzi.Ucwaningo luhlonze izibulala-zinambuzane njengento enomthelela ku-estrogen emanzini.Izibulala-zinambuzane eziningana zibizwa ngokuthi i-xenoestrogens.Balingisa i-estrogen futhi bacekele phansi uhlelo lwe-endocrine.Ucwaningo oluthi “Ingabe izinto zokuvimbela inzalo zinegalelo elibalulekile ku-estrogen emanzini okuphuza?”yanyatheliswa ku-Environmental Science and Technology.Funda okufakiwe kokuthi “Ukususwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Daily News” kusukela ngoDisemba 2010.
Izici zomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini kanye namazinga ama-hormone okuzala abesifazane achayeka ku-azine emanzini okuphuza "Ucwaningo Lwezemvelo" Umbiko oshicilelwe ngo-2011 "ufunde ubuhlobo phakathi kokuchayeka kwe-azine emanzini okuphuza nokusebenza komjikelezo wokuya esikhathini (kuhlanganise namazinga e-hormone yokuzala).Ubudlelwano phakathi kwabesifazane abaneminyaka engu-18-40 abahlala emiphakathini yezolimo baphendule uhlu lwemibuzo (n = 102) esimweni sokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwe-atrazine (Illinois) nokusetshenziswa okuphansi kwe-atrazine (Vermont).Idayari yomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini (n=67), namasampula omchamo wansuku zonke ahlinzekwa ukuze kuhlaziywe i-luteinizing hormone (LH), i-estradiol ne-progesterone metabolites (n=35).Izimpawu zokuchayeka zihlanganisa isimo sokuhlala, amanzi ompompi, amanzi kamasipala Kanye nokugcwala kwe-atrazine ne-chlorotriazine emchamweni, kanye nesilinganiso esilinganiselwe sokusetshenziswa kwamanzi.Abesifazane abahlala e-Illinois maningi amathuba okuthi babike imijikelezo yokuya esikhathini engavamile (izinkinga (NOMA) = 4.69; 95% isikhawu sokuzithemba (CI)) : 1.58-13.95), futhi isikhawu esiphakathi kwezinyanga ezimbili singaphezu kwamaviki angu-6 (NOMA = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke > kwezinkomishi ezi-2 zamanzi ase-Illinois angacwengiwe kuzonyusa izikhathi ezingavamile Ubungozi (NOMA = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77).“Umthamo” olinganiselwe we-r ne-chlorotriazine emanzini kampompi ulingana ngokuphambene nesilinganiso sama-metabolites e-estradiol esigabeni se-luteal esimaphakathi."Umthamo" wokuhlushwa kukamasipala we-dezine Uhlobene ngokuqondile nobude benkathi ye-follicular, futhi uhlobene ngokuphambene nezinga elijwayelekile le-metabolite ye-progesterone esigabeni sesibili se-luteal.Ubufakazi bokuqala esibunikezayo bubonisa ukuthi izinga lokuchayeka le-atrazine liphansi kunalelo le-US EPA MCL, elihlobene nokukhuphuka okungavamile komjikelezo wokuya esikhathini.Ukwelulwa kuhlobene nokwehla kwezinga lama-biomarker e-endocrine emjikelezweni wokungazali wokuya esikhathini.”
Ukuhlolwa kwengozi yokugeleza kwesibulala-zinambuzane se-turfgrass emanzini okuphuza.IYunivesithi yaseCornell (iNyuvesi yaseCornell) ekhishwe ngo-2011 yenza ukuhlolwa kwengozi yempilo yabantu yokugeleza kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezivela otshanini nasezinkundleni zegalofu ezindaweni ezingu-9 zabantu ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Destiny kanye nemodeli yezokuthutha.Ukugxiliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-37 ezibhaliselwe ukusetshenziswa ezinkundleni zegalofu kuqhathaniswe namazinga amanzi okuphuza… Ku-fairway, kokubili isoproturon ne-24-D kukhiqize izingozi eziyingozi nezingamahlalakhona ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwezingu-3.Izingozi ezingaba khona kuphela zokusebenzisa i-chlorobutanil kumifino nezikibha ezitholakele.I-MCPA, i-grass dione kanye ne-24-D esetshenziswa otshanini kungabangela izingozi eziyingozi nezingamahlalakhona.Ukugxila kwe-acephalte okusetshenziswe emigwaqweni eyi-fairways ene-RQ≥0.01 ebabazekayo ezindaweni ezine bekuphakeme kakhulu, futhi ukugcwala kwe-oxadiazon esetshenziswe otshanini abane-RQ≥0.01 engapheli e-Houston bekuphakeme kakhulu.Izibulala-zinambuzane ku-fairway ziphezulu kakhulu, futhi ukugcwala kwezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni eluhlaza kuphansi kakhulu.Umthelela omkhulu ubonakale ezindaweni ezinemvula ephezulu yonyaka nezinkathi ezinde zokukhula, kanti umthelela omncane ubonakale ezindaweni ezinemvula ephansi.Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi abantu abahlala ezindaweni ezinemvula enkulu bangase babe nokuchayeka okuphezulu kuzibulala-zinambuzane emanzini abo okuphuza kunalokho okubikezelwe ukuhlolwa kobungozi kwe-US Environmental Protection Agency.”
Ukungena kwe-nitrate kanye nengozi yomdlavuza we-thyroid kanye nesifo se-thyroid.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-Epidemiology ngo-2010 luphenye ukutholwa kwe-nitrate emanzini omphakathi kanye nokudla eqenjini labesifazane asebekhulile be-21977 e-Iowa.Ubudlelwano phakathi kokungena kanye nomdlavuza wegilo kanye nengozi yokuzibika kwe-hypothyroidism kanye ne-hyperthyroidism.Babhalisa ngo-1986 futhi sebesebenzise umthombo ofanayo wamanzi iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi abesifazane abasebenzisa amanzi omphakathi ngezinga le-nitrate lama-5 milligrams ilitha ngalinye (mg/litre) noma ngaphezulu iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu babe nokwanda cishe okuphindwe kathathu engozini yomdlavuza wegilo.Ukwenyuka kwe-nitrate ekudleni kuhlotshaniswa nengozi eyengeziwe ye-thyroid kanye nokusabalala kwe-hypothyroidism, kodwa hhayi nge-hyperthyroidism.Abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi i-nitrate ivimbela ikhono legilo lokusebenzisa i-iodide, edingekayo ekusebenzeni kwegilo."Ucwaningo Ngokuthatha I-Nitrate kanye Nengozi Yomdlavuza We-thyroid kanye Nezifo Ze-Thyroid" yanyatheliswa ku-epidemiology.Funda okufakiwe kokuthi “Izindaba Zokususwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane” kusukela ngoJulayi 2010.
Izibulala-zinambuzane kanye Nokukhubazeka Kokuzalwa Emanzini Amanzi e-United States Lolu cwaningo, olwanyatheliswa ku-Acta Paediatrica ngo-2009, lwaphenya “uma ingozi yokuzalwa ikhubazekile ezinganeni ezizalwa ziphila okucatshangwa ukuthi ezinyangeni ezinezibulala-zinambuzane eziphakeme kakhulu emanzini ingaphezulu…” ucwaningo siphethe ngokuthi “ukwanda kwezibulala-zinambuzane phakathi kwezingane ezizalwa bukhoma ze-LMP kusukela ngo-April kuya kuJulayi kunengozi enkulu yokuzalwa kukhubazekile ezinsaneni emanzini angaphezulu.Nakuba lolu cwaningo lungakwazi ukufakazela ubuhlobo obuyimbangela phakathi kwezibulala-zinambuzane nokukhubazeka kokuzalwa, Le nhlangano ingase inikeze izinkomba ezicini ezivamile ezabiwe yilezi ziguquko ezimbili.”Funda okufakiwe kokuthi “Izindaba Zokususwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane” kusukela ngo-April 2009.
Ama-Dioxin ku-triclosan atholakala kakhulu emanzini.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngo-2010 yi-Environmental Science and Technology lwaphenya amasampula ayisisekelo enzika aqukethe amarekhodi anqwabelene okungcola okuvela e-Pepin Lake eminyakeni engu-50 edlule.I-Ping Lake iyingxenye yoMfula i-Mississippi amamayela angu-120 ezansi nomfula usuka eMinneapolis-St.Paul Metropolitan Area.Amasampula enzika abe esehlaziywa ukuze kutholwe i-triclosan, i-triclosan nama-dioxin amane kuwo wonke umndeni wamakhemikhali e-dioxin.Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi nakuba amazinga awo wonke amanye ama-dioxin ehle ngo-73-90% emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule, amazinga ama-dioxin amane ahlukene atholakala ku-triclosan anyuke ngo-200-300%.Funda isihloko sezindaba zansuku zonke Ngaphandle Kwemithi Yezinambuzane, May 2010.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kahle kanye nesifo sikaParkinson ezindaweni zasemakhaya zaseCalifornia.Ucwaningo lwango-2009 lwashicilelwa ku-“Environmental Health Perspective” futhi lwacwaninga ngezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-26, ikakhulukazi izibulala-zinambuzane eziyisi-6.“Zikhetheni ngoba zingangcolisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma ngoba ziyingozi ku-PD.Kwakhethwa, futhi okungenani u-10% wabantu bethu badalulwa.”Lawa: i-diazinon, i-toxrif, i-propargyl, i-paraquat, i-dimethoate ne-methomyl.Ukuchayeka ku-proppropgite kuhlobene kakhulu nokwenzeka kwe-PD, nokwanda kwengozi okungama-90%.Isasetshenziswa eCalifornia, ikakhulukazi amantongomane, ummbila namagilebhisi.Isibhamu esinobuthi sasivame ukuba yikhemikhali evamile yansuku zonke, ehlobene nengozi ephakeme engu-87% ye-PD.Nakuba yayivinjelwe ukusetshenziswa endaweni yokuhlala ngo-2001, isasetshenziswa kabanzi ezitshalweni zaseCalifornia.I-Methomyl iphinde yandisa ingozi yokugula ngo-67%.Funda umbhalo othi “Ukususwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Daily News”, Agasti 2009.
Ukugeleza kwezindawo zokuhlala kuwumthombo wezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid emifudlaneni yasemadolobheni.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-“Environmental Pollution” ngo-2009 lwaphenya “ukugeleza kwamanzi ezindaweni ezihlala abantu eduze kwaseSacramento, eCalifornia… unyaka.Ama-pyrethroids akhona kuwo wonke amasampula.I-bifenthrin isemanzini Ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kakhulu ngu-73 ng/L, futhi ukugxila okuphezulu kakhulu ku-sediment emisiwe ngu-1211 ng/g.I-Pyrethroids yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zocwaningo lwe-toxicological, zilandelwa yi-cypermethrin ne-cyfluthrin.I-bifenthrin ingase iqhamuke ekusetshenzisweni Ngisho noma iphethini yesizini yokuphuma emiseleni ihambisana kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kochwepheshe njengomthombo oyinhloko osetshenziswa abasebenzi noma izilawuli zezinambuzane ezingochwepheshe.Ekuthutheni ama-pyrethroids ukuya emifudlaneni yasemadolobheni, ukugeleza kwamanzi emvula kubaluleke kakhulu kunokugeleza kokunisela ngesikhathi esomile.Iziphepho ezinamandla zingakhiphela izingxenye ezingu-250 zamanzi e-bifenthrin emifuleni yasemadolobheni phakathi namahora angu-3, ​​futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso nasezinyangeni ezingu-6 zokuchelela ngenkasa.”
Ubuthi be-pyrethroids kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphate ezindaweni ezimbili zamanzi ezisogwini (eCalifornia, e-USA) zanyatheliswa ku- "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ngo-2012, eyafunda izinguquko ekugxilweni nasebuthi be-organophosphates nama-pyrethroids.“Kuthathwe iziza eziyishumi ezindaweni zocwaningo ezine.Indawo eyodwa yathinteka idolobha kanti enye yayisezindaweni zokukhiqiza ezolimo.Izeze zamanzi (Ceriodaphnia dubia) zasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ubuthi bamanzi, kanti i-amphibian Hyalella Azteca yasetshenziswa ukuhlola ubuthi benhlabathi.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Chemistry Identification kubonise ukuthi ubuthi obuningi bamanzi obabonwa babangelwa izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organophosphate, ikakhulukazi i-rif enobuthi, kuyilapho ubuthi benhlabathi bubangelwa ingxube yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid.Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi kokubili ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo kanye nowasemadolobheni Okufaka isandla esinobuthi salezi zibulala-zinambuzane endaweni yamanzi eseduze…”
Ama-alimondi asebenzisa ama-organophosphates nama-pyrethroids e-San Joaquin Valley kanye nezingozi ezihambisana nazo zemvelo.Lolu cwaningo lwango-2012 olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Journal of Soils and Sediments lwasebenzisa i-California Pesticide Use Reports Database ukuze kutholakale indlela yokusebenzisa i-organic phosphorus (OP) kanye nama-pyrethroids kuma-alimondi kusukela ngo-1992 kuya ku-2005. Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-OP kunoma yiliphi inani kuma-alimondi kuye kuncishisiwe.Nokho, imiphumela yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-pyrethroid yatholakala iphambene.Kulolu cwaningo, ama-pyrethroids awayingozi kangako emvelweni kune-OP.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi “ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekulimeni okugxilile kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nendawo ezungezile kunomthelela omubi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.”
Ukutholwa kwe-neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid emanzini angaphezulu kwezindawo ezintathu zezolimo eCalifornia, USA, 2010-2011, ucwaningo lwango-2012 olushicilelwe ku-2012 Environmental Pollution and Toxicology Bulletin luqoqe izindawo ezintathu zezolimo eCalifornia 75 amasampula amanzi angaphezulu esifundeni, kanye "Neonicotinoids" insecticide imidacloprid yahlaziywa.Amasampula aqoqwa ngesikhathi sokunisela okomile eCalifornia ngo-2010 nango-2011. I-Imidacloprid yatholwa kumasampula angama-67 (89%).Ukuhlushwa kudlule izinga elingu-1.05μg/L (19%) lezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezingenamgogodla ezingamahlalakhona kumasampuli angu-14 we-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Ukugxila nakho ngokuvamile kukhulu kunemihlahlandlela yobuthi efanayo esungulelwe i-Europe ne-Canada.Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-imidacloprid ivamise ukuthuthela kwezinye izindawo futhi ingcolise amanzi angaphezulu, futhi ukugxila kwayo kungase kulimaza izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo zezolimo eziniselwe eCalifornia.”
Izinga lesikhunta esibulala isikhunta i-chlorthalidone kanye ne-corticosterone kuzilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, ukungatheleleki kanye nokufa akukona umugqa.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-"Environmental Health View" ngo-2011 lwabonisa ukuthi isibulala-sikhunta esisetshenziswa kakhulu e-United States, imithamo ephansi ye-chlorothalonil nayo ingabulala amaxoxo.Ngokwabacwaningi, ukungcoliswa kwamakhemikhali kubhekwa njengosongo lwesibili olukhulu ezinhlotsheni zasemanzini nasezilwandle zasemanzini e-United States.Ngenxa yokuthi izinhlelo eziningi ezibalulekile eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ziyafana nabantu, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi izilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini zingase zibe imodeli engasetshenziswa kancane yokutadisha imiphumela yezinto zamakhemikhali empilweni yomuntu emvelweni, futhi bazimisele ukulinganisa impendulo yezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini ku-chlorothalonil.Funda umbhalo othi “Ukususwa Kwezibulala-zinambuzane Daily News”, Ephreli 2011.
Umthelela wobuchwepheshe bokulawula izintuthwane ekugelezeni nokusebenza kwezibulala-zinambuzane Lolu cwaningo lwango-2010 olushicilelwe ku-Pest Management Science luphenye ukugeleza kwezintuthwane ezindaweni zokuhlala (ikakhulukazi i-bifenthrin noma izifutho ze-fipronil)."Phakathi no-2007, ukuhlushwa okujwayelekile kwe-bifenthrin spray emanzini okunisela kwakuyi-14.9 microg L (-1) isonto eli-1 ngemva kokwelashwa, kanye ne-2.5 microg L (-1) emavikini angu-8 , Aphakeme ngokwanele.Inobuthi ezintweni ezibucayi zasemanzini.Ngokuphambene, ngemva kwamasonto angu-8 okwelashwa ngama-bifenthrin granules, akukho ukugxila okutholakele emanzini agelezayo.Isilinganiso sokuhlushwa se-fipronil esisetshenziswa njengesifutho se-peripheral ngemva kokwelashwa 4.2 micrograms L (-1) iviki elingu-1 kanye nama-micrograms angu-0.01 L (-1) emavikini angu-8.Inani lokuqala liphinde libonise ukuthi lingase libe nozwelo kuzinto eziphilayo.Ngo-2008, ukusetshenziswa kwezindawo ezingenaso isifutho kanye nokufakwa okuseceleni kokugeleza kwezinaliti kwehlisa Ukugeleza kwezibulala-zinambuzane.”
Ukuthuthwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini okuphuma endaweni enotshani bezikelemu: ubudlelwano phakathi kwezici zezibulala-zinambuzane nezinto zokuhamba zomphakathi.Ucwaningo lwashicilelwa kujenali ye-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ngo-2010. Ukuhlolwa kwaklanyelwe “ukulinganisa i-turf njengenani lezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini aphuma emigwaqweni yegalofu” ziqonde kangcono izici ezithinta ukutholakala kwamakhemikhali nokuthuthwa kwabantu abaningi.Lapho kuthengwa emakethe, i-rif enobuthi esetshenzisiwe, i-fluoroacetonitrile, i-methacrylic acid (MCPP), usawoti we-dimethylamine we-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2 ,4-D) noma u-1% kuya ku-23% we-dicamba ngaphambi kwezulu elifanisiwe (62 + /- 13 mm), ukwakhiwa kwesibulala-zinambuzane kusetshenziswe ngenani lokumaka lamahora angu-23 +/- 9.Umehluko wesikhathi phakathi kokutshalwa komgogodla ongenalutho kanye nokugeleza akuthinti kakhulu ukugeleza noma iphesenti lamakhemikhali asetshenzisiwe emanzini.Ngaphandle kwerifu enobuthi, wonke amakhemikhali athakaselwayo atholwe kusampula yokuqala yokugeleza kanye nakuso sonke isenzakalo sokugijima.Amabalazwe amakhemikhali alezi zibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlanu alandela inkambiso yokuhlukaniswa ngezigaba okuhlobene ne-organic organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC))Idatha eqoqwe kusuka kulolu cwaningo ihlinzeka ngolwazi mayelana nokuthuthwa kwezinto zamakhemikhali emanzini asolwandle, angasetshenziswa ukwenza imodeli yokulingisa ukuze kubikezelwe amandla okungcoliswa komthombo ongewona amaphuzu kanye nokulinganisa izingozi zemvelo.”
I-Atrazine yenza ukuba kube besifazane okuphelele kanye nokuthenwa kwamakhemikhali kumaxoxo abesilisa ase-Afrika (Xenopus laevis).Lolu cwaningo, olwanyatheliswa kuyi- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ngo-2010, “lufakazela imiphumela yokuzala ye-atrazine ezimfihlakalweni ezindala.Abesilisa abachayeka ku-rdesine bakhishwa amabala womabili (ukuthenwa kwamakhemikhali) Waphinda futhi wenziwa abesimame ngokugcwele aba ngabesifazane abadala.I-10% yabesilisa abadaluliwe bofuzo bathuthuke baba yizinsikazi ezisebenzayo, ezihlangana nezinduna ezingavezwanga futhi zikhiqize amaqanda anamaqanda.Abesilisa abachayeka ku-radixine bahlushwa i-testosterone encishisiwe, Ubukhulu bezindlala zokuzala buyancishiswa, ukukhula kwe-larynx kuba yi-demasculine/feminised, ukuziphatha kokukhwelana kuyavinjelwa, ukukhiqizwa kwesidoda kuyehla, futhi ukuzala kuyancipha.”Lolu cwaningo "I-Atrazine yenza abesifazane abaphelele kumaxoxo abesilisa base-Afrika (Xenopus laevis) Lishicilelwe ku-"Chemistry and Chemical Castration".Funda izindaba zansuku zonke ngale kwezibulala-zinambuzane, Mashi 2010.
Ukuphikelela kwe-triclosan ezikhungweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile kanye nemiphumela yayo engaba nobuthi kuma-biofilms emfuleni.Lolu cwaningo olushicilelwe ku-Aquatic Toxicology ngo-2010 lwahlola imiphumela ye-triclosan ekhishwa ezitshalweni zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile aseMedithera ku-algae namagciwane.."Iqoqo leziteshi zokuhlola lisetshenziselwa ukuhlola imiphumela yesikhashana ye-triclosan ku-biofilm algae namagciwane (kusuka ku-0.05 kuya ku-500 μgL-1).Ukuhlushwa kwe-triclosan okuhlobene nemvelo kuholela ekwandeni kokufa kwebhaktheriya, futhi ukugxila okungenamphumela (NEC) kungu-0.21 μgL-1.Ezimweni ezihlolwe kakhulu, amagciwane afile abalelwa ku-85% yenani eliphelele lamagciwane.I-Triclosan inobuthi kakhulu kubhaktheriya kunolwelwe.Njengoba ukuhlushwa kwe-triclosan kwanda (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), ukusebenza kahle kwe-photosynthesis Kuvinjelwe, futhi indlela yokucisha engeyona ye-photochemical iyancishiswa.Ukwanda kokuhlushwa kwe-triclosan nakho kuthinta ukusebenza kwamaseli e-diatom.Ubuthi be-algae bungase bube umphumela womthelela ongaqondile ku-biofilm ubuthi, kodwa bubonakala kuzo zonke iziphetho ezihlobene ne-algae Ukwehla okusobala nokuhamba kancane kwemiphumela kubonisa umphumela oqondile we-fungicide.Ubuthi obutholwe ezingxenyeni ezingahlosiwe ezikhona ku-biofilm, ikhono le-triclosan lokusinda ngenqubo yesitshalo sokuhlanza indle kanye namandla aphansi okuhlanjululwa aphansi ohlelo lweMedithera ngeke. .”
Ama-insecticide e-Pyrethroid emifudlaneni ye-salmon emadolobheni asePacific Northwest ashicilelwe ku- "Environmental Pollution" ngo-2010, "Izinsalela e-Oregon nase-Washington State ... ukugxila kwazo kunobuthi obukhulu” ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla ezizwelayo.Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yamasampula enhlabathi angama-35 aqukethe ama-pyrethroids alinganisekayo.Okuhlobene nobuthi bezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, i-bifenthrin iyi-pyrethroid ethinteka kakhulu, ehambisana nezifundo zangaphambilini kwenye indawo.”
I-Atrazine inciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezinhlanzi ezinamafutha (i-Pimephales promelas).Lolu cwaningo olushicilelwe ngo-2010 ku-aquatic toxicology lwadalula izinhlanzi ezinamafutha ku-atrazine futhi lwabona imiphumela ekukhiqizeni amaqanda, ukungahambi kahle kwezicubu kanye namazinga e-hormone.Ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaphansi kweziqondiso zekhwalithi yamanzi ze-EPA, izinhlanzi zichayeka ekugxilweni okusuka ku-0 kuya ku-50 micrograms ilitha ngalinye le-desine kuze kufike ezinsukwini ezingu-30.Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi i-atrazine iphazamisa umjikelezo ovamile wokuzala, futhi izinhlanzi ngeke zibeke amaqanda amaningi ngemva kokuvezwa ku-atrazine.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinhlanzi ezingavezwanga, inani lokukhiqizwa kweqanda lezinhlanzi ezivezwe ku-atrazine laliphansi phakathi kwe-17 kuya ezinsukwini ezingu-20 ngemva kokuchayeka.Izinhlanzi ezivezwe ku-atrazine zizalela amaqanda ambalwa, futhi izicubu zokuzala zabesilisa nabesifazane zazingavamile.Funda "Daily News Beyond Pesticides", June 2010.
Umthelela wama-nanoparticles emibungu yezinhlanzi ezinamafutha anekhanda elimnyama.Lolu cwaningo olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Ecotoxicology ngo-2010 lwadalula inhlanzi enamakhanda amnyama ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zezixazululo ze-nanoparticle ezimisiwe noma ezinyakaziswayo amahora angu-96 phakathi nezigaba ezimbalwa zokukhula kwayo.Lapho i-nanosilver ivunyelwa ukuba ixazulule, ubuthi besixazululo bancishiswa izikhathi eziningana, kodwa namanje kubangele ukukhubazeka kwezinhlanzi ezincane.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukwelashwa kwe-ultrasound, i-nano-silver ingabangela ukungahambi kahle, okuhlanganisa ukopha kwekhanda kanye ne-edema, futhi ekugcineni ukufa.Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi i-nanosilver eye yafakwa i-sonicated noma imisiwe esixazululweni inobuthi futhi ibulala ngisho nezinambuzane ezinobuthi.Izinhlanzi ezinamafutha wuhlobo lwento ephilayo evame ukusetshenziselwa ukukala ubuthi eziphila emanzini.Funda izindaba zansuku zonke ngale kwezibulala-zinambuzane, Mashi 2010.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta-qualitative kwembula imiphumela engaguquki ye-radix ezinhlanzini zasemanzini angenasawoti kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.Ucwaningo lwango-2009 olwanyatheliswa ku-"Environmental Health Perspective" lwahlaziya izifundo zesayensi ezingaphezu kwe-100 ezenziwa ku-100 radix.Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi i-Tianjin inomphumela ongaqondile ongaqondile ezinhlanzini nasezilwandle ezihlala emanzini, ikakhulukazi ukucekelwa phansi kokuzivikela komzimba., Amahomoni kanye nesistimu yokuzala.“I-Atrazine yehlise usayizi we-metamorphosis noma eduze ne-metamorphosis ezifundweni eziyi-15 kweziyi-17 kanye nezinhlobo eziyi-14 kweziyi-14.I-Atrazine yenza ngcono izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni nezinhlanzi ezifundweni eziyi-12 kweziyi-13.Ezifundweni eziyisi-6 kweziyi-7, ukuziphatha kwezilwane ezizingelayo kwehliswa ezifundweni ezingu-6 kweziyi-7, futhi amandla okuhogela ezinhlanzi eziphila emanzini ancishiswa.Ukwehliswa kwe-13 immune function endpoints kanye ne-16 endpoints yokutheleleka kwakuhlotshaniswa nokunciphisa Ku-7 yezifundo ze-10, i-deflux yashintsha okungenani isici esisodwa se-gonadal morphology futhi yaqhubeka ithinta umsebenzi we-gonadal.Ezifundweni ezi-2 kwezi-2, i-spermatogenesis yashintshwa ezifundweni eziyi-7.Ukugxila kwamahomoni ocansi kwashintshwa ezifundweni eziyisi-6.I-Atrazine ayizange ithinte i-vitellogenin ezifundweni ze-5, futhi i-aromatase yengezwe kwi-1 kuphela yezifundo ze-6. "Funda "Agrochemical Daily News", October 2009.
Ukungcola kwe-Organohalogen kanye nama-metabolites ebuchosheni bamahlengethwa entshonalanga yeNyakatho ye-Atlantic.Umbiko wocwaningo owashicilelwa ku-“Environmental Pollution” ngo-2009 wahlonza izinto ezingcolisayo ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane ze-organochlorine (OCs), i-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), i-Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), i-methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, i-polybrominated diphenyl ether) ama-retardants kanye nama-OH-PBDE atholakala ku-cerebrospinal fluid kanye ne-cerebellar grey yezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, kuhlanganise nehlengethwa elivamile elinemilomo emifushane, amahlengethwa anobuso obumhlophe base-Atlantic kanye nezimvu zamanzi ezimpunga Abacwaningi bathole ukuthi ukugcwala kwama-PCB ku-grey sealed cerebrospinal fluid yingxenye eyodwa kwesigidi Funda indaba yansuku zonke ethi Beyond Pesticides, May 2009.
Kusukela ngo-1995 kuya ku-2004, ubulili obubili bebusakazekile e-American river bass (Micropterus spp.).Ucwaningo lwango-2009, olushicilelwe ku-Aquatic Toxicology, lwahlola ubulili obubili phakathi kwezinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile ezindaweni eziyisishiyagalolunye zamanzi e-United States.“Ama-oocyte esende (ikakhulukazi amasende abesilisa aqukethe amangqamuzana amagciwane wesifazane) ayindlela evame kakhulu yocansi olubonwa, nakuba inani elifanayo lezinhlanzi zesilisa (n = 1477) nezinsikazi (n = 1633) zahlolwa.Ubulili obubili butholakale ku-3% wezinhlanzi.Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziyi-16 ezihloliwe, izinhlobo ezi-4 (25%) kanye nezinhlanzi ezingama-34 (31%) ezindaweni eziyi-111 zitholwe Isimo socansi.Ukuthandana kwabantu bobulili obubili akutholakali ezinhlotsheni eziningi endaweni eyodwa, kodwa kuvame kakhulu ku-largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides; abesilisa 18%) kanye ne-smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu; abesilisa 33%).Ingxenye yezinhlanzi ezithanda ubulili obuphindwe kabili engxenyeni ngayinye ye-largemouth bass ingu-8-91%, kanti i-smallmouth bass ingu-14-73%.Eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States, izehlakalo zobulili obubili ziphakeme kakhulu, e-Apalachicola, ama-bass e-Sa Bisexual largemouth akhona kuzo zonke izindawo ezisezigodini zomfula i-Fanner kanye ne-Xiaojian.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili obubili, i-mercury isiyonke, i-trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD nama-PCBs ayabonwa Iwukungcola kwamakhemikhali okuvame ukutholakala kuzo zonke izindawo.”
Uchungechunge lwezinto ezingcolisayo: Ukuthi ingxube yezibulala-zinambuzane ezingagxili kakhulu ithinta kanjani imiphakathi yasemanzini.Lo mbiko wocwaningo owashicilelwa ku-Oecologia ngo-2009 "ucwaninga ukuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani izibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlanu (i-malathion, i-carbaryl, i-poisoning rif, i-Diazinon ne-endosulfan) kanye nemithi emihlanu yokubulala ukhula (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), ukuhlushwa okuphansi (2-16 ppb) ye-alachlor, i-alachlor. kanye no-2,4-D) Kuzothinta umphakathi wasemanzini owakhiwe ama-zooplankton, ama-phytoplankton, ama-epiphyte kanye nezibungu ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini (isele lesihlahla esimpunga, isele lesihlahla, ingwe ehlukahlukene kanye nengwe, i-Rana pipiens).Ngasebenzisa imithombo yezindaba yangaphandle futhi ngabheka isibulala-zinambuzane ngasinye ngokwehlukana, Ingxube yezibulala-zinambuzane, ingxube yezibulala-zinambuzane nengxube yazo zonke izibulala-zinambuzane eziyishumi.”
Ubuthi bezibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili ezintweni ezingezona zenuzi e-California, e-USA, kanye nobudlelwano bayo nokuncipha kwenani lezilwane ezihlala emanzini.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ngo-2009 ku- "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" lwaphenya izibulala-zinambuzane ezimbili ezisetshenziswa kakhulu enkabeni yeCalifornia.Ama-insect agents - ubuthi obungapheli be-rif ne-endosulfan.Ixoxo lesihlahla sasePacific (i-Pseudacris regilla) kanye nesele elinezinyawo eziphuzi (Rana boylii), izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, ziye zanciphisa inani labantu futhi zihlala futhi zanda ezindaweni ezinotshani ezizungeze i-Sierra Nevada.Abacwaningi badalule izibungu kumithi yokubulala izinambuzane kusukela ku-Gosner isigaba 25 kuya ku-26 ngokusebenzisa i-metamorphosis.Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe se-median lethal concentration (LC50) ye-rif enobuthi ngu-365″ g/L ku-regilla, kanye no-66.5″ g/L ku-R. boylii.Abacwaningi bathola ukuthi i-endosulfan inobuthi kakhulu kukho kokubili ubuthi kune-rif enobuthi, futhi lapho ivezwe ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwe-endosulfan, ukuthuthukiswa kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili akujwayelekile.I-Endosulfan iphinde yaba nomthelela ekukhuleni nasekukhuleni kwezinhlobo ezimbili zezinhlobo.Funda "Agrochemical Daily News", July 2009.
Ukudluliswa komama kwe-xenobiotics kanye nomthelela wako ku-larval striped bass ye-stuary yase-San Francisco.Lolu cwaningo lwango-2008 olwanyatheliswa ku-PNAS lwathola ukuthi “iminyaka engu-8 yemiphumela yocwaningo lwasensimini neyelabhorethri ikhombisa ukuthi amabhasi asezingeni eliphansi enzeka ekuqaleni kwesigaba sempilo yechweba laseSan Francisco.Ukungcola okubulalayo kwadalula indawo yomfula, futhi inani labantu liye laqhubeka nokuncipha kusukela ekuweni kokuqala ngawo-1970.Ama-PCB e-Biologic, i-polybrominated diphenyl ethers kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziswayo/ezinemilenze kutholwe kuwo wonke amasampula amaqanda ezinhlanzi eziqoqwe emfuleni.Ubuchwepheshe obusebenzisa isimiso se-stereoology esingachemile bungathola izinguquko zokuthuthuka ebezingabonakali nezindlela ezijwayelekile.Ukusetshenziswa okungavamile kwesikhuphasha, ukukhula okungavamile kobuchopho nesibindi, nokwanda okuphelele kwabonakala ezibungwini zezinhlanzi eziqoqwe emifuleni.”
Ukusabela kwemiphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo ekuphazamisekeni kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezindaweni ezihlala emanzini ahlanzekile.Ucwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-Ecotoxicology ngo-2008 lwasebenzisa imithombo yezindaba yasemanzini yangaphandle ukuze kutholwe imiphumela yesibulala-zinambuzane esivamile i-Sevin kanye nesithako esisebenzayo se-carbaryl ku-plankton yamanzi ahlanzekile Umthelela wewebhu yokudla.“Siqaphe ukusabela kwama-microorganisms, imiphakathi ye-phytoplankton kanye ne-zooplankton ngaphezu kokugcwala komoyampilo.Ngokushesha ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-Sevin, ukuhlushwa kwe-carbaryl kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba futhi kwancipha ngokushesha, futhi akukho mehluko wokwelapha owatholakala ngemva kwezinsuku ezingu-30.Ekwelapheni ukushaya kwenhliziyo, i-planktonic Ukuchichima, ukuhlukahluka, ukuchichima, nokuhlushwa komoya-mpilo wezilwane kwehlile, kuyilapho ukuchichima kwe-phytoplankton nama-microorganisms kwanda.Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinzuzo zama-copods kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezintathu, i-zooplankton ekwelashweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane kakhulu yakhiwa ikakhulukazi Yakhiwa ama-rotifers.Nakuba izici eziningi zomphakathi ne-ecosystem zibonisa izimpawu zokululama phakathi nezinsuku ezingu-40 ngemva kokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane, kusenomehluko obalulekile nobalulekile emiphakathini yamagciwane, i-phytoplankton kanye ne-zooplankton ngemva kokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane .”
Uchungechunge lwezenzakalo ezingalindelekile: umthelela obulalayo wezibulala-zinambuzane kumaxoxo ezindaweni eziyingozi kakhulu.Lolu cwaningo olwanyatheliswa ku-"Ecology Applications" ngo-2008 "lufunde indlela yokusebenzisa ukugxila okuphansi ngamanani ahlukene, izikhathi kanye nemithamo (10- 250 micrograms/litre) yesibulala-zinambuzane esivamile emhlabeni (malathion).Imvamisa yathinta imiphakathi yasemanzini equkethe i-zooplankton, i-phytoplankton, izitshalo zasemanzini kanye nezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezibungu (ezizalwe ngokuminyana okubili) izinsuku ezingama-79.Zonke izindlela zokufaka isicelo ziholela ekuncishisweni kwe-zooplankton, okubangela i-trophic cascade lapho i-phytoplankton yanda ngamanani amakhulu.Kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha, ama-epiphyte aqhudelanayo ayancipha kamuva.Izitshalo ezincishisiwe zasemanzini zithinta amaxoxo (amaxoxo) Isikhathi se-metamorphosis se-Rana pipiens sinomthelela omncane.Kodwa-ke, ixoxo lengwe (i-Rana pipiens) lishintshashintsha isikhathi eside, futhi ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwalo kuncipha kakhulu.Njengoba indawo ezungezile yoma, kuholela ekufeni okulandelayo.Ngakho-ke, i-malathion (Ukubola okusheshayo) ayizange ibulale ngokuqondile izilwane ezihlala emanzini, kodwa ibangele ukusabela kwe-trophic cascade, okwaholela ngokungaqondile ekufeni kwenani elikhulu lezilwane ezihlala emanzini.Kubalulekile ukuphinda isicelo ngokugxilisa okuphansi kakhulu (izikhathi ezingu-7 ngeviki, 10 µg/L isikhathi ngasinye) "Ukwelashwa kokuminyanisa") kunomthelela omkhulu ophindwe izikhathi ezingu-25 eziguquguqukayo eziningi zokuphendula kunohlelo olulodwa "lwe-pulse".Le miphumela ayibalulekile nje kuphela, ngoba i-malathion iyisibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa itholakala nasezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi.Futhi ngenxa yokuthi indlela eyisisekelo yokugeleza kwe-trophic cascade ivamile ezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi, inikeza ithuba lokuba abantu babikezele izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi.Izibulala-zinambuzane zithinta imiphakathi yasemanzini kanye nezibungu ezihlala emanzini.
Khomba izingcindezi ezinkulu ezithinta ama-macroinvertebrates e-Salinas River (California, USA): imiphumela ehlobene yezibulala-zinambuzane kanye nezinhlayiya ezimisiwe.Lolu cwaningo lwango-2006 lwashicilelwa ku-Environmental Pollution on amphibians, mabhungane kanye nokunye.Ucwaningo lwenziwe ukuze kutholwe ukuthi yiziphi izingcindezi okungenzeka zibangele ubuthi futhi zise-California River.“Ucwaningo lwamanje lubonisa ukuthi uma kuqhathaniswa nezinsalela ezimisiwe eMfuleni iSalinas, izibulala-zinambuzane ziwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu wokucindezeleka okukhulu kwezilwane ezinomgogodla omkhulu.”
Ngemva kokuchayeka kumithamo ephansi ehlobene nemvelo ye-atrazine yokubulala ukhula, i-hermaphrodite, amaxoxo ama-demasculine ashicilelwa ku-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ngo-2002. Lolu cwaningo lwahlola imiphumela ye-atrazine kuxoxo lase-Afrika elinezidladla (Xenopus laevis).) Ithonya lokukhula kocansi.Izibungu zicwiliswa ku-atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kwesibungu.Sihlole i-gonadal histology kanye nosayizi we-larynx ngesikhathi se-metamorphosis.I-Atrazine (> noma = 0.1 ppb) ibangela i-hermaphrodite Futhi yenza lukhuni umphimbo wamadoda anqunu (>noma= 1.0 ppb).Ngaphezu kwalokho, sihlole amazinga e-plasma testosterone amadoda avuthiwe ngokocansi.Uma kuvezwe ku-25 ppb atrazine, amazinga e-testosterone owesilisa X. laevis ehla izikhathi ezingu-10.Sacabanga ukuthi i-atrazine izoheha i-aromatase futhi ikhuthaze ukuguqulwa kwe-testosterone ku-estrogen.Lokhu kubhujiswa kokukhiqizwa kwe-steroid kungase kuchaze i-demasculinization ye-larynx yesilisa kanye nokukhiqizwa kwe-hermaphroditism.Kusebenza kahle njengoba kubikiwe ocwaningweni lwamanje Izinga liwukuchayeka okungokoqobo, okubonisa ukuthi ezinye izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ezichayeke ku-atrazine endle zingase zibe sengcupheni yokuthuthukiswa kocansi okukhubazekile.Lolu hlu olubanzi lwezinhlanganisela nezinye iziphazamisi ze-endocrine zemvelo zingase zibe yimbangela yokwehla kwenani lezilwane ezihlala emanzini nasezweni emhlabeni jikelele.”
Othintana naye|Izindaba Nezindaba|Imephu Yesayithi ManageSafe™|Shintsha Ithuluzi|Thumela umbiko wesigameko sesibulala-zinambuzane|Ingosi Yezibulala-zinambuzane|Inqubomgomo Yemfihlo|Thumela Izindaba, Ucwaningo Nezindaba