Umbiko omusha ukhomba ukuzwela kwama-vector amabili abalulekile e-aphid virus kuma-pyrethroids.Kulesi sihloko, u-Sue Cowgill, I-AHDB Crop Protection Senior Scientist (Pest), uhlole imithelela yemiphumela kubalimi bamazambane.
Namuhla, abalimi banezindlela ezimbalwa nezimbalwa zokulawula izinambuzane.“Uhlaka Lokusebenza Lukazwelonke LokuSebenzisa Ngokuqhubekayo Kwezibulala-zinambuzane” lubona ukuthi ukukhathazeka okunjalo kuzokhuthaza abantu ukuthi bahlakulele ukumelana.Nakuba lokhu ekugcineni kungase kunikeze isu eliphelele lokulawula ukumelana nezibulala-zinambuzane;esikhathini esifushane, kufanele sisebenzise ulwazi nezibulala-zinambuzane ezikhona manje.
Mayelana nokuphatha, kubalulekile ukucabangela ngokucacile igciwane okufanele licatshangelwe.Ziyehluka ngesivinini ezithathwa ngaso bese zisakazwa yizintwala.Ngokulandelayo, lokhu kuzothinta ukusebenza kahle kwesibulala-zinambuzane kanye nokulimala kwama-aphid okuhlosiwe.Kumazambane, amagciwane abalulekile kwezohwebo ahlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili.
E-UK, igciwane le- potato leaf roll (PLRV) lisakazwa kakhulu yi-aphid ye-peach-potato, kodwa ezinye izintwala ezizinzile, njenge-aphid zamazambane, nazo zingase zibandakanyeke.
Ama-aphid adla futhi amunce i-PLRV, kodwa kuthatha amahora ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba ayisabalalise.Kodwa-ke, ama-aphid angenwe yileli gciwane angaqhubeka nokusabalalisa igciwane ukuphila kwawo konke (leli igciwane “elibeleselayo”).
Ngenxa yokuncipha kwesikhathi, kungalindelwa ngokuphusile ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane zizosiza ukuphazamisa umjikelezo wokudlulisela.Ngakho-ke, isimo sokumelana sibalulekile kubaphathi be-PLRV.
Amagciwane amazambane angapheli, njengegciwane lezambane elingu-Y (PVY), ayinkinga kakhulu ekukhiqizeni amazambane e-GB.
Lapho ama-aphid ephuma emaqabunga, izinhlayiya zegciwane zicoshwa ekugcineni kwezingxenye zomlomo.Lezi zingalethwa ngemizuzu, uma kungeyona imizuzwana embalwa.Ngisho noma amazambane engewona ama-aphid avamile, asengatheleleka ngokutholwa kwama-aphid.
Ijubane lokusabalala lisho ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane zivame ukuba nzima ukunqamula lo mjikelezo.Ngaphezu kokwethembela okwandayo ekulawuleni okungewona amakhemikhali, izinhlobo eziningi ze-aphid zidinga ukucatshangelwa kulawa magciwane.
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, ama-aphid e-peach-potato, ama-aphid okusanhlamvu, ama-cherry-cherry-oat aphid kanye ne-willow-carrot aphid yizinhlobo ezibalulekile ezihlobene ne-PVY kumazambane embewu yaseScotland.
Ngenxa yendima yayo ebalulekile ekusabalaleni kwe-PLRV ne-PVY, kuyadingeka ukuqonda isimo sokumelana kwe-aphid.Ngeshwa, kube nekhono ekukhiqizeni ukumelana-cishe ama-80% amasampula waseBrithani abonise ukumelana ne-pyrethroids-ngezinhlobo ezimbili:
Kunemibiko yokuphikiswa kwe-neonicotinoid kuma-aphid wepetshisi-zambane phesheya.Inani elilinganiselwe lamasampuli akusayithi ahlolwa ku-GB unyaka ngamunye ukuze kuqashwe ukuzwela kwawo okuncishisiwe ku-acetamide, i-fluniamide ne-spirotetramine.Kuze kube manje, abukho ubufakazi bokunciphisa ukuzwela kulezi zinto ezisebenzayo.
Ukukhathazeka kokuqala mayelana nokumelana kwe-cereal aphid kuma-pyrethroids kungalandelelwa emuva ku-2011. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-aphid ye-cereal aphid, ukuba khona kokuguqulwa kwe-kdr kwaqinisekiswa futhi kwaboniswa ukuthi cishe izikhathi ezingu-40 umsebenzi ongaphezulu wawudingeka ukuze kubulawe ukumelana.
Kwasungulwa indlela yokuhlola ukuguqulwa kwe-kdr kuma-aphid (kusuka kunethiwekhi kazwelonke yokubamba amanzi).Ngo-2019, amasampula ahlolwe ezicupheni ezinhlanu, futhi afinyelela ku-30% wama-aphid analokhu kuguqulwa.
Nokho, lolu hlobo lokuhlola alukwazi ukunikeza ulwazi mayelana nezinye izinhlobo zokumelana.Ngenxa yalokhu, ngo-2020, inani elincane (5) lamasampula entwala okusanhlamvu aphilayo nawo aseqoqwe emasimini okusanhlamvu futhi ahlolwa kuma-laboratory bioassays.Kusukela ngo-2011, lokhu kubonisa ukuthi amandla okumelana awakhulanga, futhi kungase kube nokumelana kwe-kdr kuphela kuma-aphid okusanhlamvu.
Eqinisweni, ukusebenzisa izifutho ze-pyrethroid ngenani eliphakeme elinconyiwe kufanele kulawule ama-aphid okusanhlamvu.Kodwa-ke, umthelela wabo ekudluliselweni kwe-PVY usengozini kakhulu esikhathini sokundiza kanye nemvamisa ye-aphid okusanhlamvu kunesimo sokumelana nama-aphid.
Nakuba kunemibiko yokuthi i-cherry oat aphid evela e-Ireland yehlise ukuzwela kuma-pyrethroids, ama-bioassays kumasampula e-GB aqala ngo-2020 (21) awakabubonisi ubufakazi bale nkinga.
Njengamanje, ama-pyrethroids kufanele akwazi ukulawula i-bird cherry oat aphid.Lezi yizindaba ezinhle kubalimi abasanhlamvu abakhathazekile nge-BYDV.I-BYDV igciwane elibeleselayo okulula ukulilawula ngokusebenzisa izibulala-zinambuzane kune-PVY.
Isithombe se-willow carrot aphid asicacile.Ikakhulukazi, abacwaningi abanalo idatha yomlando mayelana nokuthambekela kwezinambuzane kuma-pyrethroids.Ngaphandle kwedatha yohlobo lwe-aphid oluzwela ngokugcwele, akunakwenzeka ukubala isici sokumelana (njengoba kwenza ama-aphid okusanhlamvu).Enye indlela ukusebenzisa imvamisa yensimu efanayo ukuhlola ama-aphid.Kuze kube manje, amasampula ayisithupha kuphela ahlolwe ngale ndlela, futhi izinga lokubulala liphakathi kuka-30% no-70%.Kudingeka amasampula engeziwe ukuze ube nokuqonda okuphelele kwalesi zinambuzane.
Inethiwekhi ye-AHDB yokubamba ephuzi inikeza ulwazi lwasendaweni mayelana nezindiza ze-GB.Imiphumela yango-2020 igqamisa ukuhlukahluka kwenani nezinhlobo ze-aphid.
Ikhasi le-Aphid kanye ne-Virus lihlinzeka ngolwazi oluphelele oluhlanganisa isimo sokumelana nolwazi lohlelo lokufafaza.
Ekugcineni, imboni idinga ukuya endleleni edidiyelwe.Lokhu kubandakanya izinyathelo zesikhathi eside, njengokuphathwa kwemithombo yokugonyelwa igciwane.Kodwa-ke, lokhu kusho futhi ukusebenzisa ezinye izindlela, njengokusebenzisa i-intercropping, i-mulch namafutha amaminerali.Lokhu kuyaphenywa kunethiwekhi ye-Spot farm ye-AHDB, futhi kwethenjwa ukuthi izivivinyo nemiphumela izotholakala ngo-2021 (ngokuya ngenqubekelaphambili yokulawula igciwane elihluke ngokuphelele).