Zonke ziqulathe izibulali-zinambuzane ezibizwa ngokuba ziipyrethrins ezazisetyenziswa kwiPersi yamandulo.Namhlanje, sizisebenzisa kwiishampu zeentwala.
Wamkelekile kuthotho lwe-JSTOR Daily's detox, apho sijonga indlela yokunciphisa ukuvezwa kwezinto ezithathwa njengengakhuselekanga zizazinzulu.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, siye sagubungela iiretardants zomlilo ebisini, iiplastiki emanzini, iiplastiki kunye neekhemikhali kwi-detoxification yedijithali.Namhlanje, silanda imvelaphi yeshampu yeentwala kwiPersi yamandulo.
Kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, izikolo kwilizwe lonke bezisilwa nohlaselo lweentwala zentloko.Ngo-2017, eHarrisburg, ePennsylvania, bangaphezulu kwe-100 abantwana abafunyaniswa beneentwala, ezithi isithili sesikolo sazibiza ngokuba “azizange zibonwe ngaphambili.”Kwaye ngo-2019, isikolo esikwicandelo le-Sheepshead Bay kwiSikolo saseBrooklyn sachaza ubhubhani.Nangona amaZiko oLawulo noThintelo lweZifo ngokubanzi ekholelwa ukuba iintwala aziyongozi empilweni, zinokuba yingxaki enkulu.Ukulahla iintwala kunye nezibungu (amaqanda abo amancinci), kufuneka uhlambe iinwele zakho nge-shampoo ene-insecticide.
Izithako ezibulala izinambuzane kwiishampu ezininzi ezithengwayo ziqulethe ikhompawundi ebizwa ngokuba yipyrethrum okanye ipyrethrin.Ikhompawundi ifumaneka kwiintyatyambo ezifana netansy, pyrethrum kunye nechrysanthemum (ehlala ibizwa ngokuba yichrysanthemum okanye ichrysanthemum).Ezi zityalo ngokwendalo zineester ezintandathu ezahlukeneyo okanye ipyrethrins-organic compounds eziyityhefu kwizinambuzane.
Kwaphawulwa ukuba ezi ntyatyambo zineziphumo zokubulala izinambuzane kumakhulu eminyaka eyadlulayo.Ekuqaleni kwee-1800s, i-Persian pyrethrum chrysanthemum yayisetyenziselwa ukususa iintwala.Ezi ntyatyambo zaqala ukuthengiswa eArmenia ngo-1828, zaza zakhuliswa eDalmatia (namhlanje eyiCroatia) malunga neminyaka elishumi kamva.Iintyatyambo zaveliswa de kwayiMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala.Esi sityalo siqhuba kakuhle kwimozulu eshushu.Ngeminyaka yee-1980, ukuveliswa kwepyrethrum kwakuqikelelwa ukuba kumalunga neetoni ezili-15 000 zeentyatyambo ezomisiweyo ngonyaka, ezingaphezulu kwesiqingatha zazo zazivela eKenya, yaye ezinye zazivela eTanzania, eRwanda nase-Ecuador.Abantu abamalunga nama-200 000 ehlabathini lonke bathabatha inxaxheba kwimveliso yayo.Iintyatyambo zivunwa ngesandla, zomiswe elangeni okanye ngoomatshini, emva koko zicolwe zibe ngumgubo.Intyatyambo nganye iqulethe malunga ne-3 ukuya kwi-4 mg yepyrethrin -1 ukuya kwi-2% ngobunzima, kwaye ivelisa malunga ne-150 ukuya kwi-200 yeetoni ze-pesticides ngonyaka.I-United States yaqala ukungenisa i-powder kwi-1860, kodwa iinzame zemveliso yezorhwebo zasekhaya azizange ziphumelele.
Kwiintsuku zokuqala, ipyrethrum yayisetyenziswa njengomgubo.Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ukuyixuba ne-kerosene, i-hexane okanye izinyibilikisi ezifanayo ukwenza isitshizi solwelo kusebenza ngakumbi kunomgubo.Kamva, kwaveliswa iianalogu ezahlukeneyo zokwenziwa.Ezi zibizwa ngokuba zii-pyrethroids (pyrethroids), eziyikhemikhali ezinesakhiwo esifana ne-pyrethroids kodwa ziyityhefu ngakumbi kwizinambuzane.Ngeminyaka yee-1980, iipyrethroids ezine zazisetyenziselwa ukukhusela izityalo-permethrin, cypermethrin, decamethrin kunye nefenvalerate.Ezi khompawundi zintsha zomelele kwaye zihlala ixesha elide, ngoko ziyakwazi ukuqhubeka nokusingqongileyo, izityalo, kunye namaqanda okanye ubisi.Ngaphezulu kwe-1,000 yeepyrethroids ezenziweyo zenziwe, kodwa okwangoku zingaphantsi kweshumi elinesibini iipyrethroids zokwenziwa ezisetyenziswa eUnited States.Iipyrethroids kunye neepyrethroids zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye nezinye iikhemikhali ukuthintela ukubola kwazo kunye nokwandisa ukufa.
Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iipyrethroids bezithathwa njengekhuselekile ebantwini.Ngokukodwa, kucetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe i-pyrethroid compounds deltamethrin, i-alpha-cypermethrin kunye ne-permetrin ukulawula izinambuzane ekhaya.
Kodwa uphononongo lwakutsha nje lufumene ukuba iipyrethroids azikho ngaphandle kwengozi.Nangona zinetyhefu ngamaxesha angama-2250 kwizinambuzane kunezilwanyana ezinomqolo, zinokuba neziphumo eziyingozi ebantwini.Xa izazinzulu kwiYunivesithi yase-Iowa zihlola idatha yezempilo yabantu abadala be-2,000 ukuqonda indlela umzimba ophula ngayo i-pyrethroids, bafumanisa ukuba ezi khemikhali ziphinda kathathu ingozi yesifo senhliziyo.Uphando lwangaphambili luye lwafumanisa ukuba ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwi-pyrethroids (umzekelo kubantu abapakishayo) kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ezifana nesiyezi kunye nokudinwa.
Ukongeza kubantu abasebenza ngokuthe ngqo ngeepyrethroids, abantu badibana nabo ikakhulu ngokutya, ngokutya iziqhamo kunye nemifuno etshiziweyo, okanye ukuba izindlu zabo, ingca kunye neegadi zitshiziwe.Noko ke, izibulali-zinambuzane zanamhlanje zepyrethroid zezesibini kwezona zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ehlabathini.Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba abantu kufuneka bazikhathaze ngokuhlamba iinwele zabo ngeshampu enepyrethrum?Ukuhlamba okuncinci akunakwenzeka ukulimaza abantu, kodwa kuyafaneleka ukukhangela izithako kwiibhotile ze-pesticide ezisetyenziselwa ukutshiza izindlu, iigadi kunye neendawo ezinomiyane.
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