(Ngaphandle kwezibulala-zinambuzane, Septhemba 24, 2020) Umbiko omusha ovela ku-United States Geological Survey (USGS) “National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project” ubonisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane zisakazwa kabanzi emifuleni nasemifudlaneni yaseMelika, cishe u-90% A. isampula yamanzi equkethe okungenani izibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu ezahlukene.Njengoba ukuhlaziya kwe-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ngo-1998 kwabonisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane zisabalele kuyo yonke imizila yamanzi e-United States, ukungcoliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emigwaqweni yamanzi kuvamile emlandweni, futhi kungatholwa okungenani isibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa.Izinkulungwane zamathani ezibulala-zinambuzane zingena emifuleni nasemifudlaneni yaseMelika zisuka emithonjeni yezolimo nengeyona eyezolimo, zingcolisa imithombo yamanzi okuphuza ayisisekelo njengamanzi angaphezulu namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.Ngokukhula kwenani lezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini, kunomthelela omubi empilweni yemvelo yasemanzini, ikakhulukazi umthelela we-synergistic wezibulala-zinambuzane ezithile nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane ukwandisa ubunzima balo mphumela.Imibiko enjalo iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokunquma izenzo ezifanele zokulawula ukuvikela impilo yabantu, yezilwane kanye nemvelo.I-USGS iphethe ngokuthi "ukuhlonza abanegalelo elikhulu ebuthi kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni imifula nemifudlana ukusekela izinga lempilo yasemanzini."
Amanzi ayinhlanganisela eningi futhi ebalulekile emhlabeni, abalulekile ekusindeni, futhi ayingxenye eyinhloko yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.Ngaphansi kwamaphesenti amathathu amanzi ahlanzekile amanzi ahlanzekile, futhi ingxenye encane kuphela yamanzi ahlanzekile angamanzi angaphansi komhlaba (30.1%) noma amanzi angaphezulu (0.3%) ukuze asetshenziswe.Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa yonke indawo kwezibulala-zinambuzane kusongela ukunciphisa inani lamanzi ahlanzekile atholakalayo, ngoba ukugeleza kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukugcwaliswa kabusha nokulahlwa ngendlela engafanele kungangcolisa imizila yamanzi eseduze, njengemifula, imifudlana, amachibi noma izindawo ezigcina amanzi ngaphansi komhlaba.Njengoba imifula nemifudlana ithatha u-2% kuphela wamanzi angaphezulu, lezi zindawo zemvelo ezintekenteke kufanele zivikeleke ekulimaleni okwengeziwe, okuhlanganisa ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kanye nokwehla kwezinga/ukutholakala kwamanzi.Abacwaningi embikweni wocwaningo bathi, "[Inhloso enkulu yalolu cwaningo ukuveza izici zezingxube zezibulala-zinambuzane ezitholakala kumasampula amanzi ezindawo zamanzi e-United States ngokusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo, othuthukisiwe nokuxubile kusukela ku-2013 kuya ku-2017" ( 2017 Ngaphezu kwalokho, abacwaningi bahlose ukuqonda “ubuthi obungaba khona bengxube yezibulala-zinambuzane ezintweni eziphila emanzini, nokuhlola ukwenzeka kwezinto ezingaba nomthelela wobuthi bengxube.”
Ukuze kuhlolwe izinga lamanzi kazwelonke, abacwaningi baqoqa amasampula amanzi ezindaweni zokusampula emgodini owasungulwa yiNational Water Quality Network (NWQN)-Rivers and Streams ngo-1992. Lezi zinhlobo zomhlaba zisekelwe ezinhlotsheni zokusetshenziswa komhlaba (ezolimo, ezithuthukisiwe/ ezisemadolobheni nezixubile).Kusukela ngo-2013 kuya ku-2017, abacwaningi baqoqa amasampula amanzi endaweni ngayinye yomfula njalo ngenyanga.Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa, njengasenkathini yemvula, njengoba inani lokugeleza kwezibulala-zinambuzane likhuphuka, imvamisa yokuqoqwa izokhula.Abacwaningi basebenzise i-tandem mass spectrometry ehlanganiswe ne-chromatography yoketshezi lomjovo wamanzi ukuze bahlole amazinga ezibulala-zinambuzane kumasampula amanzi ukuze bahlaziye ingqikithi yezinhlanganisela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-221 kumasampula amanzi ahlungiwe (0.7μm) e-USGS National Water Quality Laboratory.Ukuze kuhlolwe ubuthi bezibulala-zinambuzane, abacwaningi basebenzise i-Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) ukuze balinganise ubuthi obungaba khona bengxube yezibulala-zinambuzane emaqenjini amathathu okuhlukaniswa-izinhlanzi, ama-cladocerans (ama-crustaceans amancane ahlanzekile) kanye nama-invertebrates angama-benthic.Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaphuzu e-PTI kuhlanganisa amazinga amathathu ukumela izinga lokuhlola elilinganiselwe lobuthi obubikezelwe: obuphansi (PTI≥0.1), obungapheli (0.1 1).
Kutholwe ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi sika-2013-2017, okungenani izibulala-zinambuzane ezinhlanu noma ngaphezulu zazikhona ku-88% wamasampula amanzi avela ezindaweni zokusampula ze-NWQN.Amaphesenti angu-2.2 kuphela amasampula amanzi awazange adlule izinga elibonakalayo lokugcwala kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Endaweni ngayinye, okuqukethwe kwesibulala-zinambuzane esimaphakathi kumasampula amanzi ohlobo ngalunye lokusetshenziswa komhlaba kwakuphakeme kakhulu, izibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-24 endaweni yezolimo, nezibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-7 endaweni exubile (ezweni lezolimo nethuthukisiwe), eliphansi kakhulu.Izindawo ezithuthukisiwe zitholakala phakathi nendawo, futhi isampula ngayinye yamanzi iqoqa izinhlobo ezingu-18 zezibulala-zinambuzane.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezisemasampulini amanzi zinamandla okuba nobuthi obuyingozi obungapheli ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini, kanye nobuthi obungapheli ezinhlanzini.Phakathi kwezinhlanganisela zezibulala-zinambuzane ezingama-221 ezihlaziyiwe, eziyi-17 (izibulala-zinambuzane eziyi-13, izibulala-zinambuzane ezi-2, izibulala-sikhunta ezi-1 kanye ne-synergist eyodwa) ziyimbangela eyinhloko yobuthi ku-Aquatic Taxonomy.Ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kwe-PTI, inhlanganisela yesibulala-zinambuzane inikela ngaphezu kuka-50% ebuthi besampula, kuyilapho ezinye izibulala-zinambuzane zamanje zifaka isandla kancane ebuthi.Kuma-cladocerans, izithako eziyinhloko zezibulala-zinambuzane ezidala ubuthi yizibulala-zinambuzane i-bifenthrin, i-carbaryl, i-rif enobuthi, i-diazinon, i-dichlorvos, i-dichlorvos, i-tridifenuron, i-fluphthalamide, ne-tebupirine phosphorus.Umuthi wokubulala ukhula i-attriazine kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane i-bifenthrin, i-carbaryl, i-carbofuran, i-rif enobuthi, i-diazinon, i-dichlorvos, i-fipronil, imidacloprid ne-methamidophos izibulala-zinambuzane ezingase zibe khona ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla ze-benthic Umshayeli omkhulu wobuthi.Izibulala-zinambuzane ezinomthelela omkhulu ezinhlanzini zihlanganisa isibulala-khula i-acetochlor, isibulala-sikhunta sokucekela phansi i-carbendazim, kanye ne-synergistic piperonyl butoxide.
I-United States Geological Survey (USGS) iphumelele Ukuhlola Ikhwalithi Yamanzi Kazwelonke (“Ukuhlola ukwenzeka nokuziphatha kwezibulala-zinambuzane emifudlaneni, emachibini namanzini angaphansi komhlaba kanye namandla emithi yokubulala izinambuzane ukungcolisa amanzi ethu okuphuza noma ukulimaza imvelo yasemanzini”) (NAWQA) umbiko. .Imibiko yangaphambilini ye-USGS ikhombisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane zitholakala yonke indawo endaweni yasemanzini futhi ziwukungcola okuvamile ezindaweni eziphila emanzini ahlanzekile.E-United States, izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zingatholwa emanzini angaphezulu nangaphansi komhlaba, okuwumthombo wamanzi okuphuza engxenyeni yabantu baseMelika.Ngaphezu kwalokho, imifula nemifudlana engcoliswe izibulala-zinambuzane ingakhipha indle olwandle nasemachibini afana neGreat Barrier Reef (GBR).Phakathi kwazo, u-99.8% wamasampuli e-GBR axutshwe nezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kuka-20 ezahlukene.Nokho, lawa makhemikhali awagcini nje ngokuba nemiphumela elimazayo yezempilo ezintweni eziphila emanzini, kodwa futhi anemiphumela emibi yezempilo ezintweni eziphila emhlabeni ezincike emanzini angaphezulu noma emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.Amaningi alawa makhemikhali angabangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, ukukhubazeka kokuzala, i-neurotoxicity kanye nomdlavuza kubantu nasezilwaneni, futhi iningi lazo linobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu ezintweni eziphila emanzini.Ukwengeza, ukuhlola izinga lamanzi kuvame ukudalula ukuba khona kwenhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ezingaphezu kweyodwa emanzini kanye nobuthi obungaba khona ezilwaneni zasolwandle.Kodwa-ke, i-USGS-NAWQA noma ukuhlolwa kwengozi yasemanzini kwe-EPA akuhloli ubungozi obungaba khona bengxube yezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni yasemanzini.
Ukungcoliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ebusweni namanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuye kwabangela enye inkinga, okungukuthi, ukuntuleka kokuqapha kanye nemithethonqubo ephumelelayo, okuvimbela izibulala-zinambuzane ukuba zinqwabelane emanzini.Enye yezindlela ze-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ukuvikela impilo yabantu neyemvelo ukulawula izibulala-zinambuzane ngokuhambisana ne-Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) nangokuhambisana nezinhlinzeko ze-Clean Water Act Pollution. yemithombo yamaphuzu emigwaqweni yamanzi.Kodwa-ke, ukubuyiselwa emuva kwe-EPA kwakamuva kwemithetho yezindlela zamanzi kunomphumela omncane ekuvikeleni impilo yemvelo yasemanzini, kanye nezilwane zasolwandle nezasemhlabeni (kuhlanganise nabantu) kudingeka zenze kanjalo.Ngaphambilini, i-USGS-NAWQA yayigxeka i-EPA ngokungasunguli izindinganiso ezanele zekhwalithi yamanzi ezibulala-zinambuzane.Ngokusho kwe-NAWQA, “Izindinganiso neziqondiso zamanje aziqedi ngokuphelele izingozi ezibangelwa izibulala-zinambuzane emifuleni yamanzi ngoba: (1) inani lezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi alikanqunywa, (2) ingxube kanye nemikhiqizo yokubola ayizange icatshangelwe, futhi (3) ) isikhathi sonyaka asikahlolwa.Ukugxila okuphezulu kokuchayeka, kanye (4) nezinhlobo ezithile zemiphumela engaba khona azikahlolwa, njengokuphazamiseka kohlelo lwe-endocrine kanye nezimpendulo ezihlukile zabantu abazwelayo.
Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhomba ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ezihlukene ezingu-17 ziyimbangela enkulu yobuthi basemanzini.Izibulala-zinambuzane ze-Organophosphate zidlala indima enkulu kubuthi obungapheli be-Cladran, kuyilapho izibulala-zinambuzane ze-imidacloprid zidala ubuthi obungapheli ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla.Ama-Organophosphates ayikilasi lama-insecticide anomphumela ongemuhle ohlelweni lwezinzwa, futhi indlela yawo yokwenza iyafana neyama-nerve agents empini yamakhemikhali.Ukuchayeka kuma-insecticides imidacloprid kungaba nomthelela omubi ohlelweni lokuzala futhi kunobuthi obukhulu ezinhlobonhlobo zasemanzini.Nakuba ama-dichlorvos, i-bifenthrin kanye ne-methamidophos engavamile ukuba khona kumasampula, lapho la makhemikhali ekhona, adlula imingcele yobuthi obungapheli nobunamandla bezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini.Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baveze ukuthi inkomba yobuthi ingase iwubuke kancane umthelela ongaba khona ezintweni eziphilayo zasemanzini, ngoba izifundo ezedlule zithole ukuthi “isampula samasonto onke esicacile ngokuvamile siphuthelwa isikhathi esifushane, iziqongo ezinobuthi ezingaba khona ezibulala-zinambuzane”.
Izilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini, okuhlanganisa i-benthic organisms kanye ne-cladocerans, ziyingxenye ebalulekile yewebhu yokudla, zisebenzisa imisoco eningi emanzini, futhi ziwumthombo wokudla wezilwane ezinkulu ezidla inyama.Kodwa-ke, umthelela wokungcoliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emigwaqweni yamanzi ungase ube nomthelela osuka phansi phezulu ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini, ubulale izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezizuzisayo ezisimiso sezinzwa esifana nesihlosiwe sezinambuzane zasemhlabeni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-invertebrates amaningi angama-benthic ayizibungu zezinambuzane zasemhlabeni.Azizona nje izinkomba zekhwalithi yomgwaqo wamanzi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemvelo, kodwa futhi zihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene ze-ecosystem ezifana ne-bio-irrigation, ukubola kanye nokudla.Ukufakwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele kulungiswe ukuze kwehliswe umthelela wezibulala-zinambuzane ezingase zibe nobuthi emifuleni nemifudlana ezintweni eziphila emanzini, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho amakhemikhali ezolimo asetshenziswa kakhulu khona.
Umbiko ukhombisa ukuthi inani lezibulala-zinambuzane ezisesampula liyahlukahluka kuye ngezindawo unyaka nonyaka, lapho umhlaba wokulima usebenzisa inani eliphakeme kakhulu lezibulala-zinambuzane, ezihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane nezikhunta, kanye nokuthutheleka okukhulu kusukela ngoMeyi kuya kuJulayi.Ngenxa yobuningi bomhlaba wezolimo, izibulala-zinambuzane ezimaphakathi kusampula ngayinye yamanzi ezifundeni ezimaphakathi neziseningizimu ziphezulu kakhulu.Lokhu okutholakele kuhambisana nocwaningo lwangaphambilini olubonisa ukuthi imithombo yamanzi eduze nezindawo zezolimo ivame ukuba namazinga aphezulu okungcola, ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo, lapho ukugeleza kwamakhemikhali ezolimo kugcwele kakhulu.NgoFebhuwari 2020, i-US Geological Survey yabika ngephrojekthi ye-Pesticide Cooperative Sampling in Waterways (eyenziwa yi-EPA).Izibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-141 zitholwe emifuleni engu-7 eMidwest futhi izibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-73 zitholwe emifuleni engu-7 eningizimu-mpumalanga.Ukuphatha kukaTrump kuye kwashiya imfuneko yenkampani yamakhemikhali yamazwe ngamazwe i-Syngenta-ChemChina ukuqhubeka nokuqapha ukuba khona kwemithi yokubulala ukhula emanzini aseMidwest ngo-2020. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphatha kukaTrump kuthathe indawo yemithetho ku-WOTUS ka-2015 "Navigable Waters Protection. Imithetho”, ezokwenza buthaka kakhulu ukuvikeleka kwemigwaqo yamanzi namaxhaphozi amaningana e-United States, nangokushiya izingozi ezihlukahlukene zokungcola ezisongela imifula.Ukuvinjelwa kwemisebenzi.Njengoba umthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu uba namandla, imvula iyanda, ukugeleza kuyanda, futhi iqhwa liyancibilika, okuholela ekubanjweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane zendabuko ezingasakhiqizwa.Ukuntuleka kokuqapha okukhethekile kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuzoholela ekuqongeleleni nasekuhlanganiseni amakhemikhali anobuthi endaweni ehlala emanzini., Imithombo yamanzi engcolisayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kufanele kuqedwe futhi kugcine kuqediwe ukuze kuvikelwe imizila yamanzi yezwe kanye nomhlaba wonke futhi kwehliswe inani lezibulala-zinambuzane ezingena emanzini okuphuza.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngaphezu kwezibulala-zinambuzane, uhulumeni wobumbano sekuyisikhathi eside ekhuthaza imithetho yenhlangano evikelayo ecabangela izinsongo ezingase zibe khona zengxube yezibulala-zinambuzane (kungaba imikhiqizo eyenziwe noma izibulala-zinambuzane zangempela endaweni) kuma-ecosystem kanye nezinto eziphilayo.Ngeshwa, imithetho yamanje yokuphatha iyehluleka ukucabangela indawo ezungezile iyonke, kudala indawo eyimpumputhe ekhawulela ikhono lethu lokwenza izinguquko ezibanzi ezingathuthukisa ngempela impilo ye-ecosystem.Kodwa-ke, ukukhuthaza izinqubomgomo zokushintsha izibulala-zinambuzane zendawo nezifunda kungakuvikela wena nomndeni wakho emanzini angcoliswe izibulala-zinambuzane.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo eziphilayo/ezivuselelekayo zingonga amanzi, zikhuthaze ukuzala, zinciphise ukugeleza nokuguguleka kwamanzi, zinciphise isidingo sezakhi, futhi zingaqeda amakhemikhali anobuthi asongela izici eziningi zokuphila komuntu nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo ezungezile, kuhlanganise nemithombo yamanzi.Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe mayelana nokungcoliswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini, sicela ubheke ikhasi lohlelo elithi “Amanzi Asongelayo” kanye nesithi “Izihloko Ezingaphezu Kwezibulala-zinambuzane” “Izibulala-zinambuzane emanzini ami okuphuza?”Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zomuntu siqu kanye nezenzo zomphakathi.Tshela i-US Environmental Protection Agency ukuthi kufanele isebenze kanzima ukuze ivikele impilo kanye nemvelo.
Lokhu kufakwe kufakwe ngo-12:01 AM ngoSepthemba 24, 2020 (ngoLwesine) futhi kufakwe ngaphansi kwe-Aquatic Organisms, Ukungcola, i-Imidacloprid, i-Organophosphate, Izingxube Zezibulala-zinambuzane, Amanzi.Ungakwazi ukulandelela noma iyiphi impendulo kulokhu okufakiwe ngokusebenzisa okuphakelayo kwe-RSS 2.0.Ungeqela ekupheleni bese ushiya impendulo.I-Ping ayivunyelwe okwamanje.
document.getElementById(“comment”).setAttribute(“id”, “a6fa6fae56585c62d3679797e6958578″);document.getElementById(“gf61a37dce”).setAttribute(“id”,”comment”);