I-Centers for Disease Control (CDC) ishicilela i-Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) njalo ngesonto.Isetshenziswa kakhulu odokotela, abasebenzi bezempilo yomphakathi, izazi zezifo eziwumshayabhuqe kanye nabanye ososayensi.Okufunda esidlweni sakusihlwa akukhona ukuzijabulisa.Ngaphandle uma uyazi, uyisigangi njengami.
Amarekhodi asezindaweni: Izifo ezinzima ezihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwamabhande ezinambuzane-kusuka ku-2000 kuya ku-2013, izifunda eziyisikhombisa e-United States naseCanada.I-CDC Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), January 17, 2014/63 (02);42-43
Imichilo efakwe i-dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate noma i-DDVP pest strips) yabhaliswa okokuqala yi-Shell Chemical Company ngaphansi kwegama lokuhweba i-Vapona™ ngo-1954. amashumi eminyaka.
I-DDVP iyaguquguquka kakhulu, ngakho yenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu wokusabalalisa ezindaweni ezivalekile.Ake ngikusho futhi-kuguquguquka kakhulu.Umhwamuko ophuma ocezwini lwe-DDVP uzoxosha futhi ubulale izinambuzane phakathi kwama-cubic feet angu-1,200 isikhathi esingafika ezinyangeni ezi-4.Iphunga elinamandla lingenza ngingabi nangqondo.Leli iphunga lezibonelo zemnyuziyamu kanye namakhabethe anelukuluku angavuliwe.Leli iphunga lamaqoqo ezinambuzane ezindala.
Izinzwa zixhumana ngamakhemikhali ngokusebenzisa izikhala noma ama-synapse.Ama-Organophosphates avimba ama-transmitters futhi avuselele imicu yezinzwa nemisipha.
I-DDVP izibulala kahle izinambuzane ngoba ingenye yezibulala-zinambuzane zokugcina ze-organophosphate e-United States ezingase zisetshenziswe endlini.Ama-Organophosphates angaba yingozi, futhi ukuhlukumeza kungabangela umhlane wakho unyakaze njengephela elifayo.
I-Organophosphate ibulala izimbungulu ngokuvimbela amangqamuzana ezinzwa ekuvaleni amasignali ashukumisayo.Bavimba i-acetylcholinesterase, ekhona ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwazo zonke izilwane.Ukushukunyiswa ngokweqile kwamangqamuzana ezinzwa ngale ndlela kungaholela ekundindizeleni, ukukhubazeka nokufa.Ngenhlanhla, inani le-DVPP elidingekayo ukubulala izinambuzane lincane kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nezibulala-zinambuzane ezibangela izimpawu kubantu.
Isici esibalulekile sokuphepha indlela yokusebenzisa lesi sibulala-zinambuzane.Umbiko we-CDC uphakamisa ukuthi lena inkinga.Phakathi kuka-2000 no-2013, uhlelo lwe-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) lwabika izifo ezinzima ezihlobene nendawo yezinambuzane ze-dichlorvos.Amacala abukeka emancane, kodwa ngokusho kombhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, uDkt Rebecca Tsai uthe: “Impela lokhu kuwukubukelwa phansi okwenzekayo.”I-Sentinel System inezifundazwe zase-US ezibamba iqhaza eziyi-12 kuphela.Esilinganisweni esincane sombuso, i-CDC yazi kuphela amacala abikwe emnyangweni wezempilo womphakathi.
Amacala angamashumi amabili kwangu-31 (65%) asebenzise i-DDVP ngokungalungile futhi ephule imiyalelo namalebula okuphepha.Njengomuntu oqeqeshiwe, uma ungasebenzisa kuphela i-DDVP enezibuko, amagilavu, nezinsimbi zokuphefumula endaweni evaliwe, kuzokujabulisa ukufunda okulandelayo:
“Iningi lalezi zifo kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo ezindaweni ezihlala abantu bonke (njengamakhishi namagumbi okulala) ephula imiyalelo yelebula….Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwemichilo yokulwa namagciwane ezindaweni zokuhlala, ezinye izici zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemichilo yokulwa namagciwane Faka esikhwameni esivalekile sokuphatha izinto ezithelelekile, ukuntuleka kokuvikela isikhumba (isibonelo, amagilavu ​​noma ukungakwazi ukuze ugeze isikhumba ngokushesha), faka umugqa kukhabethe kanye ne-pantry, usike umucu ube yizicucu ezincane bese uwuklebhula , Futhi usebenzise izifudumezi namafeni ukusheshisa ukusakazeka komhwamuko emgqeni.”
I-CDC ikholelwa ukuthi ingxenye yesizathu sokuhlukunyezwa kwemicu ye-DDVP ihlobene nokudideka kokupakisha.Lesi sithombe sibonisa ama-DDVP amabili e-counter-the-counter aqukethe imikhiqizo abantu baseMelika abangayithenga ezitolo ezinkulu eziningi:
Uhlobo lokuqala lokupakisha luyiphakheji evamile ngenjongo eyinhloko ye-compound: yokulenga ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona abantu noma ukusetshenziswa emakamelweni avaliwe.Inomfanekiso ngemuva, okhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi ayihloselwe ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokuhlala.Noma okungenani hhayi eduze kwe-TV.
Iphakheji lesofthiwe lesibili libonisa ukusetshenziswa okusha kwe-DDVP: ukulawula iziphazamisi.Ucwaningo lwakamuva olusebenzisa i-DDVP njengesifutha sezinambuzane zombhede lubonise imiphumela ekhuthazayo.
Imiyalo ekupakishweni kwezimbungulu ze-DVPP ithi imicu yezinambuzane esikhwameni kufanele ivalwe ngomatilasi isonto lonke ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izimbungulu ziyanyamalala.Kunemiyalo eminingi ngemibhalo emincane ngemuva kwephakheji.“Ungawusebenzisi lapho abantu behlala khona isikhathi eside” akucacile kakhulu.“Kunwetshwa” isikhathi esingakanani?Uma ufuna ukwenza umbhede noma ifenisha yakho, ungase uchithe isikhathi esincane kakhulu kunokuvamile ekamelweni.
Izimbungulu ngokusobala ziyizisusa zokusebenzisa i-DDVP ngokungahlakaniphile.Ngemva kokufunda nokuxoxa ngemibiko yecala elithile, ngamangala ukuthi akukho kulimala okubi komuntu siqu okwenzeka.Ngivumelana ne-CDC ukuthi ukupakisha okungcono nokulebula kuzosiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi abantu basebenzisa i-DDVP ngokuqapha.
Uma kuyisinqumo sami, okungenani ngizobeka amazwi athi “Ngothando lukaNkulunkulu, ungayithinti le nto” ephaketheni.Kufanele kube nendlela yokukhombisa ngokucacile ukuthi i-compound inerekhodi lokulimala kwezinzwa futhi i-carcinogen yomuntu engenzeka eqenjini B2.
Enye ingxenye yelebula kufanele ishintshwe, okungukuthi, imiyalelo enamandla, sebenzisa kuphela impahla endaweni enomoya omuhle.Isizathu sokufa kwe-DDVP ukwanda kancane kancane komfutho womhwamuko, ngokuyisisekelo ngoba kunokugcwala okuphezulu kwezinto ezicasulayo emoyeni.Ungakwazi ukufaka i-DDVP endaweni evalekile encane-kodwa kufanele uhambe ungaphefumuli lutho.
E-United States, i-DDVP isengathengwa phezu kwekhawunta futhi isetshenziswe ekhaya.Kusukela ngo-2002, i-DDVP ibikhawulelwe kuphela e-EU.
I-DDVP isiphenywe yi-EPA amashumi eminyaka.Njengoba ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-DDVP i-carcinogenic kanye ne-neurotoxic, i-EPA yanikeza i-DDVP ohlelweni olukhethekile lokubuyekeza ngo-1980. Eminyakeni eyi-10 eyalandela, i-DDVP yabamba iqhaza ekubuyekezweni okukhethekile, futhi cishe konke ukusetshenziswa ekudleni kwahoxiswa.Ngo-1995, u-Amvac, umnikazi omusha wophawu lokuhweba, wakhansela ngokuzithandela ukusetshenziswa kweVapona kwizifutho, izicelo zezindiza kanye nokukhiqizwa kokudla.Ngemva kwalokho, izinto zaba muncu.Ngo-2007, i-EPA yasusa i-DDVP ekubuyekezweni okukhethekile.Izinhlangano eziningi ezingenzi nzuzo, okuhlanganisa i-American Bird Conservation Association kanye ne-Natural Resources Defence Council, zibhikishe.Ngo-2008, ukusetshenziswa kwe-DDVP kumakhola wezinja kwanqanyulwa ngokuzithandela.Manje, okunye ukusetshenziswa okusha kwe-DDVP kwengezwa njengemifumisa yezimbungulu.
Ngisanda kubika ngomunye umbiko we-CDC wokugula nokufa kwabantu, othole ukuthi amakhulu abantu alimala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ukulawula izimbungulu.Inkinga lapha ikabili.
Okokuqala, ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuthola ulwazi oluhle olucacile mayelana nokuthi yini engalawula ngokuphumelelayo izinambuzane.Ikhona-wonke uMnyango Wezempilo Nezandiso wezifundazwe unezincwadi eziningi zesayensi mayelana nalesi sihloko.Isibonelo esihle yilolu chungechunge lwamavidiyo eSpanishi, amaHmong, eSomalia nawesiNgisi amayelana nendlela yokubhekana nezimbungulu.Nansi indatshana enhle kakhulu yokuthi ungasebenzisa kanjani lezi zicucu zezinambuzane ngokuphepha.Ngandlela-thile, lolu lwazi alukhulumi nabantu abaludingayo.
Lokhu kungiholela enkingeni yesibili: imali engenayo.Uma iholo lakho liphansi, maningi amathuba okuba uhlangabezane nezinkinga zezinambuzane futhi mancane amathuba okuthi ukwazi ukukhokhela izinambuzane eziwuchwepheshe.Ungase ungabi nayo i-smartphone noma ikhompuyutha ukuze ufinyelele noma uthole izinsiza ezitholakalayo.Kungakho uxhaso lwezimali lokwandiswa kombuso kanye nokufinyelela emphakathini kanye nezinsizakalo zezempilo zomphakathi zibalulekile kithi sonke.
Nakuba i-CDC yabika inkinga, empeleni kwakuyi-US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) eyayilawula ukuthengiswa nokulebula kwezibulala-zinambuzane.Noma yiziphi izinguquko kulo mbiko (kanye nemibiko yangaphambilini yezimbungulu) kufanele zenziwe nge-EPA.I-EPA ibilokhu ikhuthaza izinhlelo zokupakisha ezintsha nezicacile esikhathini esedlule, ngakho kwethenjwa ukuthi bangaqhubeka nokugcina lo mkhuba ojwayelekile.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye/noma ukubhaliswa kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yale webhusayithi kusho ukwamukela isivumelwano sethu somsebenzisi (esibuyekezwe ku-1/1/20) kanye nesitatimende senqubomgomo yobumfihlo kanye ne-cookie (esibuyekezwe ku-1/1/20).Amalungelo akho obumfihlo e-California.Izinto ezisetshenziswa kule webhusayithi akumele zikopishwe, zisatshalaliswe, zidluliselwe, zigcinwe kunqolobane noma zisetshenziswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliwe ye-CondéNast yangaphambilini.Ukukhetha ukukhangisa.