Izibulala-zinambuzane ezisemifudlaneni ziya ngokuya ziba yinto ekhathaza umhlaba wonke, kodwa luncane ulwazi mayelana nokugxiliswa okuphephile kwezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.Ocwaningweni lwezinsuku ezingama-30 lwe-mesocosmic, izilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini ze-benthic zavezwa ku-fipronil yesibulala-zinambuzane esivamile kanye nezinhlobo ezine zemikhiqizo ewohlokayo.I-fipronil compound ibangele izinguquko ekuveleni kanye ne-trophic cascade.I-concentration esebenzayo (EC50) lapho i-fipronil kanye nemikhiqizo yayo yokuwohloka kwe-sulfide, i-sulfone kanye ne-desulfinyl idala impendulo engama-50%.I-Taxanes ayizweli ku-fipronil.Ukuhlushwa kwengozi okungu-5% kwezinhlobo ezithintekile kusuka kumanani angu-15 e-mesocosmic EC50 kusetshenziswa ukuguqula ukugxiliswa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-fipronil kusampula yasendle kube isamba samayunithi anobuthi (∑TUFipronils).Ku-16% wokusakaza okuthathwe ezifundweni ezinhlanu zesifunda, isilinganiso ∑TUFipronil sidlule koku-1 (okubonisa ubuthi).Izinkomba zezilwane ezingenamgogodla zezinhlobo ezisengozini zihlotshaniswa kabi ne-TUTUipronil ezindaweni ezine kweziyisihlanu zamasampula.Lokhu kuhlolwa kwengozi yemvelo kubonisa ukuthi ukugxila okuphansi kwezinhlanganisela ze-fipronil kuzonciphisa imiphakathi esakaza ezindaweni eziningi zase-United States.
Nakuba ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali okwenziwa kuye kwanda kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, umthelela walawa makhemikhali kuma-ecosystem angahlosiwe awukaqondwa ngokugcwele (1).Emanzini angaphezulu lapho kulahleka khona ama-90% omhlaba wokulima, akukho datha yezibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo, kodwa lapho kunedatha, isikhathi sezibulala-zinambuzane zidlule imingcele yokulawula siyingxenye (2).Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta yezibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo emanzini angaphezulu e-United States kwathola ukuthi ku-70% wezindawo zamasampula, okungenani isibulala-zinambuzane esisodwa seqe umkhawulo wokulawula (3).Kodwa-ke, lokhu kuhlaziywa kwe-meta (2, 3) kugxile kuphela emanzini angaphezulu athintwa ukusetshenziswa komhlaba wezolimo, futhi kuyisifinyezo sezifundo ezihlukene.Izibulala-zinambuzane, ikakhulukazi izibulala-zinambuzane, nazo zikhona ezindaweni eziphakeme emiseleni yasemadolobheni (4).Akuvamile ukwenza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezibulala-zinambuzane emanzini angaphezulu akhishwa kwezolimo kanye nezindawo zasemadolobheni;ngakho-ke, akwaziwa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ziwusongo olukhulu yini ezinsizeni zamanzi angaphezulu kanye nobuqotho bazo bemvelo.
I-Benzopyrazoles kanye neonicotinoids abalwe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yemakethe yezibulala-zinambuzane emhlabeni wonke ngo-2010 (5).Emanzini angaphezulu e-United States, i-fipronil nemikhiqizo yayo yokuwohloka (i-phenylpyrazoles) iyinhlanganisela yezibulala-zinambuzane ezivame kakhulu, futhi ukugxila kwayo kuvame ukweqa izindinganiso zasemanzini (6-8).Nakuba ama-neonicotinoid adonse ukunaka ngenxa yemiphumela yawo ezinyosini nasezinyonini kanye nokusabalala kwawo (9), i-fipronil inobuthi kakhulu ezinhlanzini nasezinyonini (10), kuyilapho amanye ama-phenylpyrazoles Class compounds anemiphumela yokubulala ukhula (5).I-Fipronil iyi-insecticide ehlelekile esetshenziselwa ukulawula izinambuzane ezindaweni zasemadolobheni nezolimo.Kusukela i-fipronil yangena emakethe yomhlaba ngo-1993, ukusetshenziswa kwe-fipronil e-United States, eJapane nase-United Kingdom kuye kwanda kakhulu (5).E-United States, i-fipronil isetshenziselwa ukulawula izintuthwane nezintuthwane, futhi isetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezihlanganisa ummbila (okuhlanganisa nokwelashwa kwembewu), amazambane namasimu ezithelo (11, 12).Ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo kwe-fipronil e-United States kwanda ngo-2002 (13).Nakuba ingekho idatha kazwelonke yokusetshenziswa kwasemadolobheni etholakalayo, ukusetshenziswa kwasemadolobheni e-California kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngo-2006 nango-2015 (https://calpip.cdpr.ca) .gov/main .cfm, ifinyelelwe ngoDisemba 2, 2019).Nakuba ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-fipronil (6.41μg/L) kutholakala emifudlaneni kwezinye izindawo zezolimo ezinamanani aphezulu okusebenza (14), uma kuqhathaniswa nemifudlana yezolimo, imifudlana yasemadolobheni e-United States ngokuvamile inokutholwa okwengeziwe kanye nokugxila okuphezulu okuphezulu, okulungile ukuvela kweziphepho kuhlotshaniswa nokuhlolwa (6, 7, 14-17).
I-Fipronil ingena ku-ecosystem yasemanzini yokugeleza noma ukuvuza kusuka enhlabathini kuya emfudlaneni (7, 14, 18).I-Fipronil inokungaguquguquki okuphansi (umthetho ka-Henry uhlala u-2.31 × 10-4 Pa m3 mol-1), ukuncibilika kwamanzi okuphansi kuya kokumaphakathi (3.78 mg/l ku-20°C), kanye ne-hydrophobicity emaphakathi (log Kow ingu-3.9 kuya ku-4.1) ukuhamba enhlabathini kuncane kakhulu (ilogi i-Koc ingu-2.6 kuya ku-3.1) (12, 19), futhi ibonisa ukuphikelela okuphansi kuya kokumaphakathi endaweni ezungezile (20).I-Finazepril yonakaliswa yi-photolysis, i-oxidation, i-hydrolysis encike ku-pH kanye nokunciphisa, yakha imikhiqizo emine eyonakalisayo: i-dessulfoxyphenapril (noma i-sulfoxide), i-phenaprenip sulfone (sulfone), i-Filofenamide (amide) ne-filofenib sulfide (sulfide).Imikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwe-Fipronil ijwayele ukuzinza futhi iqine kunenhlanganisela yomzali (21, 22).
Ubuthi be-fipronil kanye nokuwohloka kwayo kube izinhlobo ezingahlosiwe (njengama-invertebrates asemanzini) kubhalwe kahle (14, 15).I-Fipronil iyinhlanganisela ye-neurotoxic ephazamisa ukudlula kwe-ion ye-chloride ngokusebenzisa isiteshi se-chloride esilawulwa yi-gamma-aminobutyric acid ezinambuzaneni, okuholela ekugxiliseni okwanele okubangela ukujabula okukhulu nokufa (20).I-Fipronil inobuthi obukhethayo, ngakho inobudlelwane obukhulu obubopha izamukeli ezinambuzaneni kunezilwane ezincelisayo (23).Umsebenzi we-insecticidal wemikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwe-fipronil uhlukile.Ubuthi be-sulfone ne-sulfide ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini ahlanzekile bufana noma buphakeme kunabo benhlanganisela yomzali.I-Desulfinyl inobuthi obumaphakathi kodwa inobuthi obuncane kunenhlanganisela yomzali.Ngokulinganiselwe ayinabo ubuthi (23, 24).Ukuba sengozini kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini ekonakalisweni kwe-fipronil kanye ne-fipronil kuyahluka kakhulu ngaphakathi naphakathi kwe-taxa (15), futhi kwezinye izimo kudlule i-oda lobukhulu (25).Okokugcina, kunobufakazi bokuthi i-phenylpyrazoles inobuthi kakhulu ku-ecosystem kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini (3).
Amabhentshimakhi ebhayoloji yasemanzini asuselwe ekuhlolweni kobuthi baseselabhorethri angase abukele phansi ubungozi bezibalo zasensimini (26-28).Izindinganiso zasemanzini zivame ukusungulwa ukuhlola ubuthi bohlobo olulodwa lwaselabhorethri kusetshenziswa uhlobo olulodwa noma ezimbalwa zezilwane zasemanzini ezingenamgogodla (isibonelo, i-Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomus and Crustacea: Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca).Lezi zinambuzane ezivivinyayo ngokuvamile kulula ukuzihlakulela kunamanye ama-benthic macroinvertebrates (isibonelo, i-phe genus::), futhi kwezinye izimo azizweli kangako ezintweni ezingcolisayo.Isibonelo, i-D. Magna ayizweli kangako ezinsimbi eziningi kunezinambuzane ezithile, kuyilapho i-A. zteca ingazweli kakhulu ku-pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin kunokuzwela kwayo izikelemu (29, 30).Omunye umkhawulo wamabhentshimakhi akhona amaphoyinti okugcina asetshenziswa ezibalweni.Amabhentshimakhi aqinile asekelwe ekufeni (noma okugxilwe kuma-crustaceans), kuyilapho amabhentshimakhi angalapheki ngokuvamile asekelwe ekugcineni okuyingozi (njengokukhula nokuzala) (uma ekhona).Kodwa-ke, kunemiphumela ebulalayo esabalele, efana nokukhula, ukuvela, ukukhubazeka, nokubambezeleka kwentuthuko, okungase kuthinte impumelelo yentela kanye namandla omphakathi.Ngenxa yalokho, nakuba ibhentshimakhi inikeza isizinda sokubaluleka kwebhayoloji yomphumela, ukuhambisana kwemvelo njengomkhawulo wobuthi akuqinisekile.
Ukuze uqonde kangcono imiphumela ye-fipronil compounds kuma-benthic aquatic ecosystems (invertebrates kanye ne-algae), imiphakathi ye-benthic yemvelo yalethwa elabhorethri futhi yavezwa emikhawulweni yokuhlushwa phakathi nokugeleza kwezinsuku ezingu-30 i-Fipronil noma enye yezivivinyo ezine zokuwohloka kwe-fipronil.Umgomo wocwaningo ukukhiqiza uhlobo oluthile lomphumela ongu-50% (inani le-EC50) lenhlanganisela ngayinye ye-fipronil emelela intela ebanzi yomphakathi womfula, kanye nokunquma umthelela wokungcola esakhiweni nasekusebenzeni komphakathi [okungukuthi, ukugxilwa kwengozi] 5 I-% Yezinhlobo ezithintekayo (HC5) kanye nemithelela engaqondile njengokuvela okushintshiwe kanye nokuguquguquka kwe-trophic].Bese umkhawulo (inani elithile le-HC5) elitholwe ekuhlolweni kwe-mesoscopic lasetshenziswa emkhakheni oqoqwe yi-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ezifundeni ezinhlanu zase-United States (eNyakatho-mpumalanga, eNingizimu-mpumalanga, eMidwest, Northwest Pacific, naseCentral California. I-Coastal Zone) Idatha) njengengxenye yokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yokusakaza kwesifunda kwe-USGS (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/).Ngokwazi kwethu, lolu wuhlolo lokuqala lwengozi yemvelo.Iphenya kabanzi ngemithelela yenhlanganisela ye-fipronil kuzinto eziphila kahle endaweni elawulwayo ye-meso, bese isebenzisa le miphumela ekuhloleni kwenkambu yesikali sezwekazi.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-mesocosmic kwezinsuku ezingu-30 kwenziwa e-USGS Aquatic Laboratory (AXL) e-Fort Collins, Colorado, USA kusukela ngomhla ka-Okthoba 18 kuya kumhla ziyi-17 kuNovemba 2017, ngosuku olungu-1 lokufuywa ekhaya kanye nezinsuku ezingu-30 zokuhlola.Indlela iye yachazwa ngaphambilini (29, 31) futhi yachazwa ngokuningiliziwe endabeni yokwengeza.Ukulungiselelwa kwesikhala se-meso kuqukethe ukugeleza okujikelezayo okungama-36 kokugeleza okune okusebenzayo (amathangi amanzi ajikelezayo).Umfudlana ngamunye ophilayo ufakwe isipholile ukugcina izinga lokushisa lamanzi futhi ukhanyiswa ngomjikelezo wokukhanya wokukhanya ongu-16:8.Ukugeleza kwezinga le-meso kuyinsimbi engagqwali, elungele i-hydrophobicity ye-fipronil (log Kow = 4.0) futhi ifanele izincibilikisi zokuhlanza izinto eziphilayo (Umfanekiso S1).Amanzi asetshenziselwe ukuhlola kwe-meso-scale aqoqwa emfuleni i-Cache La Poudre (imithombo ekhuphuka nomfula ehlanganisa i-Rocky Mountain National Park, i-National Forest kanye ne-Continental Divide) futhi agcinwa emathangeni amane okugcina e-polyethylene e-AXL.Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini kwamasampula enhlabathi namanzi aqoqwe esizeni akutholanga noma yiziphi izibulala-zinambuzane (29).
Idizayini yokuhlolwa kwesikali se-meso iqukethe ukusakaza okungu-30 nokusakaza oku-6 kokulawula.Umfudlana wokwelapha uthola amanzi ahlanzekile, ngalinye eliqukethe ukugxila okungashintshiwe okungashintshiwe kwenhlanganisela ye-fipronil: i-fipronil (i-fipronil (i-Sigma-Aldrich, i-CAS 120068-37-3), i-amide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 205650-69-7), iqembu le-desulfurization [I-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Ilabhulali Yezibulala-zinambuzane, i-CAS 205650-65-3], i-sulfone (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-2) kanye ne-sulfide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120067-83-6); 97.8%. Ngokusho kwamanani empendulo ashicilelwe (7, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25, 32, 33) Ngokuncibilikisa i-fipronil ku-methanol (i-Thermo Fisher Scientific, izinga lesitifiketi se-American Chemical Society), kanye ne-dilute. ngamanzi e-deionized kuya kumthamo odingekayo ukuze kulungiswe isisombululo sesitoko esigxilile ngenxa yokuthi inani le-methanol kumthamo lihlukile, kuyadingeka ukwengeza i-methanol kuyo yonke imifudlana yokwelapha njengoba kudingeka. 0.05 ml/L) emifudlaneni Ukubuka okumaphakathi kweminye imifudlana emithathu yokulawula ithole amanzi omfula ngaphandle kwe-methanol, ngaphandle kwalokho ithathwe njengayo yonke eminye imifudlana.
Ngosuku lwesishiyagalombili, usuku lwe-16 nosuku lwama-26, izinga lokushisa, inani le-pH, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kanye nokuwohloka kwe-fipronil ne-fipronil kukalwa kulwelwesi lokugeleza.Ukuze kulandelelwe ukuwohloka kwe-fipronil ehlanganisiwe yomzali ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwabezindaba, i-fipronil (abazali) yasetshenziselwa ukwelapha ulwelwesi lwamafinyila emathunjini ezinye izinsuku ezintathu [izinsuku ezingu-5, 12 nezingu-21 (n = 6)] lokushisa, i-pH , I-Conductivity, i-fipronil ne-fipronil degradation isampula.Amasampula okuhlaziya isibulala-zinambuzane aqoqwe ngokuhlunga u-10 ml wamanzi agezayo kubhodlela lengilazi ye-amber engu-20 ml ngesihlungi sesirinji se-Whatman 0.7-μm GF/F esifakwe inaliti enkulu yobubanzi.Amasampula afrizwa ngokushesha futhi athunyelwa e-USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) eLakewood, Colorado, USA ukuze ahlaziywe.Kusetshenziswa indlela ethuthukisiwe yendlela eshicilelwe ngaphambilini, iFipronil kanye nemikhiqizo ye-4 yokuwohloka kwamasampula amanzi yanqunywa ngomjovo oqondile we-aqueous (DAI) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS; Agilent 6495).Izinga lokutholwa kwensimbi (IDL) lilinganiselwa ukuthi liyizinga elincane lokulinganisa elihlangabezana nezinga lokuhlonza ikhwalithi;i-IDL ye-fipronil ingu-0.005 μg/L, kanti i-IDL yenye i-fipronil emine ingu-0.001 μg/L.Izinto ezingeziwe zinikeza incazelo ephelele yezindlela ezisetshenziselwa ukukala izinhlanganisela ze-fipronil, okuhlanganisa ukulawula ikhwalithi kanye nezinqubo zokuqinisekisa (isibonelo, ukutholwa kwesampula, ama-spikes, ukuhlolwa kwezinkampani zangaphandle, nezikhala).
Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa kwe-Mesocosmic kwezinsuku ezingu-30, ukubalwa kanye nokuhlonza ama-invertebrates amadala nezibungu kwaqedwa (ukuphela kokuqoqwa kwedatha okuyinhloko).Abantu abadala abasafufusa baqoqwa enetheni nsuku zonke futhi baqandwe ngeshubhu ye-Falcon centrifuge ehlanzekile engu-15 ml.Ekupheleni kokuhlolwa (usuku lwama-30), okuqukethwe kolwelwesi emfudlaneni ngamunye kwakhuhlwa ukuze kukhishwe noma yiziphi izilwane ezingenamgogodla, futhi kwahlungwa (250 μm) futhi kwagcinwa ku-80% ethanol.I-Timberline Aquatics (Fort Collins, CO) isiqedile ukuhlonza izibungu nezilwane ezindala ezingenamgogodla ukuya ezingeni eliphansi kakhulu le-taxonomic ngangokunokwenzeka, ngokuvamile izinhlobo zezilwane.Ngezinsuku ezingu-9, 19 kanye no-29, i-chlorophyll a ikalwa ngokuphindwe kathathu kulwelwesi lwe-mesoscopic lomfudlana ngamunye.Yonke idatha yamakhemikhali neyebhayoloji njengengxenye yokuhlolwa kwe-mesoscopic inikezwa ekukhishweni kwedatha okuhambisanayo (35).
Ukuhlolwa kwemvelo kwenziwa emifudlaneni emincane (yamanzi) ezindaweni ezinhlanu ezinkulu zase-United States, futhi izibulala-zinambuzane zaqashwa phakathi nenkathi yenkomba edlule.Ngamafuphi, ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba wezolimo namadolobha (36-40), izindawo ezingu-77 kuya kwezingu-100 zikhethiwe esifundeni ngasinye (izindawo ezingu-444 sezizonke).Phakathi nentwasahlobo nehlobo lonyaka owodwa (2013-2017), amasampula amanzi aqoqwa kanye ngesonto esifundeni ngasinye amaviki angu-4 kuya kwangu-12.Isikhathi esiqondile sincike esifundeni kanye nokuqina kwentuthuko.Nokho, iziteshi ezingu-11 esifundeni esisenyakatho-mpumalanga cishe zisendaweni yasolwandle.Akukho ukuthuthukiswa, ngaphandle kokuthi isampula eyodwa kuphela eqoqwe.Njengoba izikhathi zokuqapha izibulala-zinambuzane ezifundweni zesifunda zihlukile, uma kuqhathaniswa, amasampula okugcina amane kuphela aqoqwe endaweni ngayinye acatshangelwa lapha.Kucatshangwa ukuthi isampula eyodwa eqoqwe endaweni engathuthukisiwe yaseNyakatho-mpumalanga (n = 11) ingamela isikhathi samasampula samaviki angu-4.Le ndlela iholela enanini elifanayo lokubhekwa kwezibulala-zinambuzane (ngaphandle kwezindawo ezingu-11 eNyakatho-mpumalanga) kanye nesikhathi esifanayo sokubhekwa;kukholakala ukuthi amaviki ama-4 made ngokwanele ukuthi angachayeka isikhathi eside ku-biota, kodwa mafushane ngokwanele ukuthi umphakathi wemvelo awululami kulaba abathintwayo.
Esimeni sokugeleza okwanele, isampula lamanzi liqoqwa ngendlela yesivinini esingaguquki kanye nokukhuphuka kobubanzi obungaguquki (41).Uma ukugeleza kunganele ukusebenzisa le ndlela, ungaqoqa amasampuli ngokuhlanganisa okujulile kwamasampuli noma ukubamba kusukela maphakathi namandla adonsela phansi okugeleza.Sebenzisa isirinji enebhore elikhulu nesihlungi sediski (0.7μm) ukuze uqoqe u-10 ml wesampula elihlungiwe (42).Nge-DAI LC-MS/MS/MS/MS, amasampula amanzi ahlaziywa kwa-NWQL ukuze kutholwe izibulala-zinambuzane ezingu-225 kanye nemikhiqizo ecekela phansi izibulala-zinambuzane, kuhlanganise ne-fipronil kanye nemikhiqizo engu-7 yokuwohloka (dessulfinyl fipronil, fipronil) Sulfides, fipronil sulfone, deschlorofipronil, fipronil, fipronil, fipronil, i-fipronil ne-fipronil).).Amazinga avamile wokubika amancane ocwaningo lwasensimini yilawa: i-fipronil, i-desmethylthio fluorobenzonitrile, i-fipronil sulfide, i-fipronil sulfone, ne-deschlorofipronil 0.004 μg/L;i-dessulfinyl fluorfenamide kanye ne-concentration ye-fipronil amide ngu-0.009 μg/litre;Ukuhlushwa kwe-fipronil sulfonate ngu-0.096 μg/litre.
Imiphakathi yezilwane ezingenamgogodla ithathwa njengesampula ekupheleni kocwaningo lwendawo ngayinye (entwasahlobo/ehlobo), ngokuvamile ngesikhathi esifanayo nesehlakalo sokugcina sokuthatha izibulala-zinambuzane.Ngemuva kwenkathi yokukhula kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwezibulala-zinambuzane, isikhathi sokuthatha isampula kufanele sihambisane nezimo zokugeleza okuphansi, futhi kufanele sihambisane nesikhathi lapho umphakathi wezilwane ezingenamgogodla uvuthwa khona futhi ikakhulukazi esigabeni sokuphila kwezibungu.Kusetshenziswa isampula ye-Surber enemeshi engu-500μm noma inetha lohlaka lwe-D, ukusampula komphakathi wezilwane ezingenamgogodla kwaqedwa kumasayithi angama-437 kwangu-444.Indlela yesampula ichazwe ngokuningiliziwe endabeni yokwengeza.Ku-NWQL, zonke izilwane ezingenamgogodla zivame ukuhlonzwa futhi zifakwe ohlwini lwezinga lohlobo noma uhlobo lwezinhlobo.Yonke idatha yamakhemikhali neyebhayoloji eqoqwe kulo mkhakha futhi isetshenziswe kulo mbhalo wesandla ingatholakala ekukhishweni kwedatha okuhambisanayo (35).
Kumakhompiyutha amahlanu e-fipronil asetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwe-mesoscopic, ukugcwala kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla zezibungu ezincishiswe ngo-20% noma ama-50% kubalwa ngokuhambisana nokulawula (okungukuthi EC20 kanye ne-EC50).Idatha [x = ukugxiliswa kwe-fipronil enesisindo sesikhathi (bona into engeziwe ukuze uthole imininingwane), y = ubuningi bezibungu noma amanye ama-metrics] ifakwe kuphakheji enwetshiwe engu-R(43) kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlehlisa yepharamitha emithathu ye-logarithmic” drc”.Ijika lilingana zonke izinhlobo zezilwane (izibungu) ngobuningi obanele futhi lihlangabezana namanye amamethrikhi anentshisekelo (isibonelo, ukunotha kwe-taxa, ukuchichima kwe-mayfly okuphelele, nobuningi obuphelele) ukuze uqonde kabanzi umphumela womphakathi.I-coefficient ye-Nash-Sutcliff (45) isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukulingana kwemodeli, lapho ukulingana kwemodeli okubi kungathola amanani angapheli angemahle, futhi inani lokulingana okuphelele ngu-1.
Ukuhlola imiphumela ye-fipronil compounds ekuveleni kwezinambuzane ekuhlolweni, idatha yahlolwa ngezindlela ezimbili.Okokuqala, ngokususa ukubukeka okumaphakathi kokugeleza kokulawula kusukela ekubukeni kokugeleza kwe-meso ngakunye kokwelashwa, ukwenzeka kwansuku zonke okunqwabelanayo kwezinambuzane ku-meso ngayinye yokugeleza (inani eliphelele labo bonke abantu) lenziwa lajwayelekile ukuze lilawuleke.Hlela lawa magugu ngokumelene nesikhathi ukuze uqonde ukuchezuka komlamuli woketshezi lokwelapha kusuka kumlamuli owuketshezi olawulayo ocwaningweni lwezinsuku ezingama-30.Okwesibili, bala inani eliphelele lephesenti lokuvela kwe-mesophyll ngayinye yokugeleza, echazwa njengenani lengqikithi yenani lama-mesophyll ekugelezeni okunikeziwe kuya enanini eliyisilinganiso lezibungu kanye nabantu abadala eqenjini elilawulayo, futhi ifanele ukuhlehla kwe-logarithmic okuyipharamitha emithathu. .Zonke izinambuzane ezihlumayo eziqoqiwe zazivela emindenini emibili yomndeni wakwaChironomidae, ngakho ukuhlaziya okuhlangene kwenziwa.
Izinguquko esakhiweni somphakathi, njengokulahlekelwa yi-tax, ekugcineni zingancika emiphumeleni eqondile nengaqondile yezinto ezinobuthi, futhi zingaholela ezinguqukweni zokusebenza komphakathi (ngokwesibonelo, i-trophic cascade).Ukuze kuhlolwe i-trophic cascade, inethiwekhi yembangela elula yahlolwa kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlaziya indlela (iphakheji engu-R “piecewiseSEM”) (46).Ngokuhlolwa kwe-mesoscopic, kucatshangwa ukuthi i-fipronil, i-desulfinyl, i-sulfide ne-sulfone (engahloliwe i-amide) emanzini ukuze kuncishiswe i-biomass ye-scraper, ngokungaqondile kuholela ekwandeni kwe-biomass ye-chlorophyll a (47).I-compound concentration iwukuguquguquka kokubikezela, kanti i-scraper ne-chlorophyll i-biomass yizimpendulo eziguquguqukayo.Izibalo zikaFisher's C zisetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukulingana kwemodeli, ukuze inani elingu-P elingu-<0.05 libonise ukulingana okuhle kwemodeli (46).
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-ejenti yokuvikela i-eco-community threshold esekelwe engcupheni, inhlanganisela ngayinye ithole u-95% wezinhlobo ezithintekayo (HC5) ukusatshalaliswa kokuzwela kwezinhlobo ezingapheli (SSD) kanye nokuvikelwa kokugxilisa ubungozi.Kwakhiqizwa amasethi amathathu edatha ye-SSD: (i) isethi yedatha ye-meso kuphela, (ii) isethi yedatha equkethe yonke idatha ye-meso nedatha eqoqwe kumbuzo wesizindalwazi se-EPA ECOTOX (https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox) /, efinyelelwe ku- Mashi 14, 2019), ubude besikhathi socwaningo yizinsuku ezi-4 noma ngaphezulu, kanye (iii) nesethi yedatha equkethe yonke idatha ye-mesoscopic nedatha ye-ECOTOX, lapho idatha ye-ECOTOX (ukuchayeka okunamandla) ihlukaniswe ngokushuba kuye kokuthi Isilinganiso se-D. magna esingapheli ( 19.39) ukuchaza umehluko wesikhathi sokuchayeka kanye nokulinganiselwa kwevelu ye-EC50 engapheli (12).Inhloso yethu yokukhiqiza amamodeli e-SSD amaningi (i) ukuthuthukisa amanani e-HC5 ukuze aqhathaniswe nedatha yasensimini (kuma-SSD kuphela wemidiya), kanye (ii) nokuhlola ukuthi idatha yemidiya yamukelwa kabanzi kunama-ejensi alawulayo ukuze afakwe ku-aquaculture. ukuqina kwezilinganiso zempilo kanye nokusetha okujwayelekile kwezisetshenziswa zedatha, ngakho-ke ukuba nokwenzeka kokusebenzisa izifundo ze-mesoscopic zenqubo yokulungisa.
I-SSD yenzelwe isethi ngayinye yedatha kusetshenziswa iphakethe le-R elithi “ssdtools” (48).Sebenzisa i-bootstrap (n = 10,000) ukuze ulinganisele isilinganiso se-HC5 nesikhawu sokuzithemba (CI) kusuka ku-SSD.Izimpendulo ze-taxa ezingamashumi amane nesishiyagalolunye (zonke i-taxa ezihlonzwe njengezinhlobo noma izinhlobo) ezithuthukiswe ngalolu cwaningo zihlanganiswe nezimpendulo ze-taxa ezingu-32 ezihlanganiswe ezifundweni eziyisithupha ezishicilelwe kusizindalwazi se-ECOTOX, ngesamba esingama-81 impendulo ye-Taxon ingasetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-SSD. .Njengoba kungekho datha etholakele ku-database ye-ECOTOX yama-amides, ayikho i-SSD eyakhelwe ama-amides futhi impendulo eyodwa kuphela ye-EC50 yatholwa ocwaningweni lwamanje.Nakuba inani le-EC50 leqembu elilodwa kuphela le-sulfide latholakala kusizindalwazi se-ECOTX, umfundi wamanje oneziqu unamanani angu-12 EC50.Ngakho-ke, ama-SSD wamaqembu e-sulfinyl athuthukisiwe.
Amanani athile e-HC5 enhlanganisela ye-fipronil etholwe kusethi yedatha ye-SSD ye-Mesocosmos kuphela ahlanganiswe nedatha yasensimini ukuze kuhlolwe ukuchayeka kanye nobuthi obungaba khona benhlanganisela ye-fipronil emifudlaneni engu-444 evela ezifundeni ezinhlanu e-United States.Ewindini lokugcina lamasampula lamaviki angu-4, ukuhlangana ngakunye kwezinhlanganisela ze-fipronil ezitholiwe (ukugxila okungakabonakali kunguziro) kuhlukaniswa nge-HC5 yayo, futhi isilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela yesampula ngayinye sifinyezwa ukuze kutholwe Iyunithi yobuthi obuphelele be-fipronil (ΣTUFipronils), lapho ΣTUFipronils> 1 isho ubuthi.
Ngokuqhathanisa ukuhlushwa kwengozi okungama-50% ezinhlobo ezithintekile (HC50) nevelu ye-EC50 yokunotha kwe-taxa etholakala ocwaningweni lolwelwesi olumaphakathi, i-SSD etholwe kudatha ye-membrane emaphakathi yahlolwa ukuze ibonise ukuzwela komphakathi obanzi wemvelo ku-fipronil. iziqu..Ngalesi siqhathaniso, ukungaguquguquki phakathi kwendlela ye-SSD (okuhlanganisa kuphela leyo taxa enobudlelwano bokuphendula umthamo) kanye nendlela ye-EC50 (kuhlanganise nayo yonke i-taxa eyingqayizivele ebonwa endaweni emaphakathi) kusetshenziswa indlela ye-EC50 yokulinganisa ukunotha kwe-taxa kungahlolwa Ubulili.Ubudlelwano bokusabela kwethamo.
Inkomba yohlobo lwengozi yezibulala-zinambuzane (SPEARpesticides) yabalwa ukuze kuphenywe ubudlelwano phakathi kwesimo sezempilo semiphakathi yezilwane ezingenamgogodla kanye ne-ΣTUFipronil emifudlaneni engama-437 eqoqa izilwane ezingenamgogodla.Imethrikhi ye-SPEARpesticides iguqula ukwakheka kwezilwane ezingenamgogodla zibe i-metric echichimayo ye-biological taxonomy enezici zomzimba nezemvelo, ngaleyo ndlela idlulisele ukuzwela kuzibulala-zinambuzane.Inkomba ye-SPEARpesticides ayinazwelo kuma-covariate emvelo (49, 50), nakuba ukusebenza kwayo kuzothintwa ukucekelwa phansi okunzima kwendawo yokuhlala (51).Idatha yobuningi eqoqwe kusayithi yentela ngayinye ihlanganiswa nenani elingukhiye lentela elihlobene nesofthiwe ye-ASTERICS ukuze kuhlolwe ikhwalithi yemvelo yomfula (https://gewaeser-bewertung-berechnung.de/index.php/home html).Bese ungenisa idatha ku-Indicate (http://systemecology.eu/indicate/) software (inguqulo 18.05).Kule softhiwe, isizindalwazi sesici saseYurophu kanye nesizindalwazi esizwela umzimba kuzibulala-zinambuzane kusetshenziswa ukuguqula idatha yesayithi ngayinye ibe inkomba ye-SPEARpesticides.Ucwaningo lwesifunda ngalunye kweziyisihlanu lusebenzise i-General Additive Model (GAM) ["mgcv" iphakheji ku-R(52)) ukuze ihlole ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-metric ye-SPEARpesticides kanye ne-ΣTUFipronils [log10(X + 1)] ehlobene.Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana namamethrikhi e-SPEARpesticides kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha, sicela ubheke Izinto Ezingeziwe.
Inkomba yekhwalithi yamanzi iyahambisana ekugelezeni ngakunye kwe-mesoscopic nakuso sonke isikhathi sokuhlola se-mesoscopic.Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile, i-pH kanye ne-conductivity kwakungu-13.1°C (±0.27°C), 7.8 (±0.12) no-54.1 (±2.1) μS/cm (35), ngokulandelana.Ikhabhoni ephilayo elinganisiwe encibilikisiwe emanzini ahlanzekile emfuleni ingu-3.1 mg/L.Ekubukeni kwe-meso komfula lapho isirekhoda se-MiniDOT sitshalwe khona, umoya-mpilo oyi-oxygen oncibilikisiwe useduze nokugcwaliswa kwesikhala (isilinganiso> 8.0 mg/L), okubonisa ukuthi umfudlana usuzungeza ngokugcwele.
Ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi kanye nedatha yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi ku-fipronil kunikezwa ekukhishweni kwedatha okuhambisanayo (35).Ngamafuphi, amanani okuthola kabusha ama-spikes e-matrix yaselabhorethri kanye namasampula e-mesoscopic ngokuvamile angaphakathi kwebanga elamukelekayo (ukutholwa okungama-70% kuya ku-130%), amazinga e-IDL aqinisekisa indlela yobuningi, futhi izikhala zaselabhorethri nezensimbi ngokuvamile zihlanzekile Kunezimo ezimbalwa kakhulu ngaphandle kwalokho. lokhu okujwayelekile okuxoxwe ngakho endabeni yokwenezela..
Ngenxa yedizayini yesistimu, ukugxila okulinganiselwe kwe-fipronil kuvame ukuba ngaphansi kunevelu eqondiwe (Umfanekiso S2) (ngoba kuthatha izinsuku ezi-4 kuya kweziyi-10 ukuze kufinyelelwe esimweni esizinzile ngaphansi kwezimo ezikahle) (30).Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlanganisela ze-fipronil, ukugxila kwe-desulfinyl ne-amide kushintsha kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi ukuhlukahluka kokugxila ngaphakathi kokwelashwa kuncane kunomehluko phakathi kokwelashwa ngaphandle kokwelashwa okuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-sulfone ne-sulfide.Ibanga lokuhlushwa elilinganiselwe elilinganiselwe lesikhathi leqembu ngalinye lokwelapha limi kanje: I-Fipronil, i-IDL kuya ku-9.07μg/L;I-Desulfinyl, IDL kuya ku-2.15μg/L;I-Amide, IDL kuya ku-4.17μg/L;I-Sulfidi, i-IDL Ku-0.57μg/litre;kanye ne-sulfone, i-IDL ingu-1.13μg/litre (35).Kweminye imifudlana, kutholwe izinhlanganisela ze-fipronil ezingahlosiwe, okungukuthi, izinhlanganisela ezingazange zifakwe ekwelapheni okuthile, kodwa zaziwa njengemikhiqizo yokuwohloka kwenhlanganisela yokwelapha.I-mesoscopic membranes ephathwa nge-fipronil ehlanganisiwe yomzali inenani eliphakeme kakhulu lemikhiqizo yokuwohloka okungahlosiwe etholiwe (uma ingasetshenziswa njengenhlanganisela yokucubungula, i-sulfinyl, i-amide, i-sulfide ne-sulfone);lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yenqubo yokukhiqiza Ukungcola okuyinhlanganisela kanye/noma izinqubo zokuwohloka ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwesixazululo sesitoko kanye (noma) ekuhlolweni kwe-mesoscopic kunomphumela wokungcoliswa okuphambene.Akukho mkhuba wokugxila kokuwohloka obonwe ekwelashweni kwe-fipronil.Izinhlanganisela zokucekelwa phansi okungezona okuhlosiwe zivame ukutholwa emzimbeni ngokugxilwa kokwelashwa okuphezulu kakhulu, kodwa ukugxila kungaphansi kokugxiliswa kwalezi zinhlanganisela ezingahlosiwe (bona isigaba esilandelayo sokugxila).Ngakho-ke, njengoba izinhlanganisela zokucekelwa phansi okungezona okuhlosiwe ngokuvamile azitholwa ekwelashweni kwe-fipronil okuphansi kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukugxilisa ingqondo okutholiwe kuphansi kunokugxilisa umphumela ekwelashweni okuphezulu kakhulu, kuphetha ngokuthi lezi zinhlanganisela ezingahlosiwe zinomthelela omncane ekuhlaziyeni.
Ekuhlolweni kwemidiya, ama-macroinvertebrates e-benthic ayezwela i-fipronil, i-desulfinyl, i-sulfone, ne-sulfide [Ithebula S1;idatha yenala yangempela inikezwa ngenguqulo yedatha ehambisanayo (35)].I-Fipronil amide ingeyempukane i-Rhithrogena sp.Inobuthi (ebulalayo), i-EC50 yayo ingu-2.05μg/L [±10.8(SE)].Amajika okuphendula umthamo we-taxa eyi-15 eyingqayizivele akhiqizwa.Le ntela ibonise ukufa phakathi kwebanga lokuhlushwa elihloliwe (Ithebula S1), kanye ne-tax eqoqiwe eqondiwe (njengezimpukane) (Umfanekiso S3) kanye ne-taxa ecebile (Umfanekiso 1) Ijika lokuphendula lomthamo lakhiqizwa.Ukuhlushwa (EC50) kwe-fipronil, i-desulfinyl, i-sulfone ne-sulfide ku-taxa ehlukile ye-taxa ezwela kakhulu ukusuka ku-0.005-0.364, 0.002-0.252, 0.002-0.061 kanye no-0.005-0.043μg/L ngokulandelana.I-Rhithrogena sp.Futhi uSweltsa sp.;Umfanekiso S4) ungaphansi kwentela ebekezelelwa kakhulu (njenge-Micropsectra / Tanytarsus kanye ne-Lepidostoma sp.) (Ithebula S1).Ngokwesilinganiso se-EC50 senhlanganisela ngayinye kuThebula S1, ama-sulfone nama-sulfide yizinhlanganisela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, kuyilapho izilwane ezingenamgogodla ngokuvamile zizwela kancane ku-desulfinyl (ngaphandle kwama-amide).Amamethrikhi esimo sonke semvelo, njengokunotha kwe-taxa, inala ephelele, ingqikithi ye-pentaploid kanye nempukane yetshe ephelele, okuhlanganisa i-taxa nobuningi be-taxa ethile, lezi azivamile kakhulu ku-meso futhi azinakubalwa Dweba ijika lokuphendula lomthamo ohlukile.Ngakho-ke, lezi zinkomba zemvelo zifaka izimpendulo zentela ezingafakiwe ku-SSD.
Ukunotha kwe-Taxa (isibungu) esinomsebenzi wokwenza amaleveli amathathu we-(A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, kanye (D) ne-sulfide concentration.Iphuzu ngalinye ledatha limelela izibungu ezivela emfudlaneni owodwa ekupheleni kokuhlolwa kwe-meso kwezinsuku ezingu-30.Ukunotha kwentela ukubala kwentela ehlukile emfudlaneni ngamunye.Inani lokugxila isilinganiso sesisindo sesikhathi sokugxiliswa okuphawuliwe kokusakaza ngakunye kukalwa ekupheleni kokuhlolwa kwezinsuku ezingu-30.I-Fipronil amide (engabonisiwe) ayinabo ubudlelwano ne-taxa ecebile.Sicela uqaphele ukuthi i-x-axis isesikalini se-logarithmic.I-EC20 kanye ne-EC50 ene-SE kubikwa kuThebula S1.
Emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu awo wonke ama-fipronil compounds amahlanu, izinga lokuvela kwe-Uetridae lehlile.Iphesenti lokuhluma (EC50) le-sulfide, i-sulfone, i-fipronil, i-amide ne-desulfinyl libonwe lehla ngo-50% ekugxilweni kuka-0.03, 0.06, 0.11, 0.78 kanye no-0.97μg/L ngokulandelana (Umfanekiso 2 kanye noMfanekiso S5) .Ezivivinyweni eziningi zezinsuku ezingu-30, zonke izindlela zokwelapha ze-fipronil, i-desulfinyl, i-sulfone ne-sulfide zabambezeleka, ngaphandle kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha eziphansi kakhulu (Umfanekiso wesi-2), futhi ukubonakala kwazo kwakuvinjelwe.Ekwelapheni kwe-amide, amanzi angcolile anqwabelene phakathi nalo lonke ucwaningo ayephakeme kunalawo okulawula, ngokugxila kwe-0.286μg/litre.Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu (4.164μg/litre) phakathi nakho konke ukuhlola kuvimbele ukungcola, futhi izinga lokuchithwa kokwelashwa okuphakathi lalifana neleqembu lokulawula.(umfanekiso 2).
Ukuvela Okuqongelelayo isilinganiso sansuku zonke sokuvela kwesilinganiso sokwelashwa ngakunye kokususa (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, (D) sulfide kanye (E) ne-amide kumfudlana wokulawula Isilinganiso sansuku zonke sokuvela kwe-membrane.Ngaphandle kokulawula (n = 6), n = 1. Inani lokugxila liyisilinganiso esilinganiselwe sesikhathi sokugxilisa okubonwayo ekugelezeni ngakunye.
Ijika lokuphendula umthamo libonisa ukuthi, ngaphezu kokulahlekelwa kwe-taxonomic, izinguquko zesakhiwo ezingeni lomphakathi.Ikakhulukazi, phakathi kwebanga lokuhlushwa lokuhlola, ukuchichima kwe-May (Umfanekiso S3) kanye nobuningi be-taxa (Umfanekiso 1) kubonise ubudlelwano obubalulekile bokuphendula umthamo ne-fipronil, i-desulfinyl, i-sulfone, ne-sulfide.Ngakho-ke, sihlole ukuthi lezi zinguquko zesakhiwo ziholela kanjani kushintsho ekusebenzeni komphakathi ngokuhlola i-cascade yokudla okunomsoco.Ukuvezwa kwama-invertebrates asemanzini ku-fipronil, i-desulfinyl, i-sulfide ne-sulfone kunomthelela omubi oqondile ku-biomass ye-scraper (Umfanekiso 3).Ukuze kulawulwe umthelela omubi we-fipronil ku-biomass ye-scraper, i-scraper iphinde yathinta kabi i-chlorophyll a biomass (Umfanekiso 3).Umphumela walawa ma-coefficients wendlela ongemuhle uwukwanda okuphelele kwe-chlorophyll a njengoba ukugcwala kwe-fipronil kanye ne-degradants kukhuphuka.Lawa mamodeli endlela aphakathi nendawo akhombisa ukuthi ukwanda kokuwohloka kwe-fipronil noma i-fipronil kuholela ekwandeni kwengxenye ye-chlorophyll a (Umfanekiso 3).Kucatshangwa kusenesikhathi ukuthi umphumela oqondile phakathi kwe-fipronil noma ukuwohloka kwe-fipronil kanye ne-chlorophyll i-biomass inguziro, ngoba i-fipronil compounds iyisibulala-zinambuzane futhi inobuthi obuphansi obuqondile ku-algae (ngokwesibonelo, i-EPA acute non-vascular plant concentration yi-100μg / L. i-fipronil, iqembu le-disulfoxide, i-sulfone ne-sulfide https://epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risk/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk), Yonke imiphumela (amamodeli avumelekile) isekela lokhu; umbono.
I-Fipronil inganciphisa kakhulu i-biomass (umphumela oqondile) wokuklama (iqembu le-scraper izibungu), kodwa ayinawo umthelela oqondile ku-biomass ye-chlorophyll a.Kodwa-ke, umthelela ongaqondile oqinile we-fipronil ukukhulisa i-biomass ye-chlorophyll a ukuphendula amadlelo amancane.Umcibisholo ubonisa i-coefficient yendlela emisiwe, futhi uphawu lokususa (-) lubonisa isiqondiso sokuhlobana.* Ikhombisa izinga lokubaluleka.
Ama-SSD amathathu (ungqimba oluphakathi kuphela, isendlalelo esimaphakathi kanye nedatha ye-ECOTX, kanye nesendlalelo esimaphakathi kanye nedatha ye-ECOTOX elungiswe umehluko wesikhathi sokuchayeka) akhiqize amanani e-HC5 ahlukile (Ithebula S3), kodwa imiphumela ibingaphakathi kwebanga le-SE.Kulo lonke lolu cwaningo, sizogxila kudatha ye-SSD ene-meso universe kuphela nevelu ye-HC5 ehlobene.Ukuze uthole incazelo ephelele yalokhu kuhlola okuthathu kwe-SSD, sicela ubhekisele ezintweni ezingeziwe (Amathebula S2 ukuya ku-S5 kanye nezibalo S6 kanye ne-S7).Ukusatshalaliswa kwedatha okufaneleka kakhulu (isilinganiso esiphansi solwazi lwe-Akaike) kwezinhlanganisela ezine ze-fipronil (Umfanekiso 4) osetshenziswa kuphela kumephu ye-meso-solid SSD i-log-gumbel ye-fipronil ne-sulfone, kanye ne-weibull ye-sulfide And desulfurized γ ( Ithebula S3).Amanani e-HC5 atholakala kunhlanganisela ngayinye abikwa kuMfanekiso 4 wendawo yonke ye-meso kuphela, futhi kuThebula S3 amanani e-HC5 avela kuwo wonke amasethi edatha ye-SSD ayabikwa.Amanani e-HC50 e-fipronil, i-sulfide, i-sulfone kanye namaqembu e-desulfinyl [22.1±8.78 ng/L (95% CI, 11.4 kuya ku-46.2), 16.9±3.38 ng/L (95% CI, 11.2 kuya ku-28.0±), 8 2.66 ng/L (95% CI, 5.44 kuya ku-15.8) kanye no-83.4±32.9 ng/L (95% CI, 36.4 kuya ku-163)] Lezi zinhlanganisela ziphansi kakhulu kunomnotho we-EC50 taxa (inani eliphelele le-taxa eyingqayizivele) (Ithebula S1 ; amanothi asethebula lezinto ezingeziwe ama-micrograms ilitha ngalinye).
Ocwaningweni lwe-meso-scale, uma ivezwa ku-(A) fipronil, (B) dessulfinyl fipronil, (C) fipronil sulfone, (D) fipronil sulfide izinsuku ezingama-30, ukuzwela kwezinhlobo kuyachazwa Inani le-EC50 le-taxon.Ulayini wedeshi okwesibhakabhaka umele ama-95% CI.Ulayini wedeshi ovundlile umele i-HC5.Inani le-HC5 (ng/L) lenhlanganisela ngayinye limi kanje: I-Fipronil, 4.56 ng/L (95% CI, 2.59 kuya ku-10.2);I-Sulfidi, 3.52 ng/L (1.36 kuya ku-9.20);I-Sulfone, 2.86 ng/ Litre (1.93 kuya ku-5.29);kanye ne-sulfinyl, 3.55 ng/litre (0.35 kuya ku-28.4).Sicela uqaphele ukuthi i-x-axis isesikalini se-logarithmic.
Ezifundweni ezinhlanu zesifunda, i-Fipronil (abazali) itholwe ku-22% wamaphuzu angama-444 amasampula enkambu (Ithebula 1).Imvamisa yokuthola i-florfenib, i-sulfone ne-amide iyafana (18% kuya ku-22% wesampula), imvamisa yokuthola i-sulfide ne-desulfinyl iphansi (11% kuya ku-13%), kuyilapho imikhiqizo esele yokuwohloka iphezulu kakhulu.Bambalwa (1% noma ngaphansi) noma abangakaze babonwe (Ithebula 1)..I-Fipronil ivame ukutholwa eningizimu-mpumalanga (amaphesenti angama-52 ezindawo) futhi kancane kancane enyakatho-ntshonalanga (amaphesenti angu-9 wamasayithi), okubonisa ukuhlukahluka kokusetshenziswa kwe-benzopyrazole nokuba sengozini yokusakaza engaba khona ezweni lonke.Ama-degradants ngokuvamile abonisa amaphethini esifunda afanayo, anemvamisa yokutholwa ephezulu kakhulu eningizimu-mpumalanga kanye nephansi kakhulu enyakatho-ntshonalanga noma ugu lwase-California.Ukuhlushwa okukaliwe kwe-fipronil bekuphakeme kakhulu, kulandelwa i-fipronil ehlanganisiwe yomzali (amaphesenti angama-90% we-10.8 kanye no-6.3 ng/L, ngokulandelana) (Ithebula 1) (35).Ukuhlushwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwe-fipronil (61.4 ng/L), i-disulfinyl (10.6 ng/L) ne-sulfide (8.0 ng/L) kunqunywe eningizimu-mpumalanga (emavikini amane okugcina esampula).Inani eliphakeme kakhulu le-sulfone lanqunywa entshonalanga.(15.7 ng/L), i-amide (42.7 ng/L), i-dessulfinyl flupirnamide (14 ng/L) ne-fipronil sulfonate (8.1 ng/L) (35).I-Flofenide sulfone iyona kuphela inhlanganisela eyabonwa idlula i-HC5 (Ithebula 1).Isilinganiso se-ΣTUFipronils phakathi kwezifunda ezihlukahlukene siyahluka kakhulu (Ithebula 1).Isilinganiso sikazwelonke se-ΣTUFipronils singu-0.62 (zonke izindawo, zonke izifunda), futhi amasayithi angu-71 (16%) ane-ΣTUFipronils> 1, okubonisa ukuthi kungase kube ubuthi kuma-benthic macroinvertebrates.Ezifundeni ezine kweziyisihlanu ezihlolisisiwe (ngaphandle kwaseMidwest), kunobudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwe-SPEARpesticides ne-ΣTUFipronil, eno-R2 elungisiwe kusukela ku-0.07 ogwini lwaseCalifornia kuya ku-0.34 eningizimu-mpumalanga (Umfanekiso 5).
*Izinhlanganisela ezisetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwe-mesoscopic.† ΣTUFipronils, i-midian yesamba samayunithi obuthi [kubhekwe ukugxiliswa kwenkambu yezinhlanganisela ezine ze-fipronil/inhlanganisela yengozi yenhlanganisela ngayinye ukusuka kuphesenti lesihlanu lezinhlobo ezinegciwane le-SSD (Umfanekiso 4)] Kumasampuli amasonto onke e-fipronil, i-4 yokugcina amasonto amasampula ezibulala-zinambuzane aqoqwe endaweni ngayinye abalwa.‡Inani lezindawo lapho kukalwa khona izibulala-zinambuzane.§Iphesenti elingu-90 lisekelwe ekugxiliseni okukhulu okubonwa esizeni phakathi namaviki angu-4 okugcina esampula yesibulala-zinambuzane.ngephesenti lamasampuli ahloliwe.¶ Sebenzisa i-95% CI yenani le-HC5 (Umfanekiso 4 kanye neThebula S3, i-meso kuphela) ukuze ubale i-CI.I-Dechloroflupinib ihlaziywe kuzo zonke izifunda futhi ayikaze itholakale.ND, ayitholakali.
Iyunithi enobuthi ye-Fipronil iyinhlanganisela ye-fipronil elinganisiwe ehlukaniswa ivelu eqondile ye-HC5, enqunywa i-SSD etholwe ekuhlolweni kwemidiya (bona Umfanekiso 4).Umugqa omnyama, imodeli yokwengeza ejwayelekile (i-GAM).Ulayini wedeshi obomvu une-CI ka-95% ye-GAM.I-ΣTUFipronils iguqulelwa ku-log10 (ΣTUFipronils+1).
Imiphumela emibi ye-fipronil ezinhlotsheni zasemanzini ezingahlosiwe ibhalwe kahle (15, 21, 24, 25, 32, 33), kodwa lolu wucwaningo lokuqala lapho izwela khona endaweni elawulwa ilabhorethri.Imiphakathi ye-tax yachayeka kuma-fipronil compounds, futhi imiphumela yavezwa ngokwesilinganiso sezwekazi.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-mesocosmic yezinsuku ezingu-30 ingakhiqiza amaqembu ezinambuzane zasemanzini eziyi-15 ezihlukene (Ithebula S1) ngokugxilisana okungabikwanga ezincwadini, phakathi kwazo izinambuzane zasemanzini kusizindalwazi sobuthi zingamelelwe kahle (53, 54).Amajika okuphendula umthamo othize wentela (afana ne-EC50) abonakala ezinguqukweni zezinga lomphakathi (njengokunotha kwe-taxa futhi kungase kubangele ukulahlekelwa okukhulu) kanye nezinguquko zokusebenza (ezifana nokwehla komsoco kanye nezinguquko ekubukekeni).Umphumela wendawo yonke ye-mesoscopic wadluliselwa ensimini.Ezindaweni ezine kweziyisihlanu zocwaningo e-United States, ukugxilwa kwe-fipronil okukalwe ensimini kwakuhlotshaniswa nokwehla kwe-ecosystem yasemanzini emanzini agelezayo.
Inani le-HC5 lama-95% ezinhlobo zezilwane ekuhlolweni kwe-membrane emaphakathi linomphumela wokuvikela, okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yonke yezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini zizwela kakhulu kuma-fipronil compounds kunalokho okwakuqondwa ngaphambilini.Inani le-HC5 elitholiwe (florfenib, 4.56 ng/litre; desulfoxirane, 3.55 ng/litre; sulfone, 2.86 ng/litre; sulfide, 3.52 ng/litre) izikhathi eziningana (florfenib) kuya kathathu Ngaphezu kwe-oda lobukhulu (desulfinyl) ) ngaphansi kwe-EPA engapheli ye-invertebrate benchmark [fipronil, 11 ng/liter;i-desulfinyl, 10,310 ng/litha;i-sulfone, 37 ng/litre;kanye ne-sulfide, ngo-110 ng/litre (8)].Ukuhlolwa kwe-Mesoscopic kuhlonze amaqembu amaningi azwela i-fipronil esikhundleni salawo aboniswa yi-EPA engapheli ye-invertebrate benchmark (amaqembu e-4 azwela kakhulu ku-fipronil, amapheya we-13 we-desulfinyl, amapheya we-11 we-sulfone kanye namapheya we-13) Ukuzwela kwe-Sulfide) (Umfanekiso 4 kanye ithebula) S1).Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi ama-benchmarks awakwazi ukuvikela izinhlobo ezimbalwa zezilwane ezibonwa nasemhlabeni omaphakathi, nazo ezisabalele ezindaweni eziphila emanzini.Umehluko phakathi kwemiphumela yethu nebhentshimakhi yamanje ngokuyinhloko ungenxa yokuntuleka kwedatha yokuhlola ubuthi be-fipronil esebenza kuhlu lwezinambuzane zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi uma isikhathi sokuchayeka sidlula izinsuku ezi-4 futhi i-fipronil yonakala.Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwe-mesocosmic kwezinsuku ezingu-30, izinambuzane eziningi emphakathini wezilwane ezingenamgogodla zazizwela kakhulu i-fipronil kune-aztec (crustacean) evamile yokuhlola, ngisho nangemva kokulungisa i-Aztec I-EC50 ye-Teike iyenza ifane ngemva kokuguqulwa okunamandla.(Ngokuvamile amahora angu-96) esikhathini sokuchayeka okungapheli (Umfanekiso S7).Ukuvumelana okungcono kwafinyelelwa phakathi kokuhlolwa kwe-membrane emaphakathi kanye nocwaningo olubikwe ku-ECOTOX kusetshenziswa isidalwa esijwayelekile sokuhlola i-Chironomus dilutus (isilokazana).Akumangalisi ukuthi izinambuzane zasemanzini zizwela kakhulu izibulala-zinambuzane.Ngaphandle kokulungisa isikhathi sokuchayeka, ukuhlolwa kwesikali se-meso kanye nedatha ebanzi yesizindalwazi se-ECOTOX kubonise ukuthi i-taxa eminingi ibonakale izwela kakhulu kumakhompawundi e-fipronil kune-Clostridium ehlanjululwe (Figure S6).Kodwa-ke, ngokulungisa isikhathi sokuchayeka, i-Dilution Clostridium iwumzimba ozwela kakhulu ku-fipronil (umzali) ne-sulfide, nakuba ingazweli ku-sulfone (Figure S7).Le miphumela ikhombisa ukubaluleka kokuhlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini (kuhlanganise nezinambuzane eziningi) ukuze kukhiqizwe izibulala-zinambuzane zangempela ezingavikela izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.
Indlela ye-SSD ingavikela intela engavamile noma enganaki i-EC50 yayo engakwazi ukunqunywa, njenge-Cinygmula sp., Isoperla fulva kanye neBrachycentrus americanus.Amanani e-EC50 obuningi be-taxa futhi angase andize ngobuningi abonisa izinguquko ekubunjweni komphakathi ahambisana namanani e-HC50 we-SSD ye-fipronil, i-sulfone ne-sulfide.Iphrothokholi isekela lo mbono olandelayo: Indlela ye-SSD esetshenziswa ukuthola ama-threshold ingavikela wonke umphakathi, okuhlanganisa nentela engandile noma enganaki emphakathini.Umkhawulo wezinto eziphila emanzini ezinqunywa kuma-SSD ngokusekelwe kuntela embalwa kuphela noma intela engezwani ungase ungenele kakhulu ekuvikeleni imvelo yasemanzini.Lokhu kuyisimo se-desulfinyl (Umfanekiso S6B).Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwedatha ku-database ye-ECOTOX, i-EPA ye-invertebrate engapheli ye-invertebrate concentration yi-10,310 ng/L, okuyimiyalo emine yobukhulu ephakeme kune-3.55 ng/L ye-HC5.Imiphumela yamasethi ahlukene empendulo ye-taxon ekhiqizwe ekuhlolweni kwe-mesoscopic.Ukuntuleka kwedatha yobuthi kuyinkinga ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganisela eziwohlokayo (Umfanekiso S6), okungase kuchaze ukuthi kungani amabhentshimakhi ezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini e-sulfone ne-sulfide ezwela kancane izikhathi eziyi-15 kuya kwezingu-30 kunevelu ye-SSD HC5 esekelwe ku-China Universe.Inzuzo yendlela ye-membrane emaphakathi ukuthi amanani amaningi e-EC50 anganqunywa ekuhlolweni okukodwa, okwanele ukwakha i-SSD ephelele (isibonelo, i-desulfinyl; Umfanekiso 4B kanye ne-Figures S6B ne-S7B), futhi ibe nomthelela omkhulu. entela yemvelo ye-ecosystem evikelekile Izimpendulo eziningi.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Mesoscopic kubonisa ukuthi i-fipronil nemikhiqizo yayo yokucekela phansi ingase ibe nemiphumela esobala eyingozi nengaqondile emibi emsebenzini womphakathi.Ocwaningweni lwe-mesoscopic, zonke izinhlanganisela ze-fipronil ezinhlanu zibonakale zithinta ukuvela kwezinambuzane.Imiphumela yokuqhathanisa phakathi kokugxilisa okuphezulu nokuphansi kakhulu (ukuvimbela nokukhuthazwa kokuvela komuntu ngamunye noma izinguquko ngesikhathi sokuvela) kuhambisana nemiphumela ebikiwe ngaphambilini yokuhlolwa kwe-meso kusetshenziswa i-insecticide bifenthrin (29).Ukuvela kwabantu abadala kunikeza imisebenzi ebalulekile yemvelo futhi kungashintshwa ukungcola okufana ne-fipronil (55, 56).Ukuvela ngesikhathi esisodwa akubalulekile kuphela ekuzaleni kwezinambuzane kanye nokuphikelela kwabantu, kodwa futhi nasekuhlinzekweni kwezinambuzane ezivuthiwe, ezingasetshenziswa njengokudla kwezilwane zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni (56).Ukuvimbela ukuvela kwezithombo kungase kuthinte kabi ukushintshaniswa kokudla phakathi kwemvelo yasemanzini kanye nemvelo yangasemfuleni, futhi kusabalalise imiphumela yokungcola kwamanzi ezindaweni eziphila emhlabeni (55, 56).Ukuncipha kobuningi be-scrapers (izinambuzane ezidla ulwelwe) okubonwe ekuhloleni kwe-meso-scale kubangele ukwehla kokusetshenziswa kolwelwe, okubangele ukwanda kwe-chlorophyll a (Umfanekiso 3).Le trophic cascade ishintsha ukugeleza kwekhabhoni ne-nitrogen kuwebhu yokudla okuwuketshezi, efana nocwaningo oluhlola imiphumela ye-pyrethroid bifenthrin emiphakathini ye-benthic (29).Ngakho-ke, i-phenylpyrazoles, njenge-fipronil nemikhiqizo yayo yokuwohloka, i-pyrethroids, futhi mhlawumbe nezinye izinhlobo zezibulala-zinambuzane, zingase zikhuthaze ngokungaqondile ukwanda kwe-algal biomass kanye nokuphazanyiswa kwekhabhoni ne-nitrogen emifudlaneni emincane.Eminye imithelela ingase inwebe ekucekeleni phansi kwemijikelezo yekhabhoni neyenitrogen phakathi kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni.
Ulwazi olutholwe ekuhlolweni kolwelwesi oluphakathi nendawo lusivumele ukuthi sihlole ukuhlobana kwemvelo kokugxilwa kwenhlanganisela ye-fipronil kukalwa ezifundweni zenkambu ezinkulu ezenziwe ezifundeni ezinhlanu zase-United States.Emifudlaneni emincane engu-444, i-17% yesilinganiso sokuhlushwa kwenhlanganisela eyodwa noma ngaphezulu ye-fipronil (isilinganiso esingaphezu kwamaviki angu-4) idlule inani le-HC5 elitholwe ekuhlolweni kwabezindaba.Sebenzisa i-SSD kusukela ekuhloleni kwe-meso-scale ukuze uguqule ukugxiliswa okuhlanganisiwe kwe-fipronil kube inkomba ehlobene nobuthi, okungukuthi, isamba samayunithi obuthi (ΣTUFipronils).Inani loku-1 libonisa ubuthi noma ukuchayeka okuhlanganisiwe kwe-fipronil kudlula ukuvikelwa okwaziwayo Izinhlobo zenani elingu-95%.Ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kwe-ΣTUFipronil ezifundeni ezine kweziyisihlanu kanye nenkomba ye-SPEARpesticides yezempilo yomphakathi we-invertebrate ibonisa ukuthi i-fipronil ingase ibe nomthelela omubi emiphakathini ye-benthic invertebrate emifuleni ezindaweni eziningi zase-United States.Le miphumela isekela umbono kaWolfram et al.(3) Ingozi yezibulala-zinambuzane ze-phenpyrazole emanzini angaphezulu e-United States ayiqondwa ngokugcwele ngoba umthelela ezinambuzaneni zasemanzini wenzeka ngaphansi komkhawulo wamanje wokulawula.
Imifudlana eminingi enokuqukethwe kwe-fipronil ngaphezu kwezinga elinobuthi itholakala esifundeni esiseningizimu-mpumalanga esisemadolobheni ngokuqhathaniswa (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/region/SESQA).Ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini kwendawo akuphethanga nje ngokuthi i-fipronil iyingcindezi eyinhloko ethinta isakhiwo somphakathi we-invertebrate emfudlaneni, kodwa futhi ukuthi i-oksijeni encibilikile ephansi, izakhi ezikhulayo, izinguquko zokugeleza, ukuchithwa kwendawo yokuhlala, nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane kanye Isigaba esingcolile sibalulekile. umthombo wokucindezeleka (57).Le ngxube yezingcindezi ihambisana “ne-urban river syndrome”, okuwukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yomfula ovame ukubonwa maqondana nokusetshenziswa komhlaba wasemadolobheni (58, 59).Izimpawu zokusetshenziswa komhlaba emadolobheni esifundeni esiseNingizimu-mpumalanga ziyakhula futhi kulindeleke ukuthi zande njengoba inani labantu lesifunda likhula.Umthelela wokuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha esikhathini esizayo kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane ekugelezeni kwamanzi emadolobheni kulindeleke ukuthi ukhule (4).Uma ukukhula kwedolobha kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-fipronil kuqhubeka nokukhula, ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sibulala-zinambuzane emadolobheni kungase kuthinte kakhulu imiphakathi esakaza.Nakuba i-meta-analysis iphetha ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane zezolimo kusongela i-ecosystem yomhlaba wonke (2, 60), sicabanga ukuthi lokhu kuhlola kubukela phansi wonke umthelela womhlaba wonke wezibulala-zinambuzane ngokungafaki ukusetshenziswa kwasemadolobheni.
Izingcindezi ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nezibulala-zinambuzane, zingathinta imiphakathi ye-macroinvertebrate emanzini athuthukile (ukusetshenziswa kwedolobha, ezolimo kanye nokuxutshwa komhlaba) futhi kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokusetshenziswa komhlaba (58, 59, 61).Nakuba lolu cwaningo lusebenzise inkomba ye-SPEARpesticides kanye nezici ze-fipronil ezithize eziphilayo zasemanzini ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wezinto ezididayo, ukusebenza kwenkomba ye-SPEARpesticides kungase kuthinteke ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, futhi i-fipronil ingaqhathaniswa nezinye ezihlobene nezibulala-zinambuzane (4, 17, 51, 57).Kodwa-ke, imodeli yokucindezeleka eminingi eyakhiwe kusetshenziswa izilinganiso zensimu ezivela ezifundweni ezimbili zokuqala zesifunda (Midwestern and Southeastern) yabonisa ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ziyingcindezi ebalulekile ekhuphukayo yezimo zomphakathi wama-macroinvertebrate emifuleni egelezayo.Kulawa mamodeli, izincazelo ezibalulekile eziguquguqukayo zihlanganisa izibulala-zinambuzane (ikakhulukazi i-bifenthrin), izakhi nezici zendawo yokuhlala emifudlaneni eminingi yezolimo eMidwest, kanye nezibulala-zinambuzane (ikakhulukazi i-fipronil) emadolobheni amaningi aseningizimu-mpumalanga.Izinguquko ku-oxygen, izakhi kanye nokugeleza (61, 62).Ngakho-ke, nakuba izifundo zesifunda zizama ukubhekana nomthelela wezinto ezicindezelayo ezingezona izibulala-zinambuzane ezibonisini zokuphendula futhi zilungise izinkomba ezibikezelayo ukuze zichaze umthelela we-fipronil, imiphumela yenkambu yale nhlolovo isekela umbono we-fipronil.) Kufanele kubhekwe njengenye yemithombo enethonya kakhulu yokucindezela emifuleni yaseMelika, ikakhulukazi eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-United States.
Ukwenzeka kokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane endaweni akuvamile ukubhalwa phansi, kodwa usongo ezintweni eziphila emanzini lungase lube yingozi kakhulu kunomzimba womzali.Endabeni ye-fipronil, izifundo zenkambu kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-meso-scale kubonise ukuthi imikhiqizo yokuwohloka ivamile njengendikimba yomzali emifudlaneni eyisampula futhi inobuthi obufanayo noma obuphezulu (Ithebula 1).Ocwaningweni lolwelwesi oluphakathi nendawo, i-fluorobenzonitrile sulfone yayiwushevu kakhulu emikhiqizweni yokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane eyacwaningwa, futhi yayinobuthi kakhulu kunenhlanganisela yomzali, futhi yatholwa nangemvamisa efana naleyo yenhlanganisela yomzali.Uma kulinganiswa kuphela izibulala-zinambuzane zabazali, izehlakalo zobuthi ezingaba khona zingase zinganakwa, futhi ukuntula okuhlobene kolwazi lobuthi ngesikhathi sokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane kusho ukuthi ukwenzeka kwazo kanye nemiphumela kungase kunganakwa.Isibonelo, ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi ngobuthi bemikhiqizo ewohlokayo, ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwezibulala-zinambuzane emifudlaneni yaseSwitzerland, okuhlanganisa nemikhiqizo yokucekelwa phansi kwezibulala-zinambuzane engu-134, futhi inhlanganisela yomzali kuphela eyayibhekwa njengenhlanganisela yomzali ekuhloleni ubungozi be-ecotoxicological.
Imiphumela yalokhu kuhlola ubungozi bemvelo ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlanganisela ze-fipronil zinemiphumela emibi empilweni yomfula, ngakho-ke kungacatshangwa ngokunengqondo ukuthi imiphumela emibi ingabonwa noma kuphi lapho izinhlanganisela ze-fipronil zedlula izinga le-HC5.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-mesoscopic izimele endaweni, okubonisa ukuthi ukugxilwa kwe-fipronil nemikhiqizo yayo yokuwohloka ku-tax eminingi yokusakaza kuphansi kakhulu kunaleyo eyayirekhodiwe ngaphambilini.Sikholelwa ukuthi lokhu kutholwa kungenzeka kunwetshwe ku-protobiota emifudlaneni ehlanzekile noma yikuphi.Imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-meso-scale yasetshenziswa ezifundweni zensimu enkulu (imifudlana emincane engama-444 eyakhiwe ukusetshenziswa okuxubile kwasemadolobheni, ezolimo, kanye nomhlaba kuzo zonke izifunda ezinhlanu ezinkulu e-United States), futhi kwatholakala ukuthi ukugcwala kwemifudlana eminingi. lapho i-fipronil itholwe khona kulindeleke ukuba ibe khona Ubuthi obuwumphumela buphakamisa ukuthi le miphumela ingadlulela kwamanye amazwe lapho kusetshenziswa khona i-fipronil.Ngokwemibiko, isibalo sabantu abasebenzisa iFipronil siyanda eJapan, e-UK nase-US (7).I-Fipronil ikhona cishe kuwo wonke amazwekazi, okuhlanganisa i-Australia, iNingizimu Melika kanye ne-Afrika (https://coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/fipronil-market-2208).Imiphumela yocwaningo lwe-meso-to-field oluvezwe lapha lubonisa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwe-fipronil kungase kube nokubaluleka kwemvelo emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuze uthole izinto ezengeziwe zalesi sihloko, sicela ubheke ku-http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/43/eabc1299/DC1
Lesi isiqephu sendatshana esivulekile sokufinyelela esatshalaliswa ngaphansi kwemigomo ye-Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License, evumela ukusetshenziswa, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kunoma iyiphi indlela, inqobo nje uma ukusetshenziswa kokugcina kungekona okwenzuzo yezohwebo futhi isisekelo siwukuthi umsebenzi wokuqala ulungile.Ireferensi.
Qaphela: Sikucela kuphela ukuthi unikeze ikheli lakho le-imeyili ukuze umuntu omncomayo ekhasini azi ukuthi ufuna abone i-imeyili futhi akuwona ugaxekile.Ngeke sithwebule noma yimaphi amakheli e-imeyili.
Lo mbuzo usetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuthi ingabe uyisivakashi futhi uvimbele ukuthunyelwa kogaxekile okuzenzakalelayo.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ezitholakala njalo emifudlaneni yaseMelika zinobuthi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izibulala-zinambuzane ezivamile ezitholakala njalo emifudlaneni yaseMelika zinobuthi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini.
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