Umbulali we-ecosystem iFipronil inetyhefu ngakumbi kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili kwaye ifumaneka kwimizila yamanzi kulo lonke elase-United States nge-27 ka-Okthobha 2020.
Uphando lweGeological Survey lwase-US lufumanise ukuba imixube yesibulali-zinambuzane isasazeke ngokubanzi kwimilambo yase-US kunye nemisinga nge-24 kaSeptemba 2020.
Umbulali wefashoni: Ingxelo ifumanisa ukuba umzi-mveliso wempahla yeyona nto ibangela ilahleko yezinto ezahlukeneyo nge-17 kaSeptemba 2020.
Imikhenkce yomkhenkce yeArctic ibamba izitshabalalisi kunye nezinye izinto ezingcolisa indalo ezisuka kwihlabathi jikelele, kwaye zikhuphe iikhemikhali eziyingozi xa ubushushu behlabathi bunyibilika.Nge-20 ka-Agasti 2020
Iidolphin ezixineneyo kwindawo yonxweme olusempuma ziyagula kwaye zosulelwe zizibulali zinambuzane, iiplastiki, izibulali ntsholongwane kunye neentsimbi ezinzima nge-19 ka-Agasti 2020.
Thatha amanyathelo!Xelela uEvian ukuba axhase inguqu yehlabathi kwi-organic ukukhusela imfezeko yeemfuno zayo zokucoceka nge-27 kaJulayi 2020.
Iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo zokuvezwa kwezitshabalalisi kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu zonakalisa kakhulu iintlanzi ze-coral reef nge-21 kaJulayi 2020
Ngokutsho kwe-USGS, i-pesticides enye okanye ngaphezulu kwi-56% yamanzi kwimifudlana yesampuli idlulile ubuncinane umgangatho omnye we-federal wezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini.Uninzi lwezi zitshabalalisi zikwanxulunyaniswa noluhlu lweziphumo zempilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo, kubandakanya umhlaza, iziphene zokuzalwa, imithambo-luvo kunye neziphumo zempilo yokuzala.Olu phando lulandelayo lubonisa impembelelo yezibulali-zinambuzane kubulunga bamanzi, impilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Umgangatho waManzi eSizwe: Impilo yeNdalo yeMilambo yeSizwe, 1993-2005, ingxelo yowama-2013 ekhutshwe yi-US Geological Survey “ngokusekwe kwimeko yebhayoloji yoluntu enxulumene nezinto ezibalulekileyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali (ezifana nesidanga) Vavanya utshintsho lwamanzi kwaye ukugxila kwezondlo kunye nezinye izingcolisi ezinyityilisiweyo.I-algae, i-macroinvertebrates kunye neentlanzi zinokulinganisa ngokuthe ngqo impilo yomlambo ngenxa yokuba zihlala emlanjeni iiveki eziliqela ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi, ngoko ke, njengoko ixesha lihamba Impembelelo yokutshintsha kwiindawo zabo zeekhemikhali kunye nezomzimba zihlala zihlanganiswa. "Isiphelo sale ngxelo sithi: “Xa kuzanywa ukuqonda izizathu zokuhla kwempilo yemilambo, ukongezelela kutshintsho lokuhamba kwamanzi, imiphumo enokubakho yezondlo nezibulali-zinambuzane nako kufanele kuqwalaselwe, ngokukodwa Kukwimeko-bume yezolimo neyedolophu.”Enyanisweni, ngokutsho kombhali, kuphela enye yesihlanu yemijelo kwiindawo zezolimo kunye needolophu zibhekwa njengezempilo.Le mijelo ikholisa ukuba nokuqukuqela kwendalo okuthe kratya, ngelixa iindlela kunye neefama zivelisa amanzi amdaka amancinci.
Ukwenzeka kwezibulali zinambuzane emanzini kunye neentlenga eziqokelelwe kwiindawo zokuhlala eziphila emanzini naselwandle kulo lonke elase-United States ngo-2009-2010.Olu phononongo luqhutywe yi-US Geological Service kwi-2012 uphando lwaseCalifornia phakathi kwe-2009 kunye ne-2010 Ulwazi kwiisayithi ezili-11 kurhulumente kunye neendawo ze-18 kwenye indawo.Sebenzisa i-chromatography yegesi/i-mass spectrometry ukuhlalutya ii-pesticides ezingama-96 kwiisampuli zamanzi.Kwisampuli enye okanye ngaphezulu kwe-54 yamanzi, i-pesticides ye-24 iyonke yafunyanwa, kubandakanywa i-7 fungicides, i-10 ye-herbicides, i-4 ye-pesticides, i-1 synergist kunye ne-2 yeemveliso zokuthotywa kwe-pesticide.Ngokusebenzisa ukutsalwa kwe-solvent ekhawulezileyo, i-gel permeation chromatography ukususa isulfure kunye nekhabhoni / i-alumina yokuqokelela ikholomu yesigaba esiqinileyo sokususa i-matrix ephazamisayo yentlenga, ii-pesticides ezingama-94 kwiisampuli zentlenga zebhedi zahlaziywa.Kwintlenga yomlambo, amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi angama-22 abhaqwe kwisampulu enye okanye ngaphezulu, kubandakanywa imichiza yokungunda eyi-9, imichiza ebulala ukhula eyi-3 yepyrethroid, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) kunye neemveliso zayo eziphambili zokuthomalalisa kunye nemichiza emininzi yokutshabalalisa ukhula.Ingxelo ekhutshwe yi-United States Geological Service "Ukwenzeka kwezibulali zinambuzane emanzini kunye nentlenga eqokelelwe kwiindawo zokuhlala ezihlala emanzini ase-United States ukusuka kwi-2009 ukuya kwi-2010".
Ukuxazulula ingxaki ye-nitrate emanzini okusela eCalifornia Ingxelo ekhutshwe kwi-2012 yiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia Davis (UC Davis) yafunda iingingqi ezine zeLake Tulare Basin kunye nommandla weMonterey County eSalinas Valley.Olu hlolisiso lwafumanisa oku: “Ingxaki yenitrate isenokuthabatha amashumi eminyaka.Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, izichumisi zezolimo kunye nenkunkuma yezilwanyana ezisetyenziswa kwifama yeyona mithombo inkulu yengingqi yenitrate kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba;ukunciphisa umthwalo wenitrate kunokwenzeka, kwaye ezinye azibizi kakhulu Ukuncipha okukhulu kumthwalo wenitrate kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kuya kuba neendleko ezinkulu zoqoqosho;ulungiso oluthe ngqo lokususwa kwenitrate kwimingxuma emikhulu yamanzi aphantsi komhlaba luyindleko kwaye ngokobuchule alunakwenzeka.Ngokuchasene noko, "ukumpompa kunye nokufaka isichumiso" kunye nokuphuculwa kolawulo lokuzaliswa kwamanzi aphantsi komhlaba Yenye indlela enexabiso eliphantsi lexesha elide;izenzo zokunciphisa amanzi (ezifana nokuxuba, ukucocwa kunye nonikezelo lwamanzi olulolunye) zezona zonga iindleko.Njengoko ungcoliseko lwe-nitrate luqhubeka lusasazeka, kwiimeko ezininzi ukudibanisa kuya kuba ngaphantsi nangaphantsi.Uluntu oluninzi oluNcinci alukwazi ukuhlawulela unyango lwamanzi okusela akhuselekileyo kunye nemisebenzi yokubonelela.Iindleko ezizinzileyo eziphezulu ziya kuchaphazela kakhulu iinkqubo ezincinci.Owona mthombo uthembisayo wengeniso yimirhumo yokusetyenziswa kwesichumiso senitrogen kwezi ndawo zamanzi;Imirhumo yokusetyenziswa kwesichumiso senitrogen inokubuyekeza uluntu oluncinci oluchaphazelekayo. Unciphiso lweendleko kunye nefuthe longcoliseko lwenitrate;Ukungangqinelani kunye nokungafikeleleki kwedatha kuthintela uvandlakanyo olusebenzayo noluqhubekayo.Udibaniso lwelizwe lonke luyafuneka ukuze kudityaniswe uqokelelo lwedatha enxulumene namanzi olwenziwa ngamazwe amaninzi kunye nomsebenzi wearhente zasekhaya.
Imodeli yokunciphisa ukuqikelela ukuxinana kwe-atrazine kunye ne-desethylatrazine kumanzi angaphantsi komhlaba kwiindawo zezolimo e-United States.Olu phononongo lupapashwe kwiJenali yoMgangatho weNdalo ngo-2012 lusebenzise imodeli yokuqikelela amanzi aphantsi komhlaba angekho nzulu kwiindawo ezinokubakhona kwezolimo.Kulo lonke elaseUnited States.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kuphela malunga ne-5% yemimandla yezolimo enethuba elingaphezulu kwe-10% yokugqithisa i-USEPA inqanaba eliphezulu lokungcolisa le-3.0 μgL.
I-algae iyaqhakaza kwiLake Erie, ebangelwa yimikhwa yezolimo kunye nemozulu, ibeka irekhodi kwaye ihambelana neemeko ezilindelekileyo zexesha elizayo.Uphononongo olupapashwe kwiiProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ngo-2012 luqukumbele ngelithi: “Iindlela zexesha elide kwimisebenzi yezolimo kunye nomthwalo wephosphorus entshona Ukunyuka kuyahambelana.Ummandla wechibi, le mikhwa, kudityaniswa neemeko zemozulu ngentwasahlobo yowama-2011, zibangele umthamo omkhulu wezondlo.”Ngamafutshane, ingxaki ye-algae eLake Erie ibangelwa yimisebenzi yezolimo, ngakumbi izichumisi.Ukusetyenziswa, oku kunika isondlo sokukhula kweentyatyambo ezinkulu.Ukufudumala kwemozulu kwandisa le meko, kubangela ukuba i-cyanobacteria okanye i-cyanobacteria ikhule kwaye iphindaphinde, ngaloo ndlela ivelise iziphumo ezinobuthi.Isihloko esithi "Uphononongo lokumisela irekhodi yeLake Erie algae blooms ehambelana neemeko ezilindelekileyo zexesha elizayo ezibangelwa yimikhwa yezolimo kunye nemozulu" yapapashwa kwiiNkqubo zeNational Academy of Sciences.Funda "IiNdaba zemihla ngemihla zokususwa kwePesticide" ukusukela ngoAprili 2013.
I-Fate kunye nokuThuthwa kwe-Glyphosate kunye ne-Aminomethylphosphonic Acid kuManzi oMphezulu we-Agricultural Basins.I-frequency yokufumanisa kunye ne-amplitude yesitya ngasinye yahlukile, kwaye umthwalo (njengepesenti yokusetyenziswa) uphakathi kwe-0.009 kunye ne-0.86%, enokuthi idibaniswe neempawu ezintathu eziqhelekileyo: amandla omthombo, ukugijima kwemvula kunye nendlela yokuhamba.”
I-Glyphosate kunye neemveliso zayo zokuthotywa (AMPA) zisasazwa ngokubanzi emhlabeni, emanzini angaphezulu, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye nemvula e-United States.Uphononongo luka-2011 olukhutshwe yi-USGS ukusuka ku-2001 ukuya ku-2009 lushwankathela amanzi kunye neesampulu zentlenga eziqokelelwe ukusuka ku-2001 ukuya ku-2009 Uxinzelelo lweglyphosate.Iziphumo ze-3,606 zendalo.Iisampulu zokuqinisekisa umgangatho we-1,008 eziqokelelwe kwii-38 kunye neSithili sase-Columbia zibonise ukuba i-glyphosate ihamba phambili kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili kwaye isasazwa ngokubanzi kwindalo.I-Glyphosate ibonwa rhoqo emhlabeni kunye nentlenga (91% yesampulu), imisele kunye nemisele (71%), imvula (71%), imilambo (51%) kunye nemilambo emikhulu (46%) ukuya;kwimigxobhozo (38%), amanzi omhlaba (34%), amachibi (22%), iindawo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka (WWTP) (9%) namanzi aphantsi komhlaba (6%) ayenzeka kancinci.I-American Geophysical Union yapapasha uphando malunga "Ukusasazwa ngokubanzi kwe-Glyphosate kunye neeMveliso zayo zokuHlaziya (AMPA) kumhlaba, amanzi angaphezulu, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye ne-Precipitation e-United States, i-2001-2009 ".
Ukwenzeka kunye nekamva le-glyphosate kunye ne-aminomethylphosphonic acid eyonakalisayo emoyeni.Kwi-2011, eli nqaku elipapashwe kwi-"Toxins yeNdalo kunye neeKhemikhali" malunga ne-glyphosate, eyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-herbicide kunye nayo Ingxelo yokuqala malunga nenqanaba lokusingqongileyo lokuthotywa okukhulu.Imveliso ivelisa i-aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) ngeentsuku zemvula kunye nemvula ... Ngeentsuku zemvula kunye nemvula, ukufunyanwa rhoqo kwe-glyphosate ukusuka kwi-60% ukuya kwi-100%.Kumoya kunye neesampulu zamanzi emvula, ukuxinwa kwe-glyphosate kuluhlu lwe-<0.01 ukuya ku-9.1 ng/m(3) kunye no-<0.1 ukuya kwi-2.5 µg/L... Akukacaci okwangoku ukuba yeyiphi ipesenti ye-glyphosate eza Kungeniswa emoyeni. , kodwa kuqikelelwa ukuba ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.7% yezicelo zisuswe emoyeni ngexesha lemvula.I-Glyphosate inokususwa ngokufanelekileyo emoyeni;kuqikelelwa ukuba imvula yeveki ≥30 mm inokususa umyinge we-97% ye-glyphosate emoyeni”
IQela EliSebenzayo Lemekobume ngeChromium eneHexavalent kuManzi aseMpopu eUnited States yafumanisa ukuba, ngokutsho kohlolisiso lwaselabhoratri, “amanzi akwimpompo akwizixeko ezingama-31 kwezingama-35 zaseUnited States anechromium enohexavalent (okanye ichromium enehexavalent) .Le yi-carcinogenic "Eileen Brokovic Chemical".Elona nqanaba liphezulu lichongiwe eNorman, e-Oklahoma.eHonolulu, eHawaii;Izixeko ezingama-25 ezivavanywe yi-EWG zazinamanqanaba aphezulu e-carcinogens kuneCalifornia Injongo yezempilo yoluntu ecetywayo.Isiqulatho samanzi etephu (abemi abangama-90 000) asuka eNorman, eOklahoma siwuphinda ngaphezu kwama-200 umlinganiselo wokhuseleko ocetywa yiKhalifoniya.”
Ukususela ngo-2005 ukuya ku-2006, i-azoxystrobin, i-propiconazole kunye nezinye i-fungicides ezikhethiweyo zenzeke kwimilambo yaseMelika.Inqaku lika-2011 elipapashwe “kuNgcoliseko lwaManzi, Umoya kunye noMhlaba” lafumanisa: “Kukho iisampulu ezili-103 Ubuncinci isibulali-ntsholongwane esinye sabhaqwa kwi-56%, kwaye ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5 kuzo yayizintsholongwane.Kwafunyaniswa kwisampulu enye, kwaye imixube ye-bactericides yayixhaphakile.Eyona nto ifunyenweyo yayiyi-azoazolone (i-45 kwiisampuli ze-103).Ipesenti, ilandelwa yi-metaxyl (27%), ipropiconazole (17%), i-mycotin (9%) kunye ne-tebuconazole (6%).Uluhlu lokufumanisa i-fungicides yi-0.002 ukuya kwi-1.15μg / L.Ewe Kukho imiqondiso yokuba ukwenzeka kwemichiza yokungunda kungokwexesha lonyaka, kwaye izinga lokubona liphezulu ekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kokwindla kunasentlakohlaza, kwaye izinga lokufumanisa liphezulu.Kwezinye iindawo, imichiza yokungunda yabhaqwa kuzo zonke iisampuli eziqokelelweyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba imisinga ethile inokuvela kulo lonke ixesha lonyaka…”
Utshintsho ekusetyenzisweni kunye nezehlo zezitshabalalisi kumanzi angaphezulu kwindawo yaseCalifornia ekhulisa irayisi.Olu phononongo olukhutshwe yi-USGS ngo-2011 “luphande utshintsho kumgangatho wamanzi wamasimi erayisi aseCalifornia, olubaluleke kakhulu kwi-Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, iSacramento/San Joaquin River Delta yindawo yokuhlala ebalulekileyo kubantu abaninzi abasongelwa yindalo.I-92 ye-pesticides kunye neemveliso zokuthotywa kwe-pesticide kwiisampuli zamanzi ahluziweyo zahlalutywa nge-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.I-Azoxystrobin kunye ne-azoxystrobin kunye neemveliso zokuthotywa kwe-pesticide zifunyenwe kwisampuli nganye.I-3,4-DCA (imveliso ephambili yokubola yepropane), i-concentrations eyayiyi-136 kunye ne-128μg, ngokulandelanayo./L, i-clomazone kunye ne-thiobencarb zifunyenwe ngaphezu kwe-93% yeesampuli zamanzi, ubuninzi boxinzelelo be-19.4 kunye ne-12.4μg /L.Ipropylene glycol ikhona kwi-60% yeesampuli ezinobuninzi be-concentration ye-6.5μg / L.
Uhlalutyo lobungakanani be-Organic Phosphate Pesticides kuManzi okuSela eziDolophini Olu phononongo, olupapashwe kwi-International Journal ye-Mass Spectrometry ngo-2011, lusebenzise indlela enovakalelo yokulinganisa iikhompawundi ezisibhozo ze-organic kwiisampulu zamanzi ezinoxinzelelo lwe-ngL-1.Amayeza e-phosphate.Abaphandi bafumene i-monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, kunye ne-methazine kwi-organic phosphates emanzini okusela kunye nogutyulo oluqokelelwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeso sixeko.
Uthelekiso lokubaleka kwemichiza yokhula ebaleni kunye nelahleko yokuguquguquka: uhlolo lwendawo lweminyaka esibhozo.Inqaku le-2010 elipapashwe kwiphephancwadi elithi "Umgangatho weNdalo" lifunde ukugijima kunye nokuguqulwa kwe-diazepam kunye ne-metapropamide.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba nangona uxinzelelo lwe-vapor ye-herbicides ezimbini luphantsi, ukulahlekelwa kwabo kwe-volatilization kukhulu kakhulu kunokulahlekelwa kwe-runoff (<0.007).Ubuninzi belahleko ebalekayo yonyaka ye-alachlor ayizange idlule i-2.5%, kwaye i-runoff of attrition ayizange idlule i-3% yesicelo.Kwelinye icala, ilahleko eyongezelekayo ye-volatilization ye-herbicide emva kweentsuku ezi-5 iqala malunga ne-5-63% ye-metolachlor kunye malunga ne-2-12% ye-dezine.Ukongezelela, ukulahlekelwa kwe-volatilization ye-herbicides emini kwakukhulu kakhulu kunokulahleka komphunga ebusuku (<0.05).Olu phononongo luqinisekisile ukuba ilahleko ngumphunga kwezinye izibulali zityalo ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zikholisa ukugqitha ilahleko ebalekayo.Kwindawo enye kunye nokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokulawula efanayo, ilahleko yomphunga we-herbicide iya kwahluka kakhulu unyaka nonyaka ngenxa yeemeko zokusingqongileyo zendawo.”
Iindlela zokuxinana kwezibulali zinambuzane kwimilambo yasezidolophini eMelika.Ukususela ngo-1992 ukuya kutsho ngo-2008, uphando lowama-2010 olwakhutshwa yiUnited States Geological Survey lwaqokelela iisampulu kwimilambo yasezidolophini eUnited States lwaza lwajonga ubukho “bemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula esibhozo kunye nemveliso enye yokuwohloka.”(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol kunye nedakota, kunye ne-insecticide ezintlanu Kunye neemveliso ezimbini zokuwohloka (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulbicide herrendipronil). Iziphumo zibonisa Iimpawu ezininzi ezibalulekileyo, nokuba ziphezulu okanye zisezantsi, ziyahluka ngendlela ezitshintsha ngayo ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha, ummandla, kunye nemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula.
Kwi-2002-05, i-anthropogenic organic compounds kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezisithoba zoluntu zaye zarhoxiswa kwimisinga.Uphononongo olwapapashwa yi-United States Geological Survey (USGS) ngo-2008 lwafumanisa ukuba “malunga nesiqingatha (134) sekhompawundi zabhaqwa kanye ubuncinane kwisampulu zemithombo yamanzi.Ngokuqhelekileyo ii-compounds ze-47 (kwi-10% okanye ngaphezulu) Iisampulu), kunye ne-6 i-compounds (i-chloroform, i-r-dezine, i-octazine, i-metolachlor, i-desethylatrazine kunye ne-hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) yafunyanwa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seesampuli ze-HHCB.yeyona khompawundi ifunyenwe rhoqo kwiindawo ezintlanu kwisiza ngasinye (unyaka wonke).Ukufunyaniswa kweklorofomu, i-hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi ye-HHCB kunye ne-acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) ibonisa ukukhutshelwa kwamanzi amdaka kwindawo ephezulu yesitya Kukho unxulumano phakathi kokwenzeka kunye nobukho bemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula.Imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula i-attriazine, i-simazine kunye ne-metolachlor ikwazezona zikhompawundi zixhaphakileyo zibonwa.Le michiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kunye neemveliso zokonakaliswa kwamanye amayeza aqhelekileyo okutshabalalisa ukhula zidla ngokunxulumana noVavanyo lwekhompawundi yabazali kwiindawo ezifanayo okanye eziphezulu.Ngokuqhelekileyo iqulethe umxube weekhompawundi ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu.Itotali yenani leekhompawundi kunye netotali yazo c Njengoko inani lomhlaba wasezidolophini kunye nowezolimo kwisitya lisanda, ukuxinana kwesampulu kudla ngokunyuka. "
Ukususela ngo-1991 ukuya ku-2004, umgangatho wamanzi wamaqula asekhaya kwi-aquifers enkulu e-United States.Eli linqaku lika-2008 elipapashwe yi-United States Geological Survey (USGS) njengenxalenye yeNkqubo yoVavanyo loMgangatho waManzi weSizwe.“Iisampulu zamanzi zathathwa ngo-1991-2004.Aqokelelwa kumaqula asemakhaya (amanzi okusela kumaqula abucala asetyenziswa ezindlini) ukuhlalutya ungcoliseko kumanzi okusela.Ngokwenkcazelo yoMthetho waManzi okuSela aKhuselekileyo, ungcoliseko luthathwa njengazo zonke izinto ezisemanzini… Zimalunga nama-23 zizonke.I-% yequla inongcoliseko olunye ubuncinane olunoxinzelelo olukhulu kune-MCL okanye i-HBSL.Ngokusekwe kuhlalutyo lweesampulu ezivela kwimithombo ye-1389, uninzi lwezinto ezingcolisayo kwezi sampuli ziye zalinganiswa ... "
Uphononongo lwezenzululwazi lovavanyo lwejoloji ye-Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem e-United States kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kulawulo lokusingqongileyo.Eli nqaku lapapashwa yi-USGS ngo-2007 lishwankathelwa ngolu hlobo: “Utshintsho kusetyenziso lomhlaba, umgangatho wamanzi kwisitya, kuquka izondlo, intlenga kunye nezinto ezingcolisa umoya;Ngokuphathelele utshintsho oluhlala ixesha elide kumgangatho wamanzi echweba, indawo ehlala echwebeni igxile kwizityalo zasemanzini ezingaphantsi kwamanzi nakwimigxobhozo, kwanoothunywashe abachaphazela iintlanzi neentaka zasemanzini.”… “Izitshabalalisi zokwenziwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neemveliso ezithile zokonakala bezikumanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye nemisinga yeGulf Basin Ibhaqwe ngokubanzi.Awona mayeza aqhelekileyo okubulala izitshabalalisi asetyenziswa kumbona, kwiimbotyi zesoya nakwiinkozo ezincinci.Amayeza okubulala izinambuzane nawo ayabhaqwa ezixekweni.I-pesticides ikhona unyaka wonke, kodwa utshintsho ekugxininiseni kwabo lubonisa izinga lesicelo kunye neempawu ezichaphazela ukufuduka kwabo;Ungcoliseko olusakhulayo olufana neziyobisi kunye namahomoni nawo afunyenwe kwiGulf Basin, enesona sixa siphezulu kugutyulo lukamasipala.
Izibulali zinambuzane kwezolimo kunye neemveliso ezithile zokonakaliswa kwiindawo ezintlanu ezinamaza kunye neziqu zeChesapeake Bay eMelika.Inqaku elapapashwa “kwi-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” ngo-2007 lafunda izibulali-zinambuzane kwezolimo kwimimandla emihlanu enemisinga: “Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ka-2000, iisampulu zamanzi angaphezulu zaqokelelwa kwiindawo ezili-18 eChesapeake Bay.Uhlalutyo lwezitshabalalisi.Ngo-2004, izikhululo zemozulu ezingama-61 kwiindawo ezininzi ezinamaza zaphawulwa njengezitshabalalisi ezingama-21 kunye neemveliso ezili-11 zokonakala, ezithathu kuzo zimi kwiPeninsula yezoLimo iDel Mar: uMlambo iChester, uMlambo iNantic kunye noMlambo iPocomok, iindawo ezimbini ezisentshona isixeko.Amanxweme: iRhode River, iProcyon kunye neLower Mobok Bay, kuquka uMlambo iHou kunye noMlambo iPokson.Kwezi zifundo zimbini, imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula kunye neemveliso zazo zokuthotywa zezona zixhaphakileyo ngo-2000, i-pyrazine kunye ne-alachlor zifunyenwe kuzo zonke iziza eziyi-18 ngo-2000. Ngo-2004, owona mthamo mkhulu wokubulala ukhula wabazali wafunyanwa kwindawo ephezulu yeChester River.Kwezi zifundo, naluphi na uhlalutyo Ugxininiso lwezinto yi-ethane sulfonic acid ye-2,900 ng / L metolachlor (MESA) kuMlambo waseNanticoke.Imveliso yokuthotywa kwe-MESA ifumaneka kwi-Pocomoke River (2,100 ng / L) kunye ne-Chester River (1,200 ng / L).Ugxininiso lwe-analyte ku-L) nalo luphezulu. "
Umgangatho waManzi eSizwe-Izitshabalalisi kwiMilambo yeSizwe nakumanzi aphantsi komhlaba.Inqaku lika-2006 elapapashwa yi-USGS ukususela ngo-1992 ukuya ku-2001 lijolise ekuphenduleni: "Yintoni umgangatho wemilambo kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba kwilizwe lethu?Utshintsha njani umgangatho ngokuhamba kwexesha?Ziziphi iimpawu zendalo kunye nemisebenzi yabantu?Ukuchaphazela umgangatho wemilambo kunye namanzi aphantsi komhlaba.Ziphi ezi ziphumo zibonakala kakhulu?Ngokudibanisa ulwazi malunga neekhemikhali zamanzi, iimpawu ezibonakalayo, iindawo zokuhlala emilanjeni kunye nezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, inkqubo ye-NAWQA ijolise ekuboneleleni ngendlela esekelwe kwisayensi kwimiba yamanzi akhoyo kunye asakhulayo kunye nezinto eziphambili Iimbono ze-NAWQA.Iziphumo ze-NAWQA zinceda ukwenza izigqibo ezizizo ukwenza ulawulo lwamanzi olusebenzayo kunye nokhuseleko lomgangatho wamanzi kunye nobuchule bokubuyisela.
Imodeli yetyhefu yasemanzini yendawo yonxweme elawulwa yizolimo eCalifornia yapapashwa ngo-1999 kwezoLimo, i-Ecosystem kunye nokusiNgqongileyo.“Injongo kukuphanda ngesehlo, ubuzaza, umthombo kunye nonobangela wetyhefu yasemanzini yongcoliseko olungelulo lweendawo kwimilambo namachweba aselunxwemeni.Igalelo elingcolisekileyo elivela kwimimandla yezolimo neyedolophu kufutshane nenkqubo yechweba loMlambo iPajaro, amachweba akhethiweyo, imilambo enyukayo, imijelo yodaka kunye neendawo ezisixhenxe kwimisele yokuhambisa amanzi ezolimo ukuchonga imijelo enokubangela ukubaleka ukuya echwebeni.Amayeza amathathu okubulala izitshabalalisi (i-toxaphene, i-DDT kunye ne-diazinon zifunyenwe ziphezulu kunemiqobo yetyhefu epapashiweyo kubomi basemanzini bengingqi, ubutyhefu bechweba Lechweba Ngokuphawulekayo linxulumene nokunyuka kokuhamba komlambo.
Uphando lwamanzi kunye nempilo yabantu lufumanise ukuba i-triclosan kunye neemveliso zayo zokubola ziyityhefu zingcolise amachibi anamanzi acocekileyo.Uphononongo olupapashwe ngo-2013 yiNzululwazi yokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji isampula intlenga yamachibi amanzi acocekileyo eMinnesota, kubandakanya iLake Superior.Umbhali-mbhali wolu phando, uGqr. Bill Arnold, unjingalwazi kwiYunivesithi yaseMinnesota, wathi: “Sifumanise ukuba kuwo onke amachibi, kukho i-triclosan kwintlenga, yaye ukususela ekuyilweni kwe-triclosan ngowe-1964, ukuxinana kukonke. iye Yanda.Kude kube namhlanje.Sikwafumanise ukuba kukho ezinye iikhompawundi ezisixhenxe eziphuma kwi-triclosan, ezikwintlenga, kwaye ukugxila kwazo kuyanda ngokuhamba kwexesha.Ezinye iimveliso zokubola ezifunyenwe zizazinzulu Ziyi polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), udidi lweekhemikhali ezaziwa njengetyhefu ebantwini nakwizilwanyana zasendle.Funda ingeniso ethi "IiNdaba zokususwa kwezitshabalalisi", ngoJanuwari 2013.
Ukwenzeka kunye nemithombo enokubakho yezibulali-zinambuzane zepyrethroid kwintlenga yemilambo yeendawo ezisixhenxe zedolophu eMelika.Olu pho nonongo luka-2012 olupapashwe kwiNzululwazi yeNdalo kunye neTeknoloji luhlaziywe idatha yelizwe malunga nezinambuzane ze-pyrethroid., Kwafunyaniswa ukuba "i-pyrethroids enye okanye ngaphezulu yafunyanwa phantse kwisiqingatha seesampuli, phakathi kwayo i-bifenthrin inezinga eliphezulu lokubhaqa.Rhoqo (41%), kwaye ifunyenwe kuyo yonke ingingqi yemetropolitan.Ifunyenwe Ukuphindaphinda kwe-cyfluthrin, i-cypermethrin, i-permethrin kunye ne-permetrin iphantsi kakhulu.Uxinzelelo lwe-pyrethroid kunye nokufa kwe-hyaluronic acid kulingo lweentsuku ezingama-28 kusezantsi kunezifundo ezininzi zemilambo yasezidolophini.Ukuguqulwa kwe-Logarithmic yee-pyrethroids ezipheleleyo Iiyunithi ze-Toxic (TUs) zihambelana kakhulu namazinga okuphila, kwaye i-bifenthrin inokuba noxanduva lobuninzi betyhefu ebonwayo.Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba iipyrethroids ziqhele ukufunyanwa kwintlenga yemilambo yasezidolophini kwaye inokubekwa kuyo yonke imilambo Izinto ezinetyhefu.Ilizwe.”
Iimpawu ze-Urinary biomarkers ye-prenatal Atrazine exposure kunye neziphumo zokuzalwa ezibi kwiqela le-PELAGIE lokuzalwa.Olu pho nonongo lupapashwe kwi-"Environmental Health Perspective" kwaye "ivavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kweziphumo zokuzalwa ezimbi kunye ne-urinary biomarkers ye-prenatal atrazine exposure.Ubudlelwane phakathi kwala michiza mibini yokutshabalalisa ukhula kunye nokuvezwa kweminye imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula esetyenziswa kwizityalo zombona (i-octazine, i-pretilachlor, i-metolachlor kunye ne-acetochlor)… Olu phononongo lusebenzise uyilo lweqela letyala, kwaye ityala laqalwa ngo-2002 Kwiqela lokuzalwa elilindelekileyo elaqhutywa eBrittany, EFransi kude kube ngu-2006. Siqokelele iisampulu zomchamo kubasetyhini abakhulelweyo ukuvavanya iimpawu ze-biomarkers zokuvezwa kwe-pesticide phambi kwe-19.Olu phononongo lwalungowokuqala ukuvavanya ubudlelwane phakathi kweziphumo zokuzalwa kunye ne-triazines kunye ne-triazines.Uphononongo ngonxulumano lweempawu ezininzi zebhayoloji zomchamo we-chloroacetanilide evezwe ngemichiza yokhula.Kumazwe apho isasetyenziswa i-atrazine, ubungqina obunxulumene neziphumo zokuzalwa ezimbi buye batsala ingqalelo ekhethekileyo.”
Uvavanyo lwamalungelo oluntu lwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula emoyeni nakwiDelta Lake e-Oregon, ingxelo ka-2011 ekhutshwe yiKomiti yeeNgcebiso zokusiNgqongileyo kunye namaLungelo oLuntu yafunda ukuvezwa kwemichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula emoyeni kwiindawo ezikufutshane neentsapho kunye neziphumo zazo zempilo kwezi ntsapho.“Emva kokuba u-Weyerhaeuser eqhube ukutshiza nge-aerial nge-8 ka-Epreli kunye ne-19 ka-Epreli, ngokulandelelana, iisampulu zomchamo kubahlali abangama-34, kubandakanywa nabahlali, zanikwa ilabhoratri yeYunivesithi yase-Emory kwaye zavavanywa kunye no-2, Ubukho be-4-D.Zonke iisampulu ze-urea ezingamashumi amathathu anesine zifunyaniswe zinayo yomibini imichiza yokutshabalalisa ukhula.Imizekelo emibini: i-atrazine yomchamo womntu omdala inyuke nge-129 kumchamo emva kokusetyenziswa emoyeni %, ukwanda kwe-31% kumchamo we-2,4-D, ukunyuka kwe-163% kumthamo we-atrazine kumchamo womfazi omdala. umhlali, kunye ne-54 kunye neenyanga ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo xa kuthelekiswa nenqanaba lesiseko, ipesenti ye-2,4-D kumchamo emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-aerial kuye kwanda.Ngokwembono yemigangatho yamalungelo oluntu, oku kunokubangela uxanduva lwe-arhente. "
Izifo ezibukhali ze-pesticide ezinxulumene ne-off-target pesticide drift ezibangelwa zizicelo zezolimo: amazwe ali-11, 1998-2006, isifundo sapapashwa kwi-"Environmental Health Perspective", "iqikelela iziganeko zezifo ezinzima ezibangelwa yi-pesticide drift kwizicelo zezolimo zangaphandle. , kwaye ibonakalisa ukuchanabeka nokugula.”Iziphumo zibonisa: “Ukususela ngowe-1998 ukusa kowama-2006, siye safumanisa amatyala angama-2945 anxulumene nokulahlekelwa kwezibulali zinambuzane kumazwe ali-11.Iziphumo zethu zibonisa ukuba i-47% yabantu i-Exposure emsebenzini, i-92% yabantu ithwaxwa zizifo ezingaphantsi, kunye ne-14% yabantwana (ngaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-15).Kule minyaka ye-9, iziganeko zonyaka zivela kwi-1.39 ukuya kwi-5.32 kwisigidi sabantu.ECalifornia Phakathi kwemimandla emihlanu enzima kwezolimo, izehlo ezipheleleyo zabasebenzi bezolimo (iminyaka eyi-million yabantu) yi-114.3, abanye abasebenzi ngu-0.79, abangasebenziyo yi-1.56, kwaye abahlali bayi-42.2.Ukufakwa kwezinto ezitshisayo emhlabeni kubalela esona sabelo sikhulu (45%) sezicelo ze-Aviation zibalelwa kuma-24% eemeko.Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezibangela iimeko zokukhukuliseka zibandakanya iimeko zemozulu, ukutywinwa ngokungafanelekanga kweendawo zokutshisa, kunye nokungakhathali kwabafaki-zicelo kufutshane neendawo ekungajoliswanga kuzo.”Olu hlolisiso lwaqukumbela ngelithi: “Ngenxa yokuchanabeka, abasebenzi bezoLimo nabahlali kwimimandla yezolimo banelona nani liphakamileyo letyhefu yezibulali-zinambuzane, yaye ukufunxa umhlaba kuyeyona ngozi inkulu, ebangela iingozi ezinkulu.Iziphumo zethu zophando ziqaqambisa iindawo apho ungenelelo lungancitshiswa ukusuka ekuphambukeni.
Ngaba izithintelo zokukhulelwa ngomlomo zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwi-estrogenicity yamanzi okusela?Uphononongo lwe-2011 luhlaziywe uncwadi kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo ye-estrogen ebusweni, amanzi kunye namanzi okusela ukugqiba ukuba ii-OCs zingumthombo we-estrogen kumanzi angaphezulu, egxile kwiimolekyuli ezisebenzayo ezivela kwi-OC.Umbhali ufumene ukuba izixhobo zoshishino kunye nezolimo azikhuphi nje i-estrogen, kodwa zikhupha ezinye iikhemikhali ezinobungozi ezinokuxelisa i-estrogen.Ezi khompawundi zonyusa ungcoliseko lwe-estrogen lulonke lonikezelo lwethu lwamanzi.Uphononongo luchonge izibulali-zinambuzane njengento enegalelo kwi-estrogen emanzini.Amayeza amaninzi okubulala izinambuzane abizwa ngokuba ziixenoestrogens.Baxelisa i-estrogen kwaye batshabalalise inkqubo ye-endocrine.Uphononongo "Ngaba izicwangcisi zomlomo zenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwi-estrogen emanzini okusela?"yapapashwa kwiNzululwazi ngokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji.Funda "IiNdaba zokususwa kwePesticide Daily" ukususela ngoDisemba ka-2010.
Iimpawu zomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini kunye namanqanaba e-hormone yokuzala yabasetyhini abavezwe kwi-azine emanzini okusela "UPhando lweNdalo" Ingxelo epapashwe kwi-2011 "ifunde ubudlelwane phakathi kokuvezwa kwe-azine emanzini okusela kunye nomsebenzi wokujikeleza kokuya esikhathini (kubandakanywa namanqanaba e-hormone yokuzala).Ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-18-40 iminyaka yabasetyhini abahlala kwiindawo zezolimo baphendule i-questionnaire (n = 102) kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwe-atrazine (Illinois) kunye nokusetyenziswa okuphantsi kwe-atrazine (Vermont).Idayari yomjikelezo wokuya esikhathini (n = 67), kunye neesampuli zomchamo zemihla ngemihla zinikezelwa uhlalutyo lwe-hormone ye-luteinizing (LH), i-estradiol kunye ne-progesterone metabolites (n = 35).Iimpawu zokuvezwa ziquka ubume bendawo yokuhlala, amanzi etephu, amanzi kamasipala kunye nokuxinwa kwe-atrazine kunye ne-chlorotriazine kumchamo, kunye nomlinganiselo oqikelelweyo wokusetyenziswa kwamanzi.Abasetyhini abahlala e-Illinois kunokwenzeka ukuba bachaze imijikelezo yokuya exesheni engaqhelekanga (iingxaki (OR) = 4.69; 95% yexesha lokuzithemba (CI)): 1.58-13.95), kwaye ikhefu phakathi kweenyanga ezimbini lingaphezulu kweeveki ze-6 (OKANYE = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Ukusetyenziswa kwansuku zonke> iikomityi ezi-2 zamanzi angacocwanga e-Illinois ziya kwandisa amaxesha angaqhelekanga Umngcipheko (OKANYE = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77)."Idosi" eqikelelweyo ye-r kunye ne-chlorotriazine kumanzi ompompo ihambelana ngokungafaniyo nomyinge we-metabolites ye-estradiol kwisigaba esiphakathi se-luteal."Idosi" yoxinaniso lukamasipala we-dezine Ihambelana ngokuthe ngqo nobude bexesha le-follicular, kwaye inxulumene ngokuphambeneyo kwinqanaba le-metabolite ye-progesterone kwisigaba sesibini se-luteal.Ubungqina bokuqala esibunikezayo bubonisa ukuba izinga lokuvezwa kwe-atrazine liphantsi kune-US EPA MCL, ehambelana nokunyuka okungaqhelekanga kokuya esikhathini.Ukwandiswa kwexesha kunxulumene nokuncipha kwinqanaba le-endocrine biomarkers kumjikelo wokuba sexesheni wokungazali. ”
Uvavanyo lomngcipheko wesitshabalalisi se-turfgrass esibaleka emanzini okusela.IYunivesithi yaseCornell (iYunivesithi yaseCornell) ekhutshwe kwi-2011 yenza uvavanyo lwengozi yempilo yabantu kwi-pesticide ebalekayo ukusuka kwingca kunye neendawo zegalufa kwiindawo ezi-9 zabantu ngokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-Destiny kunye nemodeli yezothutho.Ugxininiso lwezitshabalalisi zezitshabalalisi ezingama-37 ezibhaliselwe ukusetyenziswa kumabala egalufa zithelekiswe nemigangatho yamanzi okusela… Kwi-fairways, zombini i-isoproturon kunye ne-24-D zivelise imingcipheko ebukhali nengapheliyo kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwe-3.Kuphela imingcipheko enokubakho yokusebenzisa i-chlorobutanil kwimifino eluhlaza kunye ne-T-shirts ifunyenwe.I-MCPA, ingca ye-dione kunye ne-24-D efakwe kwingca inokubangela imingcipheko ebukhali kunye nengapheliyo.I-concentration ye-acephate esetyenzisiweyo kwi-fairways ene-RQ≥0.01 ebukhali kwiindawo ezine yayiyeyona iphakamileyo, kwaye i-concentration ye-oxadiazon efakwe kwi-lawn ene-RQ≥0.01 engapheliyo e-Houston yayiyeyona iphakamileyo.I-pesticide concentration kwi-fairway yeyona iphakamileyo, kwaye i-pesticide concentration kwindawo eluhlaza iyona iphantsi.Elona galelo likhulu liye labonwa kwiindawo ezinemvula ephezulu yonyaka kunye namaxesha onyaka okukhula ixesha elide, ngelixa eyona mpembelelo incinci iye yabonwa kwiindawo ezinemvula ephantsi.Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezinemvula enkulu banokuba sesichengeni esiphezulu kwimichiza yokutshabalalisa i-turf emanzini abo okusela kunokuba bekuqikelelwe yi-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US yovavanyo lomngcipheko.”
Ukutya kwe-nitrate kunye nomngcipheko womhlaza we-thyroid kunye nesifo se-thyroid.Uphononongo olupapashwe kwi-Epidemiology kwi-2010 luphanda ukungeniswa kwe-nitrate kumanzi oluntu kunye nokutya kwiqela le-21977 yabasetyhini abadala e-Iowa.Ubudlelwane phakathi kokungena kunye nomhlaza we-thyroid kunye nomngcipheko wokuzibika nge-hypothyroidism kunye ne-hyperthyroidism.Babhalisa ngo-1986 kwaye basebenzise umthombo ofanayo wamanzi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10.Iziphumo zibonise ukuba abafazi abasebenzisa amanzi oluntu kunye nenqanaba le-nitrate le-5 milligrams ilitha nganye (mg / ilitha) okanye ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu babenokwanda okuphindwe kathathu kumngcipheko womhlaza we-thyroid.Ukonyuka kwe-nitrate yokutya kuhambelana nomngcipheko we-thyroid kunye nokuxhaphaka kwe-hypothyroidism, kodwa kungekhona nge-hyperthyroidism.Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba i-nitrate inqanda amandla e-thyroid ekusebenziseni iodide, efunekayo ekusebenzeni kwe-thyroid."Ukufunda kwi-Nitrate Intake kunye neNgozi yoMhlaza we-Thyroid kunye ne-Thyroid Disease" yapapashwa kwi-epidemiology.Funda “IiNdaba zokususwa kwezibulali zinambuzane” ukususela ngoJulayi ka-2010.
Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi kunye neziphene zokuZalwa kuManzi oMphezulu eUnited States Olu phononongo, lwapapashwa kwi-Acta Paediatrica ngo-2009, luphande “ukuba umngcipheko wokuzalwa kweziphene kubantwana abazelwe ukuzalwa kucingelwa ukuba kwiinyanga ezinezona zibulali-zinambuzane ziphezulu emanzini mkhulu…” iqukumbelele Isiphelo sesokuba “ukwanda kokuxinana kwezibulali-zinambuzane phakathi kweentsana ezizalwa ziphila i-LMP ukusuka ku-Epreli ukuya kuJulayi kunomngcipheko ophezulu wokuzalwa uneziphene kwiintsana emanzini angaphezulu.Nangona olu phononongo lungenako ukubonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwezibulali-zinambuzane kunye neziphene zokuzalwa, olu nxulumano lunokubonelela ngemikhondo kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ekwabelwana ngazo kwezi ziguquko zimbini.Funda ungeno lwe “Pesticide Removal Daily News” ukusukela ngoAprili 2009.
IiDioxins kwi-triclosan ziya zifumaneka emanzini.Uphononongo olupapashwe ngo-2010 yiNzululwazi ngokusiNgqongileyo kunye neTekhnoloji luphande iisampulu ezingundoqo zentlenga eziqulethe iirekhodi eziqokelelweyo zongcoliseko olusuka ePepin Lake kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo.I-Ping Lake iyinxalenye yoMlambo i-Mississippi iikhilomitha ezili-120 ezantsi ukusuka eMinneapolis-St.Indawo yasePaul Metropolitan.Iisampulu zentlenga zaye zahlalutywa i-triclosan, i-triclosan kunye nee-dioxins ezine kulo lonke usapho lwekhemikhali ye-dioxin.Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba nangona amanqanaba azo zonke ezinye i-dioxins ehlile nge-73-90% kwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlulileyo, amanqanaba e-dioxins amane ahlukeneyo avela kwi-triclosan anyuke nge-200-300%.Funda iindaba zemihla ngemihla Ngaphaya Kwezibulali-zinambuzane, ngoMeyi 2010.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi kakuhle kunye nesifo sikaParkinson kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni zaseCalifornia.Uphononongo lwe-2009 lwapapashwa "kwiNdlela yeMpilo yokuSingqongileyo" kwaye yafunda ii-pesticides ezingama-26, ngakumbi ii-pesticides ezi-6.“Zikhetheni kuba zinokungcolisa amanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye kuba ziyingozi kwiPD.Yakhethwa, kwaye ubuncinci i-10% yabemi bethu yabhencwa. ”Ngala: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate kunye nemethomyl.I-exposure to proppropgite inxulumene kakhulu nesiganeko sePD, kunye nokwanda kwe-90% kumngcipheko.Isasetyenziswa eCalifornia, ikakhulu kumandongomane, umbona kunye neediliya.I-Toxic rif yayisetyenziselwa ikhemikhali eqhelekileyo yemihla ngemihla, ehambelana ne-87% yengozi ephezulu yePD.Nangona yayivaliwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwindawo yokuhlala ngo-2001, isasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizityalo zaseCalifornia.I-Methomyl ikwanyuse umngcipheko wokugula ngama-67%.Funda ungeno lwe “Pesticide Removal Daily News”, ngo-Agasti 2009.
Ukuqengqeleka kwendawo yokuhlala ngumthombo wezibulali-zinambuzane zepyrethroid kwimisinga yasezidolophini.Uphononongo olupapashwe kwi-“Environmental Pollution” ngo-2009 luphande “inkunkuma kwiindawo zokuhlala ezikufutshane ne-Sacramento, eCalifornia… unyaka.Iipyrethroids zikhona kwisampulu nganye.I-Bifenthrin isemanzini I-concentration ephezulu yi-73 ng / L, kwaye i-concentration ephezulu kwi-sediment emisiwe yi-1211 ng / g.I-Pyrethroids zezona zinto zibalulekileyo zophando lwe-toxicological, zilandelwa yi-cypermethrin kunye ne-cyfluthrin.I-Bifenthrin inokuvela ekusetyenzisweni Nangona ipateni yexesha lokukhutshwa kwi-drain ihambelana ngakumbi nokusetyenziswa kobuchwephesha njengowona mthombo oyintloko wokusetyenziswa ngabasebenzi okanye abalawuli bezinambuzane abaziingcali.Ekuthutheni iipyrethroids ukuya kwimisinga yasezidolophini, ukubaleka kwamanzi emvula kubaluleke kakhulu kunokunkcenkceshela ngexesha elomileyo.Izaqhwithi ezinamandla zinokukhupha ukuya kutsho kwiinxalenye ezingama-250 zamanzi ebifenthrin kwimilambo yasezidolophini ngeeyure ezi-3, yaye oku kuyinyaniso nakwiinyanga ezi-6 zokunkcenkceshela.”
Ubuthi be-pyrethroids kunye ne-organophosphate pesticides kwiindawo ezimbini zonxweme zamanzi (eCalifornia, eU.SA) zapapashwa "kwi-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" ngo-2012, eyayifunda utshintsho ekugxininiseni kunye netyhefu ye-organophosphates kunye ne-pyrethroids.“Iziza ezilishumi zathathwa kwiindawo zophononongo ezine.Enye indawo yachatshazelwa sisixeko kwaye enye yayikwimimandla yemveliso yezolimo.Intakumba yamanzi entakumba (Ceriodaphnia dubia) yasetyenziswa ukuhlola ubutyhefu bamanzi, kwaye i-amphibian Hyalella Azteca yasetyenziswa ukuhlola ubutyhefu bentlenga.Uhlalutyo lokuchongwa kweKhemistri lubonise ukuba uninzi lwetyhefu ejongiweyo yamanzi ibangelwe zizitshabalalisi ze-organophosphate, ingakumbi i-rif eyityhefu, ngelixa ubutyhefu bentlenga bubangelwa ngumxube wezitshabalalisi zepyrethroid.Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa komhlaba wezolimo kunye nowezidolophini Kufak' isandla kwityhefu yokuxinana kwezi zibulali zinambuzane kwindawo ekufutshane namanzi…”
Iialmond zisebenzisa i-organophosphates kunye neepyrethroids kwiNtlambo yaseSan Joaquin kunye nemingcipheko yazo enxulumene nokusingqongileyo.Olu phononongo luka-2012 olupapashwe kwiJournal of Soils and Sediments lusebenzise i-California Pesticide Use Reports database ukumisela indlela yokusetyenziswa kwe-organic phosphorus (OP) kunye nepyrethroids kwialmonds ukusuka ku-1992 ukuya ku-2005. yehlisiwe.Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo ze-pyrethroid pesticides zafunyanwa zichasene.Kolu phononongo, iipyrethroids azinabungozi kangako kokusingqongileyo kune-OP.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba “ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane kulimo olungqongqo kunye neengozi ezinxulumene nemekobume kunempembelelo embi kwizinto ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphilayo.”
Ukufunyanwa kwe-neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid kumanzi angaphezulu kwamanzi kwiindawo ezintathu zezolimo eCalifornia, eU.SA, 2010-2011, uphando lwe-2012 olupapashwe kwi-Bulletin ye-2012 ye-Environmental Pollution kunye ne-Toxicology Bulletin iqokelele iindawo ezintathu zezolimo eCalifornia 75 iisampulu zamanzi angaphezulu kwisithili, kunye "neonicotinoids" insecticide imidacloprid yahlalutywa.Iisampulu zaqokelelwa ngexesha lonyaka lokunkcenkceshela elomileyo eCalifornia ngo-2010 nango-2011. Imidacloprid yabhaqwa kwiisampulu ezingama-67 (89%).Ugxininiso lugqithise umgangatho we-1.05μg / L (19%) yezinto eziphilayo ezingapheliyo zasemanzini ezingenamqolo kwiisampuli ze-14 ze-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo yase-US (EPA).Ugxininiso lukwakhulu ngokubanzi kunezikhokelo zetyhefu ezifanayo ezisekwe eYurophu naseKhanada.Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba i-imidacloprid idla ngokufudukela kwezinye iindawo kwaye ingcolise amanzi angaphezulu, kwaye ukugxininiswa kwayo kunokulimaza izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini emva kokusetyenziswa phantsi kweemeko zezolimo ezinkcenkceshelwa eCalifornia.”
Inqanaba le-chlorthalidone ye-fungicide kunye ne-corticosterone kwii-amphibians, ukugonywa kunye nokufa akuhambelani.Uphononongo olupapashwe kwi-"Environmental Health View" ngo-2011 lubonise ukuba eyona ntsholongwane isetyenziswa kakhulu e-United States, i-chlorothalonil idosi ephantsi inokubulala amasele.Ngokutsho kwabaphandi, ungcoliseko lweekhemikhali lubhekwa njengesongelo sesibini esikhulu kunazo zonke kwiintlobo zasemanzini nase-amphibian e-United States.Ngenxa yokuba iinkqubo ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ze-amphibians zifana nabantu, abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba i-amphibians inokuba yimodeli engasetyenziswanga yokufunda imiphumo yezinto zekhemikhali kwimpilo yabantu kwindalo, kwaye izimisele ukulinganisa impendulo yee-amphibians kwi-chlorothalonil.Funda ungeno lwe “Pesticide Removal Daily News”, April 2011.
Iimpembelelo zobuchwephesha bokulawula iimbovane ekubalekeni nasekusebenzeni kwesitshabalalisi sesitshabalalisi Olu phononongo luka-2010 olupapashwe kwiNzululwazi yoLawulo lwezitshabalalisi luphande ukuqukuqela kweembovane kwiindawo zokuhlala (ingakumbi i-bifenthrin okanye izitshizi ze-fipronil)."Ngethuba le-2007, i-concentration ye-bifenthrin spray kumanzi okunkcenkceshela yayiyi-14.9 microg L (-1) i-1 iveki emva kokunyanga, kunye ne-2.5 microg L (-1) kwiiveki ze-8 , Ziphezulu ngokwaneleyo.Inetyhefu kwizinto eziphilayo zasemanzini ezinovakalelo.Ngokwahlukileyo, emva kweeveki ze-8 zonyango kunye ne-bifenthrin granules, akukho xinzelelo olufunyenwe kumanzi ahambayo.Umyinge wokuxinwa kwe-fipronil esetyenziswe njenge-peripheral spray emva kokunyanga i-4.2 micrograms L (-1) ye-1 iveki kunye ne-0.01 micrograms L (-1) kwiiveki ze-8.Ixabiso lokuqala likwabonisa ukuba inokuba novelwano kwizinto eziphilayo.Ngo-2008, ukusetyenziswa kweendawo ezingenasitshizi kunye nokusetyenziswa kweperipheral yokuqukuqela kwenaliti kucuthe ukuKhuphuka kwezitshabalalisi.”
Ukuthuthwa kwezibulali zinambuzane kwindawo ebalekayo kwindawo enengca yeentshulube: ubudlelwane phakathi kweempawu zezitshabalalisi kunye nezithuthi zikawonke-wonke.Uphononongo lwapapashwa kwijenali ye-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry ngo-2010. Uvavanyo lwenzelwe “ukulinganisa i-turf njenge Ubungakanani bemichiza yokubulala izitshabalalisi kwi-runoff ukusuka kwibala legalufa fairways” baqonde ngcono izinto ezichaphazela ukufumaneka kweekhemikhali kunye nokuthuthwa kwabantu abaninzi.Xa kuthengwa kwimarike, i-rif enetyhefu esetyenzisiweyo, i-fluoroacetonitrile, i-methacrylic acid (MCPP), ityuwa ye-dimethylamine ye-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) okanye i-1% ukuya kwi-23% ye-dicamba phambi kwemvula efanisiweyo (62 + /- 13 mm), ukubunjwa kwe-pesticide kusetyenziswe kwinqanaba lokumakisha le-23 +/- iiyure ze-9.Umahluko wexesha phakathi kokutyalwa kombindi wetiyi kunye nokubaleka akuchaphazeli kakhulu ukubaleka okanye ipesenti yeekhemikhali ezisetyenzisiweyo ekubalekeni.Ngaphandle kwerifu enetyhefu, zonke iikhemikhali zomdla zichongiwe kwisampulu yokuqala ebalekayo kunye nesiganeko sonke sokubaleka.Iimephu zekhemikhali zezi zibulali-zinambuzane zintlanu zilandela intsingiselo yokuhlelwa kokushukuma okunxulumene nomhlaba we-organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC)).Idatha eqokelelwe kolu phononongo ibonelela ngolwazi malunga nokuthuthwa kwezinto zekhemikhali kwi-turf ebalekayo, enokuthi isetyenziselwe ukulinganisa ukulinganisa ukuxela kwangaphambili okunokubakho kongcoliseko olungelulo mthombo kunye noqikelelo lwemingcipheko ye-ikholoji.”
I-Atrazine yenza ukuba kube ngumfazi okupheleleyo kunye nokuthenwa kweekhemikhali kumasele angamadoda aseAfrika (Xenopus laevis).Olu phononongo, olupapashwe kwiProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ngo-2010, “lungqina iziphumo zokuzala kwe-atrazine kwizilwanyana zasemanzini ezikhulileyo.Iinkunzi ezisesichengeni se-rdesine ziye zonakaliswa zombini (ukuthenwa kweekhemikhali) Waphinda wenziwa ubufazi ngokupheleleyo kubafazi abadala.I-10% yamadoda emfuzo evezwayo aphuhliswe abe ngamabhinqa asebenzayo, adibana neenkunzi ezingavezwanga kwaye avelise amaqanda ngamaqanda.Amadoda asesichengeni seradixine athwaxwa yi testosterone encitshisiweyo , Ubungakanani bamadlala okuzala buyancipha, ukukhula kwelarynx yi-demasculine/feminized, ukuziphatha kokukhwelana kuyathintelwa, i-spermatogenesis iyancipha, kwaye ukuchuma kuyancipha.Olu phononongo “I-Atrazine yenza ukuba amabhinqa apheleleyo kumasele angamadoda ase-Afrika (Xenopus laevis) apapashwe kwi-“Chemistry and Chemical Castration”.Funda iindaba zemihla ngemihla ngaphaya kwezibulali-zinambuzane, ngoMatshi ka-2010.
Ukuzingisa kwe-triclosan kwizityalo zokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye neziphumo zayo ezinokuthi zibe yityhefu kwiifilim zemilambo.Olu pho nonongo olupapashwe kwi-Aquatic Toxicology ngo-2010 luhlolisise imiphumo ye-triclosan ekhutshwe kwizityalo zokucoca amanzi amdaka aseMedithera kwi-algae kunye neebhaktheriya.."Iseti yeendlela zokuvavanya zisetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iziphumo zexesha elifutshane zetriclosan kwi-biofilm algae kunye neebhaktheriya (ukusuka kwi-0.05 ukuya kwi-500 μgL-1).Ukuxinwa kwe-triclosan ehambelana nokusingqongileyo kukhokelela ekwandeni kokufa kwebhaktheriya, kwaye i-concentration ye-no effect (NEC) yi-0.21 μgL-1.Kwinqanaba eliphezulu elivavanyiweyo, iibhaktheriya ezifileyo zibalelwa kwi-85% yenani lilonke lebhaktheriya.I-Triclosan inetyhefu ngakumbi kwiibhaktheriya kune-algae.Njengoko i-concentration ye-triclosan inyuka (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), ukusebenza kwe-photosynthesis Ivinjelwe, kwaye indlela yokucima i-non-photochemical iyancitshiswa.Ukunyuka kwe-triclosan concentration kukwachaphazela ukusebenza kweeseli ze-diatom.Ubutyhefu be-algae bunokuba ngumphumo wempembelelo engathanga ngqo kwi-biofilm toxicity, kodwa ibonwa kuzo zonke iziphelo ezinxulumene ne-algae Ukuncipha okucacileyo kunye nokuncinci kwiziphumo kubonisa umphumo othe ngqo we-fungicide.Ubuthi obufunyenwe kwizinto ezingajoliyo ezikhoyo kwi-biofilm, ukukwazi kwe-triclosan ukuphila ngenkqubo yeplanti yokucocwa kwamanzi amdaka kunye nomthamo owodwa ophantsi wokuhlanjululwa kwenkqubo yeMeditera iya kuba. .”
Izitshabalalisi zePyrethroid kwimijelo yesalmon kwizixeko ezikuMntla-ntshona wePasifiki zapapashwa “kuNgcoliseko lweNdalo” ngo-2010, “Intlenga e-Oregon naseWashington State… Ugxininiso lwazo luyityhefu kakhulu” kwizilwanyana ezingenamqolo.Malunga nesinye kwisithathu sesampulu zentlenga ezingama-35 zineepyrethroids ezinokulinganiswa.Ngokunxulumene nobutyhefu bezinto eziphila emanzini, i-bifenthrin yeyona pyrethroid echaphazelekayo, ehambelana nezifundo zangaphambili kwenye indawo.”
I-Atrazine inciphisa ukuveliswa kweentlanzi ezinamafutha (i-Pimephales promelas).Olu pho nonongo olupapashwe kwi-2010 kwi-aquatic toxicology luveze intlanzi enamafutha kwi-atrazine kwaye yabona iziphumo kwimveliso yeqanda, ukungahambi kakuhle kwezicubu kunye namanqanaba e-hormone.Ngaphantsi kweemeko ezingaphantsi kwezikhokelo zomgangatho wamanzi we-EPA, iintlanzi zibonakaliswe kwiimpawu ezivela kwi-0 ukuya kwi-50 micrograms nganye ilitha ye-desine ukuya kwiintsuku ze-30.Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba i-atrazine iphazamisa umjikelezo oqhelekileyo wokuzala, kwaye intlanzi ayiyi kubeka amaqanda amaninzi emva kokuvezwa kwi-atrazine.Xa kuthelekiswa neentlanzi ezingabonakaliyo, ukuveliswa kweqanda elipheleleyo leentlanzi ezivezwe kwi-atrazine kwakungaphantsi kwe-17 kwiintsuku ze-20 emva kokuvezwa.Intlanzi evezwe kwi-atrazine ibeka amaqanda ambalwa, kwaye izicubu zokuzala zamadoda kunye nabasetyhini zazingaqhelekanga.Funda “Daily News Beyond Pesticides”, June 2010.
Impembelelo ye-nanoparticles kwi-embryos yeentlanzi ezinamafutha amnyama.Olu pho nonongo olupapashwe kwi-Ecotoxicology ngo-2010 luveze intlanzi enentloko emnyama kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zezisombululo ze-nanoparticle ezimisiweyo okanye ezixutywe kwiiyure ze-96 ngexesha lezigaba ezininzi zokuphuhliswa kwayo.Xa i-nanosilver ivunyelwe ukuba ihlale, i-toxicity yesisombululo yancitshiswa ngamaxesha amaninzi, kodwa ibangele ukukhubazeka kweentlanzi ezincinci.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba unyango lwe-ultrasound, i-nano-silver ingabangela izitenxo, kubandakanywa ne-headhemorrhage kunye ne-edema, kwaye ekugqibeleni ukufa.Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba i-nanosilver efakwe kwi-sonicated okanye inqunyanyiswe kwisisombululo inetyhefu kwaye ide ibulale i-minnows enobuthi.Intlanzi enamafutha luhlobo lwento ephilayo edla ngokusetyenziswa ukulinganisa ubutyhefu kubomi basemanzini.Funda iindaba zemihla ngemihla ngaphaya kwezibulali-zinambuzane, ngoMatshi ka-2010.
Uhlalutyo lwemeta olusemgangathweni lubonisa iziphumo ezingaguqukiyo zeradix kwiintlanzi zasemanzini ahlaziyekileyo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.Uphononongo luka-2009 olupapashwe kwi-"Environmental Health Perspective" luhlalutye ngaphezu kwezifundo zenzululwazi ze-100 eziqhutywe kwi-100 radix.Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba iTianjin inempembelelo engathanga ngqo kwiintlanzi kunye nama-amphibians, ngakumbi ukutshatyalaliswa kokugonywa., IiHormones kunye nenkqubo yokuzala."I-Atrazine yanciphisa ubukhulu be-metamorphosis okanye kufuphi ne-metamorphosis kwi-15 yezifundo ze-17 kunye ne-14 yeentlobo ze-14.I-Atrazine iphucule i-amphibians kunye neentlanzi kwi-12 yezifundo ze-13.Kwizifundo ezi-6 kwezisi-7, ukuziphatha kwe-anti-predator kwancitshiswa kwi-6 yezifundo ze-7, kunye nokukwazi ukuvumba kweentlanzi kwii-amphibians zancitshiswa.Ukunciphisa i-13 ye-immune function endpoints kunye ne-16 i-endpoints yosulelo idibene nokunciphisa kwi-7 yezifundo ze-10, i-deflux yatshintsha ubuncinane inkalo enye ye-gonadal morphology kwaye iyaqhubeka nokuchaphazela umsebenzi we-gonadal.Kwi-2 yezifundo ze-2, i-spermatogenesis yatshintshwa kwizifundo ze-7.Ukuxinwa kwamahomoni esondo kwatshintshwa kwi-6 yezifundo.I-Atrazine ayizange ichaphazele i-vitellogenin kwizifundo ze-5, kwaye i-aromatase yongezwa kuphela kwi-1 yezifundo ze-6.Funda "Agrochemical Daily News", Okthobha 2009.
Ungcoliseko lwe-Organohalogen kunye ne-metabolites ebuchotsheni behlengesi kwintshona ye-Atlantiki esentshona.Ingxelo yophando epapashwe kwi-"Environmental Pollution" kwi-2009 ichonge izinto ezingcolileyo ezininzi, ezibandakanya i-organochlorine pesticides (OCs), i-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), i-PCB ye-Hydroxylated (OH-PCBs), i-methylsulfonyl PCBs (i-MeSO2-PCBs, i-polybrominated diphenyl ether) iiretardants kunye ne-OH-PBDEs zifumaneka kwi-cerebrospinal fluid kunye ne-cerebellar grey yezilwanyana ezininzi zaselwandle, kuquka ihlengesi eliqhelekileyo elinomlomo omfutshane, amahlengesi amhlophe e-Atlantic kunye ne-grey seals Ukuxinwa kwee-PCBs kulwelo olungwevu olutywiniweyo lwe-cerebrospinal yinxenye nganye kwisigidi Funda iindaba zemihla ngemihla Ngaphandle Kwezitshabalalisi, ngoMeyi 2009.
Ukusukela ngo-1995 ukuya ku-2004, ubuni obubini babuxhaphakile kwi-American river bass (Micropterus spp.).Uphononongo luka-2009, olupapashwe kwi-Aquatic Toxicology, luvavanye ubuni obubini phakathi kweentlanzi zamanzi acwengileyo kwiindawo ezilithoba eMelika.“Ii-oocyte zamasende (ingakumbi amasende angamadoda aneeseli zentsholongwane yabasetyhini) yeyona ndlela ixhaphakileyo yokwabelana ngesondo ebonwayo, nangona inani elifanayo leenkunzi (n = 1477) nemazi (n = 1633) ziye zahlolwa.Ubuni obubini bufunyenwe kwi-3% yeentlanzi.Phakathi kweentlobo ezili-16 ezivavanyiweyo, iintlobo ezi-4 (25%) kunye neentlanzi ezingama-34 (31%) kwiindawo ezili-111 zifunyenwe iwonga lezesondo.I-Bisexuality ayifumaneki kwiintlobo ezininzi kwindawo enye, kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu kwi-largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides; amadoda 18%) kunye ne-smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu; amadoda angama-33%).Umyinge wentlanzi ye-bisexual fish kwindawo nganye yomlomo omkhulu yi-8-91%, kunye ne-smallmouth bass yi-14-73%.Kumazantsi mpuma eUnited States, izehlo zokuthandana kwabantu besini esinye ziphezulu, e-Apalachicola, eSa Bisexual largemouth bass zikhona kuzo zonke iindawo ezikwiFanner kunye neXiaojian River bass.Nokuba kujongwe na isini, i-mercury epheleleyo, i-trans-HCB, i-p, i-p'-DDE, i-p, i-p'-DDD kunye ne-PCB.
Uthotho lwezingcolisi: Indlela imixube yezibulali-zinambuzane ezixinene kakhulu ezichaphazela ngayo iindawo ezihlala emanzini.Le ngxelo yophando epapashwe kwi-Oecologia ngo-2009 "izifundo zokusebenzisa izibulali-zinambuzane ezintlanu (i-malathion, i-carbaryl, i-rif enetyhefu, i-Diazinon kunye ne-endosulfan) kunye ne-herbicides emihlanu (i-glyphosate, i-atrazine, i-acetochlor), i-concentration ephantsi (2-16 ppb) ye-alachlor, i-alachlor kunye no-2,4-D) Iya kuchaphazela uluntu lwasemanzini oluqulunqwe zii-zooplankton, ii-phytoplankton, ii-epiphytes kunye ne-larval amphibians (isele lomthi ongwevu, isele lomthi, ingwe ehlukeneyo nengwe, iRana pipiens).Ndisebenzise imithombo yeendaba yangaphandle kwaye ndajonga isibulali-zinambuzane ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo, Umxube wezibulali-zinambuzane, umxube wezibulali-zinambuzane nomxube wazo zolishumi izibulali-zinambuzane.”
Ityhefu yezi zinambuzane zimbini kwizinto eziphilayo ezingezizo inyukliya eCalifornia, eMelika, kunye nobudlelwane bayo nokwehla kwenani lezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.Uphononongo olupapashwe kwi-2009 "kwi-Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" luphande ezimbini ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo zinambuzane kumbindi weCalifornia.I-insect agents-ityhefu engapheliyo ye-rif kunye ne-endosulfan.Umbungu womthi wePasifiki wesele (Pseudacris regilla) kunye ne-foothill-yellow-footed frog (Rana boylii), izilwanyana ezihlala emanzini, ziye zala abantu kwaye zihlala kwaye zizala kwiindawo ezinengca ezijikeleze iSierra Nevada.Abaphandi babonisa i-larvae kwi-pesticides ukusuka kwi-Gosner isigaba se-25 ukuya kwi-26 ngokusebenzisa i-metamorphosis.Ingqikelelo yoxinaniso olubulalayo oluphakathi (LC50) lwe-rif eyityhefu yi-365″ g/L kwi-regilla, kunye ne-66.5″ g/L ye-R. boylii.Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba i-endosulfan inetyhefu ngakumbi kuzo zombini ityhefu kune-rif enetyhefu, kwaye xa ibonakaliswe kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-endosulfan, ukuphuhliswa kwezi ntlobo zimbini akuqhelekanga.I-Endosulfan nayo yachaphazela ukukhula kunye nesantya sophuhliso lweentlobo ezimbini.Funda "Agrochemical Daily News", July 2009.
Ukhutshelo loomama lwe-xenobiotics kunye nefuthe layo kwi-larval striped bass yechweba laseSan Francisco.Olu phononongo lwango-2008 olupapashwe kwi-PNAS lufumanise ukuba “iminyaka esi-8 yeziphumo zophando lwelabhoratri zibonakalisa ukuba i-substandard bass yenzeka ekuqaleni kobomi bechweba laseSan Francisco.Izingcolisi ezibulalayo zalibhentsisa ichweba, kwaye abemi baqhubeleka nokuhla ukususela ekuweni kokuqala ngeminyaka yoo-1970.Ii-PCB zeBiologic, ii-polybrominated diphenyl ethers kunye nezibulali-zinambuzane ezisetyenziswayo ngoku/ezinemilenze zifunyenwe kuzo zonke iisampuli zamaqanda asuka kwintlanzi eqokelelwe emlanjeni.Itekhnoloji esebenzisa umgaqo we-stereology engakhethi cala inokubona utshintsho lophuhliso olwalungabonakali ngaphambili ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo.Ukusetyenziswa ngendlela engaqhelekanga komthubi, ukukhula okungaqhelekanga kobuchopho nesibindi, nokukhula ngokubanzi kubonwa kwimibungu yentlanzi eqokelelwa emilanjeni.”
Ukusabela koluntu kunye ne-ecosystems ekuphazamisekeni kwezitshabalalisi kwizitshabalalisi kwi-ikhosistim yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo.Uphononongo olupapashwe kwi-Ecotoxicology ngo-2008 lusebenzise imithombo yeendaba yangaphandle yasemanzini ukumisela imiphumo ye-pesticide eqhelekileyo i-Sevin kunye nesithako esisebenzayo se-carbaryl kwiplankton yamanzi ahlambulukileyo Impembelelo yewebhu yokutya."Sibeke iliso kwimpendulo ye-microorganisms, i-phytoplankton kunye ne-zooplankton yoluntu ukongeza kugxininiso lwe-oxygen.Kungekudala emva kokusetyenziswa kwe-Sevin, i-concentration ye-carbaryl ifikelele kwincopho yayo kwaye iyancipha ngokukhawuleza, kwaye akukho mehluko wonyango wafunyanwa emva kweentsuku ze-30.Kunyango lwe-pulse, i-planktonic Ubuninzi, ukuhlukahluka, ubuninzi, kunye nokuxinwa kwe-oksijini yezilwanyana zehla, ngelixa ubuninzi be-phytoplankton kunye ne-microorganisms zanda.Xa kuthelekiswa noncedo lwe-copods kolunye unyango oluthathu, i-zooplankton kunyango oluphezulu lwe-pesticide yaqulunqwa ikakhulu Iqulunqwe ngama-rotifers.Nangona uninzi lweempawu zoluntu kunye ne-ecosystem zibonisa iimpawu zokuchacha kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-40 emva kokuba zitshatyalaliswe zizibulali-zinambuzane, kusekho umahluko obalulekileyo kunye nobalulekileyo kwiintsholongwane, kwi-phytoplankton kunye noluntu lwe-zooplankton emva kokuthotywa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.”
Uthotho lweziganeko ezingalindelekanga: isiphumo esibulalayo sesibulali-zinambuzane kumasele kwiindawo eziyingozi.Olu phononongo lupapashwe kwi-"Ecology Applications" ngo-2008 "lufunde indlela yokusebenzisa ugxininiso oluphantsi kwiimali ezahlukeneyo, amaxesha kunye needosi (i-10- 250 micrograms / ilitha) ye-insecticide eqhelekileyo yehlabathi (malathion).Amaxesha amaninzi achaphazele uluntu lwasemanzini oluqulathe i-zooplankton, i-phytoplankton, izityalo zasemanzini kunye nezilwanyana zasemanzini ezibungu (ziye zakhuliswa ngokuxinana kabini) kangangeentsuku ezingama-79.Zonke iindlela zokusetyenziswa zikhokelela ekunciphiseni i-zooplankton, eyenza i-trophic cascade apho i-phytoplankton ikhula ngamanani amaninzi.Kwezinye iindlela zonyango, ii-epiphytes ezikhuphisanayo ziye zehla.Ukuncipha kwezityalo zasemanzini kuchaphazela amasele (amasele) Ixesha le-metamorphosis ye-Rana pipiens linempembelelo encinci.Nangona kunjalo, i-leopard frog (i-Rana pipiens) i-metamorphoses ixesha elide, kwaye ukukhula kunye nophuhliso lwabo luyancipha kakhulu.Njengoko indawo esingqongileyo isoma, ikhokelela ekufeni okulandelayo.Ngoko ke, i-malathion (Ukubola ngokukhawuleza) ayizange ibulale ngokuthe ngqo i-amphibians, kodwa ibangele ukusabela kwe-trophic cascade, okwakhokelela ngokungathanga ngqo ekufeni kwenani elikhulu lezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.Kubalulekile ukuphinda isicelo kwi-concentration ephantsi (i-7 amaxesha ngeveki, i-10 µg / L ngexesha ngalinye) "Ukukhama unyango") kunempembelelo enkulu ye-25 kwiinguqu ezininzi zeempendulo kunesicelo esisodwa "se-pulse".Ezi ziphumo azibalulekanga nje kuphela, kuba i-malathion yeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, kodwa ifumaneka nakwimigxobhozo.Yaye ngenxa yokuba indlela esisiseko yokuphuma kwetrophic cascade ixhaphakile kwizibulali-zinambuzane ezininzi, inika abantu ithuba lokuqikelela izibulali-zinambuzane ezininzi.Amayeza okubulala izitshabalalisi achaphazela uluntu lwasemanzini kunye nemibungu yee-amphibians.
Chonga uxinzelelo olukhulu oluchaphazela i-macroinvertebrates kuMlambo waseSalinas (eCalifornia, eU.SA): iziphumo ezihambelana nezibulala-zinambuzane kunye namasuntswana amisiweyo.Olu phononongo luka-2006 lwapapashwa kwi-Environmental Pollution kwii-amphibians, ooqongqothwane kunye nokunye.Uphononongo lwenziwa ukufumanisa ukuba zeziphi izixinzelelo ezinokuthi zibangele ubutyhefu kwaye zikuMlambo waseCalifornia.“Uphando lwangoku lubonisa ukuba xa kuthelekiswa nentlenga emisiweyo kuMlambo iSalinas, izibulali-zinambuzane zingowona mthombo ubalulekileyo woxinezeleko oluqatha kwii-macroinvertebrates.”
Emva kokufumana iidosi eziphantsi ze-ecologically ezifanelekileyo ze-atrazine yokutshabalalisa ukhula, i-hermaphrodite, amasele e-demasculine apapashwa kwi-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ngo-2002. Olu phononongo luphonononge iziphumo ze-atrazine kwi-African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis).) Impembelelo yophuhliso lwezesondo.Iimbungu zintywiliselwa kwi-atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) kulo lonke uphuhliso lombungu.Sihlolisise i-gonadal histology kunye nobukhulu be-larynx ngexesha le-metamorphosis.I-Atrazine (> okanye = 0.1 ppb) ibangela i-hermaphrodite Kwaye yenza lukhuni umqala wamadoda ahamba ze (>or= 1.0 ppb).Ukongeza, sijonge amanqanaba eplasma e-testosterone yamadoda aqolileyo ngokwesondo.Xa ubonakaliswe kwi-25 ppb atrazine, amanqanaba e-testosterone yendoda X. laevis yehla ngamaxesha e-10.Sacinga ukuba i-atrazine iya kubangela i-aromatase kwaye ikhuthaze ukuguqulwa kwe-testosterone kwi-estrogen.Oku kutshatyalaliswa kwemveliso ye-steroid kunokuchaza i-demasculinization ye-larynx yesilisa kunye nokuveliswa kwe-hermaphroditism.Ukuphumelela njengoko kuchazwe kwisifundo sangoku Inqanaba liyi-exposure yenyani, ebonisa ukuba ezinye i-amphibians ezivezwe kwi-atrazine endle zinokuba sengozini yokukhubazeka ngokwesondo.Olu luhlu lubanzi lweekhompawundi kunye nezinye iziphazamisi ze-endocrine zokusingqongileyo zinokuba ngunobangela wokwehla kwenani lezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini emhlabeni jikelele.”
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