Erin Lizotte, Michigan State University Extension, MSU Department of Entomology Dave Smitley and Jill O'Donnell, MSU Extension-April 1, 2015
Izibungu zesicabucabu ziyizinambuzane ezibalulekile zezihlahla zikaKhisimusi zaseMichigan.Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kungasiza abalimi bavikele izibungu ezizuzisayo, ngaleyo ndlela kusize ekulawuleni lesi silokazane esibalulekile.
E-Michigan, i-spruce spider mite (Oligonuchus umunguis) iyinkathazo ebalulekile yezihlahla ze-coniferous.Lesi sinambuzane esincane sihlasela zonke izihlahla zikaKhisimusi ezithengiswayo futhi ngokuvamile sibangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezomnotho ekutshalweni kwesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu kanye neFraser fir.Emasimini aphethwe ngokwesiko, inani lezibungu ezidla ezinye lincane ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ngakho-ke izibungu zesicabucabu ngokuvamile ziyizinambuzane.Izibungu ezidla ezinye ziwusizo kubalimi ngoba zidla izinambuzane futhi zisiza ukulawula inani labantu.Ngaphandle kwazo, inani le-spruce spider mite lizoqhuma kungazelelwe, libangele ukulimala ezihlahleni.
Njengoba intwasahlobo isondela, abalimi kufanele balungele ukwandisa izinhlelo zabo zokuzingela izimbuzane.Ukuze babone izibungu zesicabucabu se-spruce, abalimi kufanele basampula izihlahla eziningi endaweni ngayinye futhi baqiniseke ukuthi bakhetha izihlahla ezindaweni eziphakeme kanye nemigqa ehlukene ngaphakathi nangaphandle.Amasampula ezihlahla ezinkulu azokhuphula ukunemba kwabalimi lapho behlola inani labantu kanye nezingozi ezingaba khona.Ukuhlola kufanele kwenziwe isizini yonke, hhayi kuphela ngemva kokuvela kwezimpawu, ngoba ngokuvamile kuvame ukudlula isikhathi sokwelashwa okuphumelelayo.Indlela elula yokuthola izibungu ezindala nezincane ukunyakazisa noma ukushaya amagatsha ebhodini le-scout noma ephepheni (isithombe 1).
Iqanda le-spruce spider mite yibhola elincane elibomvu elikhanyayo elinoboya phakathi.Amaqanda achanyuselwe azovela ecacile (isithombe 2).Esigabeni sokuzivocavoca, isicabucabu sincane kakhulu futhi sinomzimba othambile.I-spruce spider mite esikhulile iyisimo se-oval esiqinile esinezinwele phezulu kwesisu.Amathoni esikhumba ayahlukahluka, kodwa i-Tetranychus spruce ngokuvamile iluhlaza, iluhlaza ngokumnyama noma icishe ibe mnyama, futhi ayilokothi ibe mhlophe, ipinki noma ibomvu ngokukhanyayo.Izibungu ezisizayo ezidlayo ngokuvamile zimhlophe, zimhlophe qhwa, zipinki noma zibomvu ngokukhanyayo, futhi zingahlukaniswa nezibungu ngokubuka imisebenzi yazo.Uma iphazanyiswa, izimbuzane ezindala ezidla inyama zivame ukuhamba ngokushesha kunezinambuzane, futhi zingabhekwa ukuthi zihamba ngokushesha ebhodini le-scout.Izicabucabu ze-spruce ezibomvu zivame ukukhasa kancane.
Isithombe 2. Izibungu zesicabucabu se-spruce kanye namaqanda.Umthombo wesithombe: USDA FS-Northeast Regional Archives, Bugwood.org
Izimpawu zokulimala kwe-spruce spider mite zihlanganisa i-chlorosis, ukuhlatshwa kwezinaliti kanye nokuguquka kombala kanye namabala amaqabunga ansundu, angase adlulele esihlahleni sonke.Lapho ubheka ukulimala ngesibuko sesandla, izimpawu zivela njengamachashaza ayindilinga aphuzi azungeze indawo yokudla (isithombe 3).Ngokuqapha ngokucophelela, ukulawula ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ezingenabungozi kangako ezibungwini zemvelo ezidla inyama, izibungu zesicabucabu zingavinjelwa ukuthi zingabhubhi.Indlela elula yokunquma izidingo zokuphatha ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe uphenyo lubonisa ukuthi inani labantu liyakhula noma lisezingeni lokucekela phansi.Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi inani le-spruce spider mite lishintshashintsha ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ukubuka nje umonakalo esihlahleni akubonisi ngokunembile ukuthi ukwelashwa kuyadingeka yini, ngoba inani labantu abafa kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi libangele umonakalo, ngakho ukufutha akunangqondo. .
Isithombe 3. Inaliti yokuncelisa isicabucabu se-spruce yonakele.Ikhredithi yesithombe: John A. Weidhass waseVirginia Tech kanye ne-State University Bugwood.org
Ithebula elilandelayo liqukethe izindlela zokwelapha zamanje, isigaba sazo samakhemikhali, isigaba sokuphila okuhlosiwe, ukusebenza kahle okulinganiselwe, isikhathi sokulawula kanye nobuthi obuhlobene nezimbuzane ezidlayo ezizuzayo.Uma izibulala-zinambuzane zingasetshenziswa, izicabucabu ezibomvu azivamile ukuba yinkinga, ngoba izibungu ezidla ezinye zizozigcina zilawulwa.Zama ukugwema ukufafaza izibulala-zinambuzane ukuze ukhuthaze ukulawula kwemvelo.
Chlorpyrifos 4E AG, Government 4E, Hatchet, Lorsban Advanced, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E insecticide, Vulcan (rif enoshevu)
I-Avid 0.15EC, i-Ardent 0.15EC, umhlobiso obonakalayo, i-Nufarm Abamectin, i-Minx Quali-Pro Abamectin 0.15EC, i-Timectin 0.15ECT&O (abamectin)
Appreciate Pro, Couraze 2F, Couraze 4F, Mallet 75WSP, Nuprid 1.6F, Pasada 1.6F, Prey, Provado 1.6F, Sherpa, Widow, Wrangler (imidacloprid)
1 Amafomu okunyakaza ahlanganisa izibungu zemite, ama-nymphs kanye nezigaba zabantu abadala.I-2S iphephile uma kuqhathaniswa nezilwane ezizingelayo, i-M inobuthi obusesilinganisweni, kanti i-H inobuthi obukhulu.3Ama-avermectin, i-thiazole kanye ne-tetronic acid acaricides ayanensa, ngakho abalimi akufanele bamangale uma izimbuzane zisaphila ngemva kokufakwa.Kungase kuthathe izinsuku ezingu-7 kuya kweziyi-10 ukubona ukufa okuphelele.4 Uwoyela wengadi ungabangela i-phytotoxicity, ikakhulukazi uma usetshenziswa ehlobo, futhi unganciphisa umbala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ku-spruce blue.Ngokuvamile kuphephile ukufafaza uwoyela we-horticultural ocwengisiswe kakhulu nge-concentration of 1% nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, kodwa lapho ukugxila kungu-2% noma ngaphezulu, kungase konakalise ukuqhakaza okubangelwa izinguquko zamakristalu eqhwa e-spruce futhi kubangele izimpawu ezimbi. ..5 Ilebula ye-Apollo kufanele ifundwe futhi ilandelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okufanele futhi kubambezele ukukhula kokumelana.
Ama-Pyrethroids, ama-organophosphates kanye nama-abamectin wonke anomsebenzi omuhle wokuwisa kanye nokulawula insalela yezibungu zesicabucabu se-spruce esigabeni sempilo esebenzayo, kodwa imiphumela yazo ebulalayo kuzimbuzane ezidla ezinye izenza zibe nezindlela zokwelapha ezingezinhle.Ngenxa yokuncipha kwezitha zemvelo kanye nezibungu ezidla ezinye, izibungu zesicabucabu ziyaqubuka, ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto ngokuvamile kudinga ukuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa kule sizini.I-Neonicotine, equkethe i-imidacloprid njengesithako esisebenzayo, futhi iyisinqumo esibi sokulawula izibungu zesicabucabu, futhi kwezinye izimo empeleni zingabangela ukuqubuka kwezibungu zesicabucabu.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto ezibalwe ngenhla, i-carbamates, i-quinolones, i-pyridazinones, i-quinazolines kanye ne-ethoxazole yokulawula izinambuzane zonke zibonisa imiphumela emihle ku-spruce ye-Tetranychus kanye nezibungu ezilinganiselwe ezidlayo.ubuthi.Ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto kuzonciphisa ingozi yokuqubuka kwezibungu futhi kunikeze amasonto amathathu kuya kwamane okulawula insalela kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila ze-spruce spider mites, kodwa i-etozol inomsebenzi olinganiselwe kubantu abadala.
I-Tetronic acid, i-thiazole, i-sulfite kanye nowoyela we-horticultural nakho kubonisa imiphumela emihle kubude obusele be-spider mite.Amafutha e-horticultural anezingozi ze-phytotoxicity kanye ne-chlorosis, ngakho-ke abalimi kufanele baqaphele lapho besebenzisa imikhiqizo emisha noma ezinhlotsheni ezingalashiwe.I-Tetronic acid, i-thiazole, i-sulfite kanye nowoyela we-horticultural nawo anezinzuzo ezengeziwe ezibalulekile, okungukuthi, iphephile uma kuqhathaniswa nezimbuzane ezidlayo futhi inethuba eliphansi lokubangela ukuqubuka kwezibungu.
Abalimi bangase bathole ukuthi kudingeka ukwelashwa okungaphezu kokukodwa, ikakhulukazi lapho umfutho wenani labantu uphakeme, noma lapho kusetshenziswa izibulala-zinambuzane ezingasebenzi kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila.Sicela ufunde ilebula ngokucophelela, njengoba eminye imikhiqizo ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngohlobo olulodwa ngesizini ngayinye.Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, hlola izinaliti namagatsha amaqanda e-Tetranychus spruce.Uma amaqanda emaningi, gcoba amafutha e-horticultural ekuhlanganiseni kuka-2% ukuze uwabulale ngaphambi kokuchanyuselwa.Uwoyela wezingadi wezinga eliphezulu onesilinganiso esingu-2% uphephile ezihlahleni eziningi zikaKhisimusi, ngaphandle kwesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu esiluhlaza, esilahlekelwa ukucwebezela kwawo okuluhlaza ngemva kokufuthwa ngamafutha.
Ukuze kubambezeleke ukwakhiwa kwama-anti-acaricides, uMnyango Wokukhuthaza Inyuvesi yaseMichigan State ukhuthaza abalimi ukuthi balandele izincomo zelebula, banciphise inani lemikhiqizo ethile esetshenziswa ngesizini ethile, futhi bakhethe ama-acaricides ezinambuzaneni ezingaphezu kwesisodwa.Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba inani labantu liqala ukuphindaphindeka, abalimi bangase bavundise amafutha athule entwasahlobo bese besebenzisa i-tetronic acid.Isicelo esilandelayo kufanele sivele kwesinye isigaba ngaphandle kwe-tetrahydroacid.
Imithetho yezibulala-zinambuzane ishintsha njalo, futhi ulwazi olunikezwe kulesi sihloko ngeke luthathe indawo yeziqondiso zelebula.Ukuze uzivikele wena, nabanye kanye nemvelo, sicela uqiniseke ukuthi ufunda futhi ulandele ilebula.
Lokhu kwaziswa kusekelwe emsebenzini osekelwe Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokudla Nezolimo soMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States ngaphansi kwenombolo yesivumelwano 2013-41534-21068.Noma yimiphi imibono, okutholiwe, iziphetho, noma izincomo ezivezwe kulolu shicilelo ngezombhali futhi azibonisi imibono yoMnyango Wezolimo wase-United States.
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I-Michigan State University iyisenzo sokuqinisekisa, umqashi wamathuba alinganayo, esizibophezele ekukhuthazeni wonke umuntu ukuthi afeze amandla akhe aphelele ngokusebenzisa abasebenzi abahlukahlukene kanye nesiko elibandakanya ukuzuza impumelelo.
Izinhlelo zokwandisa kanye nezinto zokwakha ze-Michigan State University zivulekele wonke umuntu, kungakhathalekile ukuthi uluphi uhlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yezwe, ubulili, ubunikazi bobulili, inkolo, ubudala, ubude, isisindo, ukukhubazeka, izinkolelo zezepolitiki, ukukhetha ocansini, isimo somshado, isimo somndeni, noma umhlalaphansi. Isimo sezempi.Ngokubambisana noMnyango Wezolimo wase-US, yakhishwa ngokukhuthazwa kwe-MSU kusukela ngoMeyi 8 kuya kuJuni 30, 1914. U-Quentin Tyler, Umqondisi Wesikhashana, Umnyango Wokuthuthukiswa Kwe-MSU, e-East Lansing, Michigan, MI48824.Lolu lwazi lwenzelwe izinjongo zemfundo kuphela.Ukukhulunywa kwemikhiqizo yezentengiso noma amagama ohwebo akusho ukuthi kugunyazwe Isandiso se-MSU noma imikhiqizo ethandwayo engashiwongo.