(Ngaphandle kwezibulali zinambuzane, nge-1 ka-Okthobha 2019) Ngokophononongo olupapashwe kwi-“Chemosphere”, imichiza esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo inokubangela ukusabela kwe-trophic cascade reaction, ekhokelela ekukhuleni kwe-algae.Nangona iinkqubo zangoku zokulawula i-pesticide e-United States zijolise kwi-toxicity ebukhali ye-pesticides kwaye inokuqwalasela ezinye iziphumo ezingapheliyo, ubunzima behlabathi bokwenene obuchazwe kolu phononongo alukhange luhlaziywe.Izikhewu kuvavanyo lwethu aziyi kuzisa kuphela iziphumo ezibi kakhulu kuhlobo ngalunye, kodwa nakwinkqubo yendalo iphela.
Abaphandi baye baphanda indlela izifunxi-gazi ezibizwa ngokuba zii-chytrids ezilawula ngayo ukukhula kwe-phytoplankton.Nangona ezinye iintlobo ze-chytrid zidume kakubi ngeziphumo zazo kwiintlobo zamasele, ezinye zibonelela ngeendawo ezibalulekileyo zokumisa kwi-ecosystem.
Umphengululi we-IGB uGqr. Ramsy Agha wathi: “Ngokosulela iicyanobacteria, ukungunda kwezifunxi-gazi kuya kuthintela ukukhula kwazo, ngaloo ndlela kunciphise ukwenzeka nokuqina kweentyatyambo ezinobulwe obuyityhefu.”“Nangona sihlala sicinga ngesifo njengento embi, izifunxi-gazi zibalulekile kwi-ecology yasemanzini Ukusebenza ngendlela eyiyo kwenkqubo kubaluleke kakhulu, kwaye kule meko kusenokuba nesiphumo esihle.Abaphandi bongezelela ukuba ungcoliseko olubangelwa yi-fungicide lunokuphazamisa le nkqubo yendalo.
Kwindawo yebhubhoratri, i-fungicides yezolimo i-penbutaconazole kunye ne-azoxystrobin zavavanywa ngokuchasene ne-cyanobacteria ezosulelwe yi-chyle kunye neentyantyambo ezinobuthi.Iqela lolawulo lasekwa kwakhona ukuthelekisa iziphumo.Kugxininiso olunokuthi lwenzeke kwihlabathi lokwenyani, ukudibana kwezi zibulali ntsholongwane zimbini kuya kukhokelela ekuncipheni okubonakalayo kosulelo lwe-filarial parasite.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-fungicides kunokukhuthaza ukukhula kwe-algae eyingozi ngokunqanda iintsholongwane ze-fungal pathogens, kunye ne-fungal pathogens inokulawula ukukhula kwazo.
Esi ayisosihlandlo sokuqala ukuba izibulali-zinambuzane zithathe inxaxheba ekuveliseni ubulembu obuyingozi.Uphononongo olupapashwe kwijenali yeNdalo ngo-2008 yafumanisa ukuba i-attriazine ye-herbicide inokubulala ngokuthe ngqo i-planktonic algae yamahhala, ngaloo ndlela ibangela ukuba i-algae eqhotyoshelweyo ikhule ngaphandle kolawulo.Kolu phononongo, abaphandi bafumene ezinye iimpembelelo kumgangatho we-ecosystem.Ukukhula kwe-algae eqhotyoshelweyo kukhokelela ekwandeni kwenani leenkumba, ezinokuchaphazela ii-amphibian parasites.Ngenxa yoko, iinkumba ezininzi kunye nomthwalo ophezulu we-parasite ukhokelela kwizinga eliphezulu losulelo kumasele asekuhlaleni, okukhokelela ekwehleni kwabemi.
I-Beyond Pesticides isebenzela ukwazisa ngeziphumo ezingenakuqondwa kodwa ezibalulekileyo ze-ecosystem-level yokusetyenziswa kwezibulali-zinambuzane.Njengoko sibonisile kuphononongo olupapashwe kwiveki ephelileyo, uphando luqikelele ukuba iintaka ezi-3 zeebhiliyoni zilahlekile ukususela ngo-1970, zibalelwa kwi-30% yabantu bonke base-US.Ingxelo ayikho nje ingxelo kwiintaka, imalunga , I-Hookworms kunye neengxelo zokuhla kwe-cad, ukudala iintlobo zokutya ezisekelwe kwiwebhu.
Kunjengokuba umbhali oncedisana nolo hlolisiso uGqr. Justyna Wolinska wabonisayo: “Njengoko ukulinywa nokubonwa komngundo wasemanzini kwiilebhu zenzululwazi kuqhubeka kuphucuka, ukuhlolwa kobungozi kufanele kuqwalasele impembelelo yezibulali-ntsholongwane zokungunda kumngundo wasemanzini.”Akuyimfuneko kuphela ukuqwalasela imiba ephakanyiswe luphando lwangoku., Kodwa kwakhona kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo impembelelo engathanga ngqo exhaphakileyo yokusetyenziswa kwezitshabalalisi.
Ukufumana ulwazi oluthe kratya malunga nendlela oonobangela bezibulali-zinambuzane eziyichaphazela ngayo yonke iwebhu yokutya kunye ne-ecosystem, bona iNgaphandle kwezitshabalalisi.Ukusetyenziswa kwezibulali zinambuzane kubeka emngciphekweni ezona ndidi ziphambili kuyo yonke i-ikhosistim.