Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo (CDC) apapasha iNgxelo yeVeki yokuGqibela kunye nokuFaka (MMWR) rhoqo ngeveki.Isetyenziswa kakhulu ngoogqirha, oogqirha, abasebenzi bezempilo yoluntu, ii-epidemiologists kunye nezinye izazinzulu.Into oyifundayo esidlweni asikokuzonwabisa.Ngaphandle kokuba uyazi, uligeza njengam.
Iirekhodi zentsimi: Izifo ezinzima ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa kwamabhanti ezinambuzane-ukusuka kwi-2000 ukuya kwi-2013, amazwe asixhenxe e-United States naseKhanada.Ingxelo yeVeki ye-CDC ye-Morbidity and Mortality (MMWR), ngoJanuwari 17, 2014/63 (02);42-43
Imihlulo efakwe idichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate okanye iDDVP pest strips) yabhaliswa okokuqala yiShell Chemical Company phantsi kwegama lorhwebo iVapona™ ngo-1954. amashumi eminyaka.
I-DDVP iyaguquguquka kakhulu, ngoko ke yenza umsebenzi oncomekayo wokusasaza kwiindawo ezivaliweyo.Mandiyithethe kwakhona-iguquguquka kakhulu.Umphunga osuka kwisiqwenga se-DDVP uya kugxotha kwaye ubulale izinambuzane ngaphakathi kwe-1,200 cubic feet ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-4.Ivumba elibi lindenza ndibe nostalgic.Eli livumba leesampulu zemyuziyam kunye neekhabhathi ezinomdla ezingavulwanga.Eli livumba leengqokelela zezinambuzane ezindala.
Imithambo-luvo inxibelelana ngokwekhemikhali ngokusebenzisa izithuba okanye i-synapses.I-Organophosphates ibhloka i-transmitter kwaye igqithise imicu ye-nerve kunye nezihlunu.
I-DDVP ibulala izinambuzane kakuhle kuba yenye yezibulali-zinambuzane ze-organophosphate zokugqibela e-United States ezisenokusetyenziswa ngaphakathi endlwini.I-Organophosphates inokuba yingozi, kwaye ukuxhatshazwa kunokubangela ukuba umqolo wakho uxhuzule njengephela elifayo.
I-Organophosphate ibulala iincukuthu ngokuthintela iiseli zemithambo-luvo ekucimeni imiqondiso yovuselelo.Bavimba i-acetylcholinesterase, ekhoyo kwinkqubo ye-nervous yazo zonke izilwanyana.Ukuvuselela okugqithisileyo kweeseli zemithambo-luvo ngale ndlela kunokukhokelela ekungcangcazeleni, ukukhubazeka nokufa.Ngethamsanqa, inani le-DVPP elifunekayo ukubulala inambuzane lincinci kakhulu xa lithelekiswa nezinambuzane ezibangela iimpawu kubantu.
Into ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko yindlela yokusebenzisa esi sitshabalalisi.Ingxelo yeCDC icebisa ukuba le ngxaki.Phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-2013, i-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) inkqubo ye-fixed-point point yabika izifo ezinzima ezinxulumene ne-dichlorvos pest zone.Amatyala abonakala embalwa, kodwa ngamazwi ombhali ophambili wolu phando, uGqr. Rebecca Tsai uthe: “Ngokuqinisekileyo oku kukujongelwa phantsi kwezinto ezenzekayo.”I-Sentinel System inamazwe ali-12 kuphela ase-US athatha inxaxheba.Kwisampulu encinci karhulumente, i-CDC yazi kuphela amatyala axelwe kwisebe lezempilo likarhulumente.
Amatyala angamashumi amabini ane-31 (65%) asebenzisa i-DDVP ngendlela engachanekanga kwaye aphule imiyalelo kunye neelebhile zokhuseleko.Njengomntu oqeqeshiweyo, ukuba ungasebenzisa kuphela i-DDVP eneeglavu, iiglavu, kunye neziphefumla kwindawo evaliweyo, kuya kubanda ukufunda oku kulandelayo:
"Uninzi lwezi zifo zibangelwa kukusetyenziswa kweemveliso kwiindawo zokuhlala eziqhelekileyo (ezifana namakhitshi kunye namagumbi okulala) ezophula imiyalelo yelebhile ....Ukongeza kokusetyenziswa kwemichilo ye-anti-virus kwiindawo zokuhlala, ezinye izinto ziquka ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-anti-virus strips Faka kwisikhwama esitywinwe ukuphatha izinto ezithintekayo, ukungabikho kokukhuselwa kwesikhumba (umzekelo, iiglavu okanye ukungakwazi. ukuhlamba ulusu ngoko nangoko), beka umcu kwigunjana kunye ne-pantry, usike umcu ube ngamaqhekeza amancinci kwaye uwukrazule, kwaye usebenzise izifudumezi kunye neefeni ukukhawulezisa ukusasazwa komphunga kumcu.
I-CDC ikholelwa ukuba inxalenye yesizathu sokusetyenziswa kakubi kwemicu ye-DDVP inxulumene nokubhideka kokupakishwa.Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ii-DDVP ezimbini ezingaphaya kwekhawuntara eziqulathe iimveliso ezinokuthengwa ngabantu baseMelika kwezona venkile zininzi zithengisayo:
Uhlobo lokuqala lokupakisha luyi-package eqhelekileyo yenjongo ephambili ye-compound: ukuxhoma kwiindawo apho kungekho bantu okanye ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezivaliweyo.Inomzobo ngasemva, obonisa ngokubonakalayo ukuba ayenzelwanga ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo zokuhlala.Okanye ubuncinci hayi malunga neTV.
Iphakheji yesibini yesoftware ibonisa ukusetyenziswa okutsha kweDDVP: ulawulo lwebug.Uphononongo lwakutsha nje olusebenzisa i-DDVP njenge-bed bug fumigant lubonise iziphumo ezikhuthazayo.
Imiyalelo kwi-DVPP ye-bed bug packaging ithi i-pest strips kwi-bag kufuneka itywinwe nge-mattress iveki ukuqinisekisa ukuba iibhugi zokulala ziyanyamalala.Kukho imiyalelo emininzi kwimibhalo emincinci ngasemva kwiphakheji.“Sukuyisebenzisa apho abantu bahlala khona ixesha elide” ayicacanga kakhulu.“Yandiswa” ixesha elingakanani?Ukuba ufuna ukwenza ibhedi yakho okanye ifenitshala, unokuchitha ixesha elincinci kunesiqhelo kwigumbi lokulala.
Iincukuthu ngokucacileyo ziyinkuthazo yokusebenzisa i-DDVP ngokungenabulumko.Emva kokufunda kunye nokuxoxa ngeengxelo zamatyala, ndothuka kancinane kukuba akukho nzakala mbi kakhulu yenzekileyo.Ndivumelana ne-CDC ukuba ukupakishwa okungcono kunye nokuleyibheli kuya kunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantu basebenzisa i-DDVP ngononophelo.
Ukuba sisigqibo sam, ndiya kuthi ubuncinane ndibeke amazwi athi “Ngenxa yothando lukaThixo, musa ukuyiphatha le nto” kwiphakheji.Kufuneka kubekho indlela yokubonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba i-compound inerekhodi yomonakalo we-nerve kwaye inokwenzeka i-carcinogen yomntu kwiqela le-B2.
Enye inxalenye yeleyibhile kufuneka itshintshwe, oko kukuthi, imiyalelo enamandla, sebenzisa kuphela izinto eziphathekayo kwindawo enomoya.Isizathu sokufa kwe-DDVP kukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kuxinzelelo lomphunga, ngokusisiseko kuba kukho ugxininiso oluphezulu lwezinto ezicaphukisayo emoyeni.Ungayibeka i-DDVP kwindawo evaliweyo emxinwa-kodwa emva koko kufuneka uhambe ngaphandle kokuphefumla nantoni na.
EUnited States, iDDVP isenokuthengwa phezu kwekhawuntara kwaye isetyenziswe ekhaya.Ukusukela ngo-2002, i-DDVP ibekelwe imiqathango kuphela kwi-EU.
I-DDVP iphandwe yi-EPA amashumi eminyaka.Ekubeni uphando lubonise ukuba i-DDVP i-carcinogenic kunye ne-neurotoxic, i-EPA yanikezela i-DDVP kwinkqubo yokuhlaziywa okukhethekileyo kwi-1980. Kwiminyaka elandelayo ye-10, i-DDVP ithathe inxaxheba ekuphononongweni okukhethekileyo, kwaye phantse zonke izinto ezisetyenziselwa ukutya zachithwa.Ngo-1995, u-Amvac, umnini omtsha wolu phawu, ngokuzithandela wakurhoxisa ukusetyenziswa kweVapona kwizitshizi, izicelo zenqwelomoya kunye nokwenziwa kokutya.Emva koko, izinto zaba mfiliba kancinci.Kwi-2007, i-EPA isuse i-DDVP kuphononongo olukhethekileyo.Imibutho emininzi engenzi ngeniso, kuquka iAmerican Bird Conservation Association kunye neNatural Resources Defense Council, iye yaqhankqalaza.Kwi-2008, ukusetyenziswa kwe-DDVP kwi-collar flea collars yapheliswa ngokuzithandela.Ngoku, ezinye izinto ezintsha ezisetyenzisiweyo ze-DDVP zongezwa njengeziqhumiso ze-bug bed.
Kutshanje ndiye ndaxela enye ingxelo yeCDC yokugula nokufa, efumanise ukuba amakhulu abantu balimala ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinambuzane zokulawula iincukuthu.Ingxaki apha imbini.
Okokuqala, ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukufumana ulwazi olucacileyo malunga noko kunokulawula ngokufanelekileyo izinambuzane.Ikhona-iSebe ngalinye lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoLwandiso likarhulumente lineempapasho ezininzi zenzululwazi ngalo mba.Umzekelo omhle wolu chungechunge lweevidiyo zeSpanish, iHmong, iSomalia kunye nesiNgesi malunga nendlela yokujongana neebhugi zokulala.Nali inqaku eligqwesileyo malunga nendlela yokusebenzisa ezi zitya zezinambuzane ngokukhuselekileyo.Ngandlela ithile, olu lwazi alunxibelelanisi nabantu abalufunayo.
Oku kundikhokelela kwingxaki yesibini: umvuzo.Ukuba umvuzo wakho uphantsi, kunokwenzeka ukuba udibane neengxaki zezinambuzane kwaye awufane ubenakho ukufikelela kwiingcali zolawulo lwezinambuzane.Usenokungabi nayo i-smartphone okanye ikhompyuter ukufikelela okanye ukufumana izixhobo ezikhoyo.Yiyo loo nto inkxaso-mali yolwandiso lukarhulumente kunye nokufikelela eluntwini kunye neenkonzo zempilo yoluntu ibalulekile kuthi sonke.
Nangona i-CDC ichaze ingxaki, yayiyi-US EPA (i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo) eyayilawula ukuthengiswa kunye nokuleyibhelishwa kwezibulali zinambuzane.Naluphi na utshintsho kule ngxelo (kunye neengxelo zangaphambili malunga neencukuthu) mazenziwe nge-EPA.I-EPA iye yakhuthaza iiplani zokupakisha ezintsha nezicacileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngoko ke kunethemba lokuba banokuqhubeka nokugcina lo mkhwa jikelele.
Ukusetyenziswa kunye/okanye ukubhaliswa kwayo nayiphi na inxalenye yale webhusayithi kuthetha ukwamkelwa kwesivumelwano sethu somsebenzisi (esihlaziywe ngo-1/1/20) kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo wabucala kunye nengxelo yecookie (ehlaziywe ku-1/1/20).Amalungelo akho abucala aseCalifornia.Izinto ezikule webhusayithi azinakukotshwa, zisasazwe, zigqithiswe, zigcinwe okanye zisetyenziswe ngaphandle kwemvume ebhaliweyo kaCondéNast.Ukukhetha intengiso.