Izibulala-zinambuzane zingasiza abalimi ukuba bakhulise ukukhiqizwa kokudla, banciphise ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezilimo, futhi baze bavimbele ukusakazeka kwezifo ezithwalwa izinambuzane, kodwa njengoba la makhemikhali angase agcine engena ekudleni kwabantu, aqinisekise ukuphepha kwakho kubalulekile.Ngesibulala-zinambuzane esisetshenziswa kakhulu esibizwa ngokuthi i-glyphosate, abantu bakhathazekile ngokuthi ukudla kuphephe kangakanani nokuthi enye yemikhiqizo yakho ekhiqizwayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-AMPA.Abacwaningi ku-National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) benza izinto eziyisethenjwa ukuze bathuthukise ukukalwa okunembile kwe-glyphosate ne-AMPA, evame ukutholakala ekudleni kwe-oat.
I-Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ibeka ukubekezelela amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni okusabhekwa njengokuphephile ukudliwa.Abakhiqizi bokudla bahlola imikhiqizo yabo ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi bayayithobela imithetho ye-EPA.Kodwa-ke, ukuze baqinisekise ukunemba kwemiphumela yokulinganisa, badinga ukusebenzisa into eyinkomba (RM) enokuqukethwe okwaziwayo kwe-glyphosate ukuze baqhathanise nemikhiqizo yabo.
Emikhiqizweni eyenziwe nge-oatmeal noma i-oatmeal esebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi, azikho izinto eziyisethenjwa ezingasetshenziswa ukukala i-glyphosate (isithako esisebenzayo kumkhiqizo wezohwebo we-Roundup).Kodwa-ke, inani elincane le-RM elisuselwe ekudleni lingasetshenziswa ukukala ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-glyphosate futhi kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezisheshayo zabakhiqizi, abacwaningi be-NIST bathuthukise indlela yokuhlola ukuze bahlaziye i-glyphosate kumasampula okudla okusekelwe ku-oat angu-13 atholakala nokudayiswa ukuze kutholakale izinto ezibhekisela kubantu.Bathole i-glyphosate kuwo wonke amasampuli, futhi i-AMPA (ifushane ye-amino methyl phosphonic acid) itholwe kokuthathu.
Sekungamashumi eminyaka, i-glyphosate ingenye yezibulala-zinambuzane ezibaluleke kakhulu e-United States nasemhlabeni.Ngokusho kocwaningo luka-2016, ngo-2014 kuphela, amathani angu-125,384 we-glyphosate asetshenziswa e-United States.Kuyi-herbicide, isibulala-zinambuzane, esisetshenziselwa ukucekela phansi ukhula noma izitshalo eziyingozi eziyingozi ezitshalweni.
Ngezinye izikhathi, inani lezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ekudleni lincane kakhulu.Mayelana ne-glyphosate, ingahlukaniswa futhi ibe yi-AMPA, futhi ingashiywa ezithelweni, imifino kanye nokusanhlamvu.Umthelela ongaba khona we-AMPA empilweni yabantu awuqondwa kahle futhi kuseyindawo esebenzayo yocwaningo.I-Glyphosate iphinde isetshenziswe kabanzi kwezinye izinhlamvu nezinhlamvu, njengebhali nokolweni, kodwa i-oats iyicala elikhethekile.
Umcwaningi we-NIST uJacolin Murray uthe: “I-oats ihluke njengezinhlamvu.”“Sikhethe ama-oats njengento yokuqala ngoba abakhiqizi bokudla basebenzisa i-glyphosate njenge-desiccant ukomisa izitshalo ngaphambi kokuvuna.Ama-oats ngokuvamile aqukethe i-glyphosate eningi.I-Phosphine.”Izitshalo ezomile zingenza ukuvuna kusenesikhathi futhi kuthuthukise ukufana kwezitshalo.Ngokuvumelana nombhali uJustine Cruz (Justine Cruz), ngenxa yohlu olubanzi lokusetshenziswa kwe-glyphosate, i-glyphosate ivame ukutholakala iphakeme ngamazinga kunezinye izibulala-zinambuzane.
Amasampula e-oatmeal angu-13 ocwaningweni ahlanganisa i-oatmeal, okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu kwasekuseni okuncane kuya kokusetshenzwe kakhulu, kanye nofulawa we-oat ophuma ezindleleni zokulima ezivamile neziphilayo.
Abacwaningi basebenzise indlela ethuthukisiwe yokukhipha i-glyphosate ekudleni okuqinile, kuhlanganiswe namasu ajwayelekile abizwa nge-liquid chromatography kanye ne-mass spectrometry, ukuhlaziya i-glyphosate ne-AMPA kumasampuli.Ngendlela yokuqala, isampula eliqinile liyancibilika engxubeni yoketshezi bese i-glyphosate ikhishwa ekudleni.Okulandelayo, ku-chromatography ewuketshezi, i-glyphosate ne-AMPA kusampula yokukhipha zihlukaniswa kwezinye izingxenye zesampula.Okokugcina, i-spectrometer enkulu ikala isilinganiso se-mass-to-charge sama-ions ukukhomba izinhlanganisela ezihlukene kusampula.
Imiphumela yabo yabonisa ukuthi amasampula okusanhlamvu kwasekuseni okuphilayo (ama-26 ng ngegremu) kanye namasampula kafulawa we-oat ophilayo (11 ng igremu) ayenamazinga aphansi e-glyphosate.Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-glyphosate (1,100 ng ngegremu) litholwe kusampula ye-oatmeal evamile esheshayo.Okuqukethwe kwe-AMPA kumasampula e-organic kanye ne-oatmeal evamile kanye ne-oat kuphansi kakhulu kunokuqukethwe kwe-glyphosate.
Okuqukethwe kwayo yonke i-glyphosate ne-AMPA ku-oatmeal kanye nezinhlamvu ezisekelwe ku-oat kungaphansi kakhulu kokubekezelela kwe-EPA okungu-30 μg/g.UMurray uthe: “Izinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-glyphosate esililinganisile lalingaphansi ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-30 kunomkhawulo wokulawula.”
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yalolu cwaningo kanye nezingxoxo zokuqala nabathintekayo abanentshisekelo yokusebenzisa i-RM ye-oatmeal kanye nezinhlamvu ze-oat, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi ukuthuthukisa amazinga aphansi e-RM (50 ng ngegremu) kanye namazinga aphezulu e-RM angase abe nenzuzo.Eyodwa (ama-nanogram angama-500 igremu).Lawa ma-RM anenzuzo kumalabhorethri okuhlola ezolimo nokudla kanye nabakhiqizi bokudla, abadinga ukuhlola izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezintweni zabo zokusetshenziswa futhi badinga izinga elinembile ukuze baqhathaniswe nazo.