Izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo (i-PGR) zivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ukunciphisa ingozi yokulala ezitshalweni eziluhlaza, futhi ziyithuluzi elibalulekile lokusiza ukukhula kwezimpande nokulawula ukuhlukaniswa kwezitshalo zokusanhlamvu.
Futhi kule ntwasahlobo, izitshalo eziningi zidonsa kanzima ngemva kobusika obumanzi.Lesi yisibonelo esihle sokuthi abalimi bazozuza nini ekusebenziseni le mikhiqizo ngendlela efanele nangesu.
UDick Neale, umphathi wezobuchwepheshe wakwaHutchinsons, uthe: “Kulo nyaka isilimo sikakolweni sigcwele yonke indawo.
“Noma yisiphi isilimo esitshalwe kusukela ngoSepthemba nasekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba singathathwa njengesijwayelekile ngokohlelo lwaso lwemithombo yofuzo, kugxilwe kakhulu ekwehliseni indawo yokuhlala.”
Ngokuvamile abantu bacabanga ukuthi izinsiza zofuzo zezitshalo zizokhiqiza amaphuzu amaningi, kodwa akunjalo.U-Neal uthe i-split iller ihlobene nokukhiqizwa kwamaqabunga kagwayi, okuhlobene nesikhathi sokushisa.
Uma izitshalo zingahlwanyelwa kuze kube nguNovemba futhi zihlwanyelwe ngokuphumelelayo ngoDisemba, isikhathi sazo esishisayo sizoncishiswa ukuze kukhiqizwe amaqabunga kanye nabahlukanisi.
Nakuba lingekho inani lezilawuli zokukhula elizokwandisa inani lezingxenyana esitshalweni, zingasetshenziswa ngokuhambisana ne-nitrogen yakuqala ukuze kugcinwe izingxenyana eziningi zivunwa.
Ngokufanayo, uma ama-sub-till esitshalo esekulungele ukuqhuma, i-PGR ingasetshenziswa kuphela ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwaso uma kukhona amahlumela amancane.
Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokwenza lokhu ukulinganisa i-ers ngokucindezela ukubusa kwezimpande nokudala ukukhula okwengeziwe kwezimpande, futhi ama-PGR angasetshenziswa kusenesikhathi (ngaphambi kwesigaba sokukhula sama-31).
Nokho, uMnu. Neale uphakamise ukuthi ama-PGR amaningi awakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngaphambi kwesigaba sokukhula esingu-30, ngakho-ke sicela uhlole ukugunyaza kulebula.
Ngebhali, umphumela wawo uyafana nowokolweni esigabeni sokukhula esingu-30, kodwa kubalulekile ukunaka ukukhula kabusha kweminye imikhiqizo.Khona-ke lapho eneminyaka engu-31 ubudala, wathatha umthamo ophezulu we-hexanedione noma i-trinexapac-ethyl, kodwa ngaphandle kwe-3C noma i-Cycocel.
Isizathu siwukuthi ibhali lihlala lihlehla lisuka ku-Cycocel futhi lingabangela indawo yokuhlala eyengeziwe lapho usebenzisa i-chloropyri.
Khona-ke, uMnu. Neale uzohlala esebenzisa imikhiqizo esekelwe ku-2-chloroethylphosphonic acid ukuze aqedele ibhali yasebusika esigabeni sama-39 sokutshala ibhali.
"Okwamanje, ibhali ingama-50% kuphela obude bayo bokugcina, ngakho-ke uma ikhula kakhulu kamuva, ungase ubanjwe."
Ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwe-trinexapac-ethyl akufanele kudlule ku-100ml/ha ukuze kuzuzwe ukulawula okuhle kwe-ergonomics, kodwa ngeke kulawule ukunwetshwa kwesiqu kwesitshalo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izitshalo zidinga isilinganiso esithile se-nitrogen ukuze zikhule, zikhule futhi zilinganise.
UMnu. Neale uphakamise ukuthi yena ngokwakhe ngeke asebenzise i-paraquat kuhlelo lokusebenza lokuqala lokukhohlisa le-PGR subtill.
Ukungena esigabeni sesibili sokusetshenziswa kwemithombo yezakhi zofuzo zezitshalo, abalimi kufanele banake kakhulu ukulawulwa kokukhula kokukhula kwesiqu.
UMnu. Neale uxwayise: “Kulo nyaka, abalimi bazodinga ukuqaphela ngoba lapho ukolweni oboshiwe ngalobo busuku uvuka, uzoqhubeka.”
Amaqabunga amathathu kungenzeka afinyelele esigabeni sokukhula sama-31 esikhundleni sama-32, ngakho-ke abalimi kuzodingeka babone ngokucophelela amaqabunga avela esigabeni sokukhula sama-31.
Ukusebenzisa ingxube esigabeni sokukhula 31 kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo zinamandla amahle esiqu ngaphandle kokuzifinyeza ngokweqile.
Wachaza: “Ngangisebenzisa i-protohexanedione, i-trinexapac-ethyl, noma ingxube equkethe i-cypermethrin efinyelela ku-1 ilitha/ha,”
Ukusebenzisa lezi zinhlelo zokusebenza kuzosho ukuthi awuzisebenzisi ngokweqile, futhi i-PGR izolawula isitshalo njengoba kulindelekile, kunokusifinyeza.
UMnu. Neale uthe: "Kodwa-ke, sicela uqiniseke ukuthi ugcina umkhiqizo osuselwe ku-2-chloroethylphosphonic acid ephaketheni elingemuva, ngoba asiqiniseki ukuthi ukukhula kwentwasahlobo okulandelayo kuzoba njani."
Uma kusenomswakama emhlabathini futhi isimo sezulu sifudumele, futhi isikhathi sokukhula siside, izitshalo zokuvuna sekwephuzile zingase ziqale.
Uma isitshalo sikhula ngokushesha enhlabathini emanzi, singasetshenziswa kamuva ukuxazulula ingozi eyandayo yokufaka izimpande
UNeal uthe kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sezulu sasentwasahlobo sinjani, izimpande zezitshalo zokutshala sekwephuzile zincane.
Ingozi enkulu kulo nyaka kuzoba ukugxumeka kwezimpande esikhundleni sokugxumeka kwesiqu, ngoba inhlabathi vele isesimweni esibi futhi kungenzeka ukuthi izungeze izimpande ezisekelayo.
Yilapho amandla esiqwini edingeka khona, yingakho uMnu. Neale encoma ukusebenzisa i-PGR kancane kuphela kule sizini.
Waxwayisa: “Ungalindi bese usebenzisa imali yakho.”"Abalawuli bokukhula kwezitshalo bamane nje ukufinyeza utshani akuyona inhloso enkulu."
Abalimi kufanele bahlole futhi bacabangele ukuthi kukhona yini imisoco eyanele ngaphansi kwezitshalo ukuze bakwazi ukuyinakekela nokuyiphatha ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezitshalo (PGR) ziqondise ohlelweni lwamahomoni ezitshalweni futhi zingasetshenziswa ukulawula ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Kunamaqembu amaningi ahlukene amakhemikhali athinta izitshalo ngezindlela ezahlukene, futhi abalimi badinga njalo ukuhlola ilebula ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umkhiqizo ngamunye.
“Abalimi kumele bahlole ilebula, ngoba ziningi izinguquko esezenzekile.Okunye okuhlukile akukwazi ukusetshenziswa kuze kube yisigaba sokukhula sama-31, kanti ezinye azikwazi ukudlula ama-31, kanti ezinye kungase kudingeke zilinde kuze kube yisigaba sokukhula sama-39.Ukuyeka ukuyisebenzisa.
Uthe: “I-Paraquat isabela kancane efekthri, ivula amabhuleki kancane kancane, kodwa lapho amabhuleki esekhululiwe, azohluleka ngokuphelele futhi azibophe kabusha.”
"Bangasebenza ezimweni ezibandayo kune-cypermethrin, futhi basebenza ngokushesha, kodwa behlisa isithunzi, okuholela ekubuyiseleni okuncane."
I-Trinexapac-ethyl kanye ne-protohexanedione zisiza ukwakha izindonga zamangqamuzana aminyene, ngakho isitshalo siba neziqu eziminyene futhi zibe ukuqina.Lezi futhi zisebenza kahle ezitshalweni ezingaphansi kuka-5-6C.
I-Chloroethyl phosphonic acid iyisithako esisebenzayo se-Terpal ne-Cerone, kodwa i-Terpal iphinde ixutshwe ne-mesochlor, okusho ukuthi abalimi kufanele baqaphele lapho beyisebenzisa.
“Angikukhuthazi ukusebenzisa iCerone engaphezu kuka-0.4 litre/ha, okulingana ne-1 litre/ha yeTerpal.
"Kuthinta ukukhula kwesiqu esiphezulu, futhi ithuba lincane-phakathi kwezigaba zokukhula 39 kanye ne-45.
Ngakho-ke, ikakhulukazi ebhali lasebusika, abalimi kudingeka baqaphele ukuthi bangalindi isikhathi eside bese bephuthelwa yisigaba sakamuva sokukhula.
Inzuzo yangaphambi kwentela yeqembu lezolimo i-Wynnstay yehle kancane, naphezu kokwehla kwemali engenayo ngenxa yobhubhane lwe-Covid-19 kanye nesivuno esibi.ubunzima
I-NFU izamile ukugwema ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kwe-urea eNgilandi okuhlongozwe uDefra ezingxoxweni eziphele kuleli sonto (ngoLwesibili, Januwari 26).
Kunamacala aphezulu e-Covid-19 kuzo zonke izifunda, futhi abalimi kufanele baqinisekise ukuthi kulandelwa izinqubo ezifanele ukuze bazivikele bona, imindeni yabo kanye nabasebenzi.Ikona…
Abalimi bebhali lasentwasahlobo bazobhekana nezimo zemakethe ezinzima kulo nyaka, futhi kusekhona ukungaqiniseki ekulawuleni izifo.Lena yindlela abalimi ababili abawine ngayo imiklomelo yesigaba se-YEN basebenzisa le ndlela ukuze batshale izitshalo ukuze bakhulise ukusebenza kahle.…