URoberto Lopez kunye noKellie Walters, iSebe leHorticulture, iYunivesithi yaseMichigan State-Meyi 16, 2017
Ubushushu bomoya kunye ne-alkalinity yamanzi othwala ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kuya kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwe-ethephon plant growth regulator (PGR) isicelo.
Izilawuli zokukhula kwezityalo (PGR) zidla ngokusetyenziswa njengezitshizi zefoliar, infusions yesubstrate, i-lining infusions okanye ibhalbhu, ii-tubers kunye ne-rhizomes infusions/infusions.Ukusebenzisa izixhobo zofuzo zezityalo kwizityalo ze-greenhouse kunokunceda abalimi bavelise izityalo ezifanayo kunye nezihlangeneyo ezinokupakishwa ngokulula, zithuthwe kwaye zithengiselwe abathengi.Uninzi lwePGRs ezisetyenziswe ngabalimi be-greenhouse (umzekelo, i-pyrethroid, i-chlorergot, i-damazine, i-fluoxamide, i-paclobutrazol okanye i-uniconazole) inqanda ubude be-stem ngokuthintela i-biosynthesis ye-gibberellins (GAs) (Ukukhula okwandisiweyo) I-Gibberellin yi-hormone yokukhula elawula kwakhona.Kwaye isiqu sobude.
Ngokwahlukileyo, i-ethephon (i-2-chloroethyl; i-phosphonic acid) i-PGR enokusetyenziswa okuninzi kuba ikhupha i-ethylene (i-hormone yesityalo ejongene nokuvuthwa kunye ne-senescence) xa isetyenziswa.Ingasetyenziselwa ukuthintela ukwelulwa kwesiqu;ukwandisa ububanzi besiqu;ukunciphisa i-apical dominance, ekhokelela ekwandeni kwe-branching kunye nokukhula kwecala;kunye nokubangela ukuchithwa kweentyatyambo kunye ne-buds (ukukhupha isisu) (ifoto 1).
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba isetyenziswe ngexesha lokuzala, inokumisela "iwotshi yebhayoloji" yezityalo eziqhakaza ngamaxesha athile okanye ezingalinganiyo (ezifana ne-Impatiens New Guinea) zibe zero ngokubangela ukuphunza kweentyatyambo kunye neentyatyambo zeentyatyambo (ifoto 2).Ukongeza, abanye abalimi bayisebenzisela ukwandisa i-branching kunye nokunciphisa i-stem elongation ye-petunia (ifoto 3).
Ifoto 2. Ukuqhakaza kwangaphambi kwexesha kunye nokungalingani kunye nokuzala kwakhona kwe-Impatiens New Guinea.Ifoto nguRoberto Lopez, kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan State.
Umzobo 3. I-Petunia enyangwa nge-ethephon iye yanda i-branching, iyancipha i-internode elongation kunye ne-aborted flower buds.Ifoto nguRoberto Lopez, kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan State.
I-Ethephon (umzekelo, i-Florel, i-3.9% yesithako esisebenzayo; okanye i-Collate, i-21.7% yesithako esisebenzayo) izitshizi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwizityalo ze-greenhouse kwiveki enye ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokutshintshwa, kwaye zingaphinda zisetyenziswe enye ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini kamva.Izinto ezininzi zichaphazela ukusebenza kwayo, kubandakanywa umlinganiselo, umthamo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-surfactants, i-pH yesisombululo sokutshiza, ukufuma kwe-substrate kunye nokufuma kwe-greenhouse.
Lo mxholo ulandelayo uya kukufundisa indlela yokwandisa ukusetyenziswa kwezitshizi ze-ethephon ngokubeka iliso kunye nokulungelelanisa izinto ezimbini ezihlala zingahoywa zenkcubeko kunye nokusingqongileyo ezichaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle.
Ngokufana neekhemikhali ezininzi ze-greenhouse kunye nemithombo yofuzo yezityalo, i-ethephon idla ngokusetyenziswa kwifom ye-liquid (spray).Xa i-ethephon iguqulwa ibe yi-ethylene, iyatshintsha ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kwigesi.Ukuba i-ethephon ibolile ibe yi-ethylene ngaphandle komzi-mveliso, uninzi lweekhemikhali ziyakulahleka emoyeni.Ngoko ke, sifuna ukuba ifunxwe zizityalo ngaphambi kokuba iphulwe ibe yi-ethylene.Njengoko ixabiso le-pH linyuka, i-ethephon ibola ngokukhawuleza ibe yi-ethylene.Oku kuthetha ukuba injongo kukugcina i-pH yesisombululo sokutshiza phakathi kwe-4 ecetyiswayo ukuya kwi-5 emva kokufaka i-ethephon kumanzi ophethe.Oku ngokuqhelekileyo akuyongxaki, kuba i-ethephon i-asidi yendalo.Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-alkalinity yakho iphezulu, i-pH ayinakuwela phakathi koluhlu olucetyiswayo, kwaye unokufuna ukongeza i-buffer, njenge-asidi (i-asidi ye-sulfuric okanye i-adjuvant, i-pHase5 okanye isalathisi 5) ukuthoba i-pH..
I-Ethephon ineasidi ngokwendalo.Njengoko i-concentration inyuka, i-pH yesisombululo iya kuncipha.Njengoko i-alkalinity yomqhubi wamanzi iyancipha, i-pH yesisombululo nayo iya kuncipha (ifoto 4).Eyona njongo iphambili kukugcina i-pH yesisombululo sokutshiza phakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-5. Nangona kunjalo, abalimi bamanzi ahlambulukileyo (i-alkalinity ephantsi) banokudinga ukongeza ezinye izithinteli ukuthintela i-pH yesisombululo sokutshiza ekubeni iphantsi kakhulu (i-pH ngaphantsi kwe-3.0 ).
Umzobo 4. Impembelelo ye-alkalinity yamanzi kunye ne-ethephon concentration kwi-pH yesisombululo sokutshiza.Umgca omnyama ubonisa umthuthi wamanzi ocetyiswayo pH 4.5.
Kuphononongo lwakutsha nje oluvela kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan State, sisebenzise ialkalinities ezintathu zokuthwala amanzi (50, 150 kunye 300 ppm CaCO3) kunye ne-ethephon ezine (Collat ​​e, Fine Americas, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA; 0, 250, 500 kunye ne-750) isebenzise i-ethephon (ppm) yoxinaniso kwi-ivy geranium, i-petunia kunye ne-verbena.Sifumene ukuba njengoko i-alkalinity yomqhubi wamanzi iyancipha kwaye i-concentration ye-ethephon iyanda, ukukhula kwe-ductility kunciphisa (ifoto 5).
Umzobo 5. Umphumo we-alkalinity yamanzi kunye ne-ethephon concentration kwi-branching kunye neentyantyambo ze-ivy geranium.Ifoto nguKelly Walters.
Ngoko ke, i-MSU Extension incoma ukuba uhlolisise i-alkalinity yamanzi ethwala ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-ethephon.Oku kunokwenziwa ngokuthumela isampuli yamanzi kwibhubhoratri oyithandayo, okanye ungavavanya amanzi ngemitha yealkalinity ephathwa ngesandla (Umfanekiso 6) uze wenze uhlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla.Okulandelayo, yongeza i-ethephon kwaye ujonge i-pH yesisombululo sokutshiza nge-pH meter ephathwa ngesandla ukuqinisekisa ukuba iphakathi kwe-4 kunye ne-5.
Ifoto 6. Imitha yealkalinity ephathwayo ephathwayo, enokusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokugcina izityalo ukumisela i-alkalinity yamanzi.Ifoto nguKelly Walters.
Siphinde sagqiba ukuba iqondo lokushisa ngexesha lokusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali liya kuchaphazela nokusebenza kwe-ethephon.Njengoko iqondo lokushisa lomoya linyuka, izinga lokukhululwa kwe-ethylene kwi-ethephon liyanda, ngokweengqungquthela ukunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo.Kuphando lwethu, sifumene ukuba i-ethephon inokusebenza okwaneleyo xa ubushushu besicelo buphakathi kwe-57 kunye ne-73 degrees Fahrenheit.Nangona kunjalo, xa amaqondo obushushu anyuka ukuya kuma-79 degrees Fahrenheit, i-ethephon phantse ayinampembelelo ekukhuleni kobude, nokukhula kwesebe okanye ukuphunza kwentyatyambo (ifoto 7).
Umzobo 7. Isiphumo sokushisa kwesicelo ekusebenzeni kwe-750 ppm ethephon spray kwi-petunia.Ifoto nguKelly Walters.
Ukuba une-alkalinity ephezulu yamanzi, nceda usebenzise isithinteli okanye i-adjuvant ukunciphisa ialkalinity yamanzi phambi kokuxuba isisombululo sokutshiza kwaye ekugqibeleni ufikelele kwixabiso le-pH yesisombululo sokutshiza.Cinga ngokutshiza izitshizi ze-ethephon ngeentsuku ezinamafu, kwakusasa okanye ngorhatya xa ubushushu bendlu eluhlaza bungaphantsi kwama-79 F.
Enkosi.Olu lwazi lusekelwe kumsebenzi oxhaswa yiFine Americas, Inc., iWestern Michigan Greenhouse Association, iDetroit Metropolitan Flower Growers Association, kunye neBall Horticultural Co.
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IYunivesithi yaseMichigan State sisenzo esiqinisekisiweyo, umqeshi onamathuba alinganayo, ozibophelele ekukhuthazeni wonke umntu ukuba afezekise amandla akhe apheleleyo ngokusebenzisa abasebenzi abahlukeneyo kunye nenkcubeko ebandakanyayo ukufezekisa ukugqwesa.Izicwangciso zokwandiswa kweYunivesithi yaseMichigan State kunye nezixhobo zivulelekile kuye wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, umbala, imvelaphi yesizwe, isini, isazisi ngokwesini, inkolo, ubudala, ubude, ubunzima, ukukhubazeka, iinkolelo zezopolitiko, isini, isimo somtshato, isimo sosapho, okanye umhlalaphantsi. Ubume bomkhosi.Ngentsebenziswano kunye neSebe lezoLimo lase-United States, yakhutshwa ngokukhuthazwa kwe-MSU ukususela ngoMeyi 8 ukuya kuJuni 30, 1914. UJeffrey W. Dwyer, uMlawuli woKwandiswa kwe-MSU, e-East Lansing, eMichigan, MI48824.Olu lwazi lulungiselelwe iinjongo zemfundo kuphela.Ukukhankanywa kweemveliso zorhwebo okanye amagama orhwebo akuthethi ukuba zivunyiwe yi-MSU Extension okanye iimveliso ezithandwayo ezingakhankanywanga.Igama le-4-H kunye nelogo zikhuselwe ngokukodwa yiCongress kwaye zikhuselwe ngekhowudi ye-18 USC 707.