Likokoana-hloko tse melatsoaneng li ntse li tsoela pele ho ameha lefatšeng ka bophara, empa ho na le tlhahisoleseding e fokolang mabapi le sebaka se sireletsehileng sa tikoloho ea metsing.Tekong ya matsatsi a 30 ya mesocosmic, diphoofolo tse se nang marapo tsa mokokotlo tsa metsing tsa benthic di ile tsa pepeseha ho fipronil e bolayang dikokonyana le mefuta e mene ya dihlahiswa tse senyang.Motsoako oa fipronil o bakile liphetoho ho hlaha le trophic cascade.Motsoako o sebetsang hantle (EC50) oo fipronil le lihlahisoa tsa eona tsa sulfide, sulfone le desulfinyl degradation li bakang karabo ea 50% e hlahisitsoe.Lekhetho ha le nahanele fipronil.Khokahano ea kotsi ea 5% ea mefuta e amehileng ho tsoa ho litekanyetso tse 15 tsa mesocosmic EC50 e sebelisoa ho fetolela motsoako oa fipronil ka har'a sampole ea tšimo hore e be kakaretso ea likarolo tse chefo (∑TUFipronils).Ho 16% ea melapo e nkiloeng lithutong tse hlano tsa libaka, karolelano ea ∑TUFipronil e fetile 1 (e bontšang chefo).Lipontšo tsa liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo tsa mefuta e kotsing li amana hampe le TUTUipronil libakeng tse 'nè ho tse hlano tsa lisampole.Tlhahlobo ena ea kotsi ea tikoloho e bonts'a hore likhakanyo tse tlase tsa metsoako ea fipronil li tla fokotsa libaka tse phallelang libakeng tse ngata tsa United States.
Leha tlhahiso ea lik'hemik'hale tsa maiketsetso e eketsehile haholo lilemong tse mashome tsa morao tjena, phello ea lik'hemik'hale tsena ho tikoloho eo e seng sepheo sa eona ha e so utloisisoe ka botlalo (1).Metsing a ka holim'a metsi moo 90% ea masimo a lefats'e a lahlehileng, ha ho na data mabapi le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea temo, empa moo ho nang le lintlha, nako ea hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e fete menyako ea taolo ke halofo (2).Tlhahlobo ea meta ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea temo metsing a holim'a metsi a United States e fumane hore ho 70% ea libaka tsa lisampole, bonyane chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e fetang moeli oa taolo (3).Leha ho le joalo, litlhahlobo tsena tsa meta (2, 3) li shebana feela le metsi a holim'a metsi a anngoeng ke ts'ebeliso ea mobu oa temo, 'me ke kakaretso ea lithuto tse ikhethileng.Likokoana-hloko, haholo-holo tse bolaeang likokoanyana, le tsona li teng libakeng tse ngata tsa metse ea litoropo (4).Ke ka seoelo ho etsoang tlhahlobo e felletseng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana metsing a ka holim'a metsi a tsoang temong le libakeng tsa litoropo;ka hona, ha ho tsejoe hore na chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e baka tšokelo e kholo mehloling ea metsi a ka holim'a metsi le ho se tšepahale ha eona ho tikoloho.
Benzopyrazoles le neonicotinoids e bile karolo ea boraro ea 'maraka oa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka 2010 (5).Metsing a ka holim'a metsi a United States, fipronil le lihlahisoa tsa eona tsa ho senyeha (phenylpyrazoles) ke metsoako e tloaelehileng ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, 'me likhahla tsa tsona hangata li feta maemo a metsing (6-8).Le hoja li-neonicotinoids li hohetse tlhokomelo ka lebaka la liphello tsa tsona ho linotši le linonyana le ho ata ha tsona (9), fipronil e chefo ho feta litlhapi le linonyana (10), ha metsoako e meng ea phenylpyrazoles Class e na le litlamorao tsa herbicidal (5).Fipronil ke sebolaea-likokoanyana se sebelisoang ho laola likokoanyana libakeng tsa litoropo le tsa temo.Ho tloha ha fipronil e kena 'marakeng oa lefatše ka 1993, tšebeliso ea fipronil United States, Japane le United Kingdom e eketsehile haholo (5).United States, fipronil e sebelisoa ho laola bohloa le bohloa, 'me e sebelisoa lijalong tse kenyelletsang poone (ho kenyeletsoa kalafo ea peo), litapole le lirapa tsa litholoana (11, 12).Tšebeliso ea temo ea fipronil United States e fihlile tlhōrōng ka 2002 (13).Leha ho sena data ya naha ya tshebediso ya ditoropo e fumanehang, tshebediso ya diteropo tsa California e ile ya fihla sehlohlolong ka 2006 le 2015 (https://calpip.cdpr.ca) .gov/main .cfm, e fihletswe ka la 2 Tshitwe 2019).Le hoja likhahla tse phahameng tsa fipronil (6.41μg/L) li fumanoa melatsoaneng libakeng tse ling tsa temo tse nang le litekanyetso tse phahameng tsa ts'ebeliso (14), ha li bapisoa le melapo ea temo, melapo ea litoropo tsa United States ka kakaretso e na le ts'ebetso e ngata le ho feta, ho ba le maemo a holimo, a nepahetseng bakeng sa ho hlaha ha lifefo ho amahanngoa le teko (6, 7, 14-17).
Fipronil e kena tikolohong ea metsing ea ho phalla kapa ho tsoa mobung ho ea molatsoaneng (7, 14, 18).Fipronil e na le ho feto-fetoha ha maemo a tlase (molao oa Henry o lula o le 2.31 × 10-4 Pa m3 mol-1), ho qhibiliha ha metsi ho tlase ho ea ho leka-lekaneng (3.78 mg/l ho 20 ° C), le hydrophobicity e itekanetseng (log Kow ke 3.9 ho 4.1) ho sisinyeha ha mobu ho nyane haholo (log Koc ke 2.6 ho 3.1) (12, 19), 'me e bontša ho phehella ho tlase ho ea bohareng tikolohong (20).Finazepril e senyeha ka photolysis, oxidation, pH-e itšetlehileng ka hydrolysis le ho fokotseha, ho etsa lihlahisoa tse 'nè tse ka sehloohong tse senyang: dessulfoxyphenapril (kapa sulfoxide), phenaprenip sulfone (sulfone), Filofenamide (amide) le filofenib sulfide (sulfide).Lihlahisoa tsa ho senyeha ha Fipronil li atisa ho tsitsa le ho tšoarella ho feta motsoako oa motsoali (21, 22).
Chefo ea fipronil le ho senyeha ha eona ho ba mefuta e sa lebelloang (e kang li-invertebrates tsa metsing) e ngotsoe hantle (14, 15).Fipronil ke motsoako oa neurotoxic o sitisang phallo ea chloride ion ka kanaleng ea chloride e laoloang ke gamma-aminobutyric acid ka har'a likokoanyana, e bakang khatello e lekaneng ea ho baka thabo e feteletseng le lefu (20).Fipronil e na le chefo e khethehileng, ka hona e na le kamano e kholo ea li-receptor tse tlamang likokoanyana ho feta liphoofolo tse anyesang (23).Ts'ebetso ea likokoana-hloko ea lihlahisoa tsa ho senyeha ha fipronil e fapane.Chefo ea sulfone le sulfide ho liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo oa metsi a hloekileng e tšoana kapa e phahame ho feta ea motsoako oa motsoali.Desulfinyl e na le chefo e itekanetseng empa ha e na chefo e nyane ho feta motsoako oa motsoali.Ha e le hantle ha e na chefo (23, 24).Ho ba le ts'oaetso ea likokoana-hloko tsa metsing ho senyeha ha fipronil le fipronil ho fapana haholo ka hare le pakeng tsa taxa (15), 'me maemong a mang e feta taelo ea boholo (25).Qetellong, ho na le bopaki ba hore phenylpyrazoles e chefo ho tikoloho ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele (3).
Litekanyetso tsa bioloji ea metsing tse ipapisitseng le tlhahlobo ea chefo ea laboratori li ka nyenyefatsa kotsi ea baahi ba masimong (26-28).Litekanyetso tsa metsing hangata li theoa ke mofuta o le mong oa tlhahlobo ea chefo ea laboratori ka ho sebelisa mofuta o le mong kapa tse ngatanyana tsa metsing tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo (mohlala, Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomus le Crustacea: Daphnia magna le Hyalella azteca).Likokoana-hloko tsena tsa teko hangata li bonolo ho lema ho feta tse ling tsa benthic macroinvertebrates (mohlala, phe genus ::), 'me maemong a mang ha li amehe haholo ho litšila.Ka mohlala, D. Magna ha e amehe haholo ho litšepe tse ngata ho feta likokoanyana tse itseng, athe A. zteca ha e amehe haholo ho pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin ho feta kutloisiso ea eona ho liboko (29, 30).Khaello e 'ngoe ea li-benchmarks tse teng ke li-endpoints tse sebelisoang lipalong.Maemo a hlobaetsang a ipapisitse le ho shoa (kapa ho lokiselitsoe li-crustaceans), athe matšoao a sa foleng hangata a ipapisitse le lipheletso tse nyane (tse kang kholo le ho ikatisa) (haeba li teng).Leha ho le joalo, ho na le litlamorao tse atileng, tse kang kholo, ho hlaha, ho holofala, le ho lieha ha nts'etsopele, tse ka amang katleho ea lekhetho le matla a sechaba.Ka lebaka leo, leha tekanyetso e fana ka semelo sa bohlokoa ba baeloji ba phello, kamano ea tikoloho e le moeli oa chefo ha e na bonnete.
E le ho utloisisa hamolemo liphello tsa metsoako ea fipronil holim'a tikoloho ea metsing ea benthic (li-invertebrates le algae), lichaba tsa tlhaho tsa benthic li ile tsa tlisoa ka laboratoring 'me tsa pepesehela likhahla tsa mahloriso nakong ea matsatsi a 30 a phallo ea Fipronil kapa e' ngoe ea liteko tse 'nè tsa ho senyeha ha fipronil.Sepheo sa lipatlisiso ke ho hlahisa mofuta o ikhethileng oa 50% (boleng ba EC50) bakeng sa motsoako o mong le o mong oa fipronil o emelang lekhetho le pharaletseng la sechaba sa noka, le ho fumana hore na ts'ilafalo e amang sebopeho le ts'ebetso ea sechaba [ke hore, mahloriso a kotsi] 5 % Ea mefuta e amehileng (HC5) le litlamorao tse sa tobang tse kang ho hlaha ho fetotsoeng le trophic dynamics].Joale moeli (boleng bo khethehileng ba HC5) bo fumanoeng tekong ea mesoscopic bo ile ba sebelisoa lebaleng le bokelletsoeng ke United States Geological Survey (USGS) ho tsoa libakeng tse hlano tsa United States (Leboa-bochabela, Boroa-bochabela, Midwest, Leboa-bophirima la Pacific, le Central California. Lintlha tsa Sebaka sa Lebopo) e le karolo ea tlhahlobo ea boleng ba tikoloho ea USGS (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/).Ho ea kamoo re tsebang, ena ke tlhahlobo ea pele ea kotsi ea tikoloho.E batlisisa ka botlalo litlamorao tsa metsoako ea fipronil ho lintho tse phelang tikolohong e laoloang ea meso, ebe e sebelisa liphetho tsena litekong tsa maemo a kontinenteng.
Teko ea mesocosmic ea matsatsi a 30 e entsoe USGS Aquatic Laboratory (AXL) e Fort Collins, Colorado, USA ho tloha ka la 18 Mphalane ho isa la 17 Pulungoana, 2017, bakeng sa letsatsi le 1 la ho ruoa lapeng le matsatsi a 30 a liteko.Mokhoa ona o se o hlalositsoe pele (29, 31) mme o hlalositsoe ka botlalo boitsebisong ba tlatsetso.Boemo ba sebaka sa meso bo na le phallo e 36 e potolohang ho phallo e mene e sebetsang (litanka tsa metsi tse potolohang).Molapo o mong le o mong o phelang o na le pholileng ho boloka mocheso oa metsi 'me o bonesoa ka potoloho e lefifi ea 16:8.Phallo ea meso-level ke tšepe e sa hloekang, e loketseng hydrophobicity ea fipronil (log Kow = 4.0) mme e loketse ho hloekisa lihlahisoa tsa tlhaho (Setšoantšo sa S1).Metsi a sebelisitsoeng bakeng sa teko ea meso-scale a ile a bokelloa ho tsoa Nokeng ea Cache La Poudre (mehloli e ka holimo e kenyeletsang Rocky Mountain National Park, National Forest and Continental Divide) 'me a bolokoa ka har'a litanka tse 'nè tsa polokelo ea polyethylene tsa AXL.Liteko tse fetileng tsa lisampole tsa sediment le metsi tse bokelletsoeng setšeng ha lia ka tsa fumana chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (29).
Moralo oa liteko tsa meso-scale o na le melapo e sebetsang e 30 le melapo e 6 ea taolo.Molapo oa phekolo o fumana metsi a hloekisitsoeng, 'me e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea tsona e na le metsoako e sa khaotseng ea metsoako ea fipronil: fipronil (fipronil (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-3), amide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 205650-69-7), sehlopha sa desulfurization [Setsi sa Tšireletso ea Tikoloho sa US (EPA) Laeborari ea Pesticide, CAS 205650-65-3], sulfone (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-2) le sulfide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120067-83-6); 97.8%. Ho latela litekanyetso tsa karabelo tse phatlalalitsoeng (7, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25, 32, 33) Ka ho qhaqha motsoako oa fipronil ka methanol (Thermo Fisher Scientific, American Chemical Society boemo ba setifikeiti), le ho hlapolla. ka metsi a hloekisitsoeng ho isa tekanyong e hlokahalang ho lokisa tharollo ea setoko e tsepamisitsoeng hobane palo ea methanol ka tekanyo e fapane, hoa hlokahala ho eketsa methanol ho melapo eohle ea kalafo ka moo ho hlokahalang. 0.05 ml / L) linōkeng Pono e bohareng ea melapo e meng e meraro ea taolo e ile ea fumana metsi a nōka ntle le methanol, ho seng joalo e ne e tšoaroa joaloka melapo e meng kaofela.
Ka letsatsi la 8, letsatsi la 16 le la 26, mocheso, boleng ba pH, conductivity ea motlakase le ho senyeha ha fipronil le fipronil li ile tsa lekanyetsoa ka har'a lera la phallo.E le ho latela ho senyeha ha motsoako oa motsoali oa fipronil nakong ea tlhahlobo ea mecha ea litaba, fipronil (batsoali) e ne e sebelisetsoa ho phekola mucosa ea mala a mokelikeli ka matsatsi a mang a mararo [matsatsi a 5, 12 le 21 (n = 6)] bakeng sa mocheso, pH , Ho etsa mohlala, fipronil le fipronil degradation sampling.Mehlala ea tlhahlobo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ile ea bokelloa ka ho sefa 10 ml ea metsi a phallang ka har'a vial ea khalase ea amber ea 20 ml ka sefene sa seringe sa Whatman 0.7-μm GF/F se nang le nale e kholo ea bophara.Lisampole li ile tsa hoamisoa hang-hang 'me tsa romeloa USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) Lakewood, Colorado, USA bakeng sa tlhahlobo.Ho sebelisoa mokhoa o ntlafalitsoeng oa mokhoa o phatlalalitsoeng pele, Fipronil le lihlahisoa tse 4 tsa ho senyeha ha lisampole tsa metsi li ile tsa khethoa ke ente e tobileng ea metsi (DAI) liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS; Agilent 6495).Boemo ba ho lemoha lisebelisoa (IDL) bo hakangoa e le boemo bo tlase ba teka-tekano bo kopanang le maemo a boitsebahatso ba boleng;IDL ea fipronil ke 0.005 μg/L, ’me IDL ea fipronil tse ling tse ’nè ke 0.001 μg/L.Thepa ea tlatsetso e fana ka tlhaloso e felletseng ea mekhoa e sebelisoang ho lekanya metsoako ea fipronil, ho kenyeletsoa taolo ea boleng le lits'ebetso tsa netefatso (mohlala, ho khutlisa sampole, li-spikes, tlhahlobo ea batho ba bang, le likheo).
Qetellong ea teko ea Mesocosmic ea matsatsi a 30, ho baloa le ho tsebahatsa ha li-invertebrates tse kholo le tsa larval li ile tsa phethoa (e leng qetello ea pokello ea lintlha).Batho ba baholo ba ntseng ba hlaha ba bokelloa ho tloha marang-rang letsatsi le leng le le leng 'me ba hoamisoa ka har'a tube e hloekileng ea 15 ml Falcon centrifuge.Qetellong ea teko (letsatsi la 30), likahare tsa lera la molapo o mong le o mong li ile tsa hlatsuoa ho tlosa likokoana-hloko leha e le life tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo, le sieved (250 μm) le ho bolokoa ka 80% ea ethanol.Timberline Aquatics (Fort Collins, CO) e phethile tlhahlobo ea lekhetho ea li-larvae le li-invertebrates tse kholo ho ea boemong bo tlaase ka ho fetisisa ba taxonomic, hangata mefuta.Matsatsing a 9, 19 le 29, chlorophyll a e ne e lekantsoe ka makhetlo a mararo lera la mesoscopic la molapo o mong le o mong.Lintlha tsohle tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa baeloji e le karolo ea liteko tsa mesoscopic li fanoa tokollong ea data e tsamaeang le eona (35).
Liphuputso tsa tikoloho li ile tsa etsoa melatsoaneng e menyenyane (ea metsi) libakeng tse hlano tse khōlō tsa United States, ’me chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ile ea behoa leihlo nakong ea index e fetileng.Ka bokhutšoanyane, ho itšetlehile ka tšebeliso ea mobu oa temo le litoropong (36-40), libaka tsa 77 ho ea ho tse 100 li ile tsa khethoa sebakeng se seng le se seng (libaka tse 444 ka kakaretso).Nakong ea selemo le lehlabula la selemo se le seng (2013-2017), lisampole tsa metsi li bokelloa hang ka beke sebakeng se seng le se seng bakeng sa libeke tse 4 ho isa ho tse 12.Nako e tobileng e itšetlehile ka sebaka le matla a tsoelo-pele.Leha ho le joalo, liteishene tse 11 tse sebakeng se ka leboea-bochabela li batla li le sebakeng sa metsi.Ha ho nts'etsopele, ntle le hore ho ile ha bokelloa sampole e le 'ngoe feela.Kaha linako tsa tlhahlobo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana liphuputsong tsa libaka li fapane, ha ho bapisoa, ke mehlala e mene feela ea ho qetela e bokeletsoeng setšeng ka seng e nahanoang mona.Ho nahanoa hore sampole e le 'ngoe e bokeletsoeng sebakeng se sa ntlafatsoang sa Leboea-bochabela (n = 11) se ka emela nako ea sampuli ea libeke tse 4.Mokhoa ona o lebisa ho palo e ts'oanang ea litebello mabapi le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (ntle le libaka tse 11 tse ka leboea-bochabela) le nako e ts'oanang ea ho shebella;ho lumeloa hore libeke tse 4 li lekane bakeng sa ho pepeseha ha nako e telele ho biota, empa li khuts'oane hoo sechaba sa tikoloho se sa Lokelang ho hlaphoheloa ho tsoa ho mabitso ana.
Tabeng ea phallo e lekaneng, mohlala oa metsi o bokelloa ka lebelo le sa khaotseng le ho eketseha ha bophara ba kamehla (41).Ha phallo e sa lekana ho sebelisa mokhoa ona, o ka bokella lisampole ka ho kopanya ho tebileng ha lisampole kapa ho tšoara ho tloha bohareng ba matla a khoheli a phallo.Sebelisa syringe e kholo le filthara ea disc (0.7μm) ho bokella 10 ml ea sampole e tlhotliloeng (42).Ka DAI LC-MS/MS/MS/MS, disampole tsa metsi di ile tsa sekasekwa ho NWQL bakeng sa dibolayadikokonyana tse 225 le dihlahiswa tse senyang dibolaya dikokonyana, ho kenyeletswa fipronil le dihlahiswa tse 7 tsa tshenyeho (dessulfinyl fipronil, fipronil) Sulfides, fipronil sulfone, deschlorofipronil, despronilthiol, fipronil le fipronil).).Maemo a tloaelehileng a bonyane a tlaleho bakeng sa lithuto tsa masimo ke: fipronil, desmethylthio fluorobenzonitrile, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone, le deschlorofipronil 0.004 μg/L;dessulfinyl fluorfenamide le Motsoako oa fipronil amide ke 0.009 μg/litha;bongata ba fipronil sulfonate ke 0.096 μg/litha.
Metse ea liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo e nkoa qetellong ea thuto ea sebaka ka seng (selemo/hlabula), hangata ka nako e le 'ngoe le ketsahalo ea ho qetela ea ho etsa sampole ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ka mor'a nako ea ho hōla le tšebeliso e matla ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, nako ea lisampole e lokela ho lumellana le maemo a tlaase a phallo, 'me e lokela ho tsamaellana le nako eo ka eona sechaba sa liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo oa noka se hōlang' me haholo-holo se le sethaleng sa bophelo ba li-larval.Ho sebelisoa sampole ea Surber e nang le letlooeng la 500μm kapa letlooa la D-frame, sampole ea batho ba se nang lesapo la mokokotlo e ile ea phethoa libakeng tse 437 ho tse 444.Mokhoa oa ho etsa lisampole o hlalositsoe ka botlalo litabeng tsa tlatsetso.Ho NWQL, liphoofotsoana tsohle tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo li atisa ho tsejoa le ho thathamisoa boemong ba mofuta kapa mofuta.Lintlha tsohle tsa lik'hemik'hale le tsa baeloji tse bokelletsoeng tšimong ena le tse sebelisitsoeng bukeng ena e ngotsoeng ka letsoho li ka fumanoa tokollong ea data e tsamaeang le eona (35).
Bakeng sa metsoako e mehlano ea fipronil e sebelisitsoeng tekong ea mesoscopic, mahloriso a likokoana-hloko tse se nang mokokotlo oa larval a fokotsehile ka 20% kapa 50% a baloa ho latela taolo (ke hore EC20 le EC50).Lintlha [x = nako e boima ba "fipronil concentration" (sheba lisebelisoa tse ling bakeng sa lintlha tse ling), y = larval abundance kapa metrics e meng] li kenyelelitsoe ho sephutheloana se atolositsoeng sa R ​​(43) ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa "logarithmic regression" oa likarolo tse tharo "drc".Mokokotlo o lumellana le mefuta eohle ea libōpuoa (larvae) ka bongata bo lekaneng 'me e kopana le litekanyetso tse ling tsa thahasello (mohlala, borui ba taxa, bongata ba mayfly le kakaretso ea bongata) ho utloisisa haholoanyane phello ea sechaba.Nash-Sutcliff coefficient (45) e sebelisoa ho lekola ho lekana ha mohlala, moo mohlala o sa lokang o ka fumanang boleng bo sa feleng, 'me boleng ba ho lekana hantle ke 1.
Ho hlahloba liphello tsa metsoako ea fipronil ho hlaha ha likokoanyana tekong, lintlha li ile tsa hlahlojoa ka litsela tse peli.Taba ea pele, ka ho tlosa ponahalo e tloaelehileng ea phallo ea taolo meso ho tsoa ponahalong ea phallo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea kalafo meso, keketseho ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea likokoanyana ho tsoa ho meso e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea phallo (palo eohle ea batho bohle) e ile ea etsoa taolong.Rala litekanyetso tsena khahlano le nako ho utloisisa ho kheloha ha mokena-lipakeng oa mokelikeli oa kalafo ho tsoa ho mokena-lipakeng oa mokelikeli oa taolo tekong ea matsatsi a 30.Ntlha ea bobeli, bala palo-kakaretso ea karolo ea ketsahalo ea mesophyll e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea phallo, e hlalosoang e le karo-karolelano ea palo eohle ea mesophyll ka phallo e fanoeng ho palo e tloaelehileng ea li-larvae le batho ba baholo sehlopheng sa taolo, 'me e loketse ho fokotseha ha logarithmic ea likarolo tse tharo. .Likokoanyana tsohle tse melang tse neng li bokelloa li ne li tsoa malapeng a mabeli a lelapa la Chironomidae, kahoo ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo e kopanetsoeng.
Liphetoho sebopehong sa sechaba, joalo ka tahlehelo ea lekhetho, qetellong li ka its'etleha ho litlamorao tse tobileng le tse sa tobang tsa lintho tse chefo, 'me li ka baka liphetoho tšebetsong ea sechaba (mohlala, trophic cascade).E le ho hlahloba trophic cascade, marang-rang a bonolo a sesosa a ile a hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa ho hlahloba tsela (R package "piecewiseSEM") (46).Bakeng sa liteko tsa mesoscopic, ho nahanoa hore fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide le sulfone (e sa lekoang amide) ka metsing ho fokotsa biomass ea scraper, ka tsela e sa tobang e lebisa keketseho ea biomass ea chlorophyll a (47).Motsoako oa motsoako ke phetoho ea ho bolela esale pele, 'me scraper le chlorophyll biomass ke mefuta e fapaneng ea karabelo.Lipalopalo tsa Fisher's C li sebelisetsoa ho lekola ho lekana ha mohlala, e le hore boleng ba P <0.05 bo bonts'a mofuta o motle o lekanang (46).
Bakeng sa ho theha moemeli oa ts'ireletso ea eco-community threshold, karolo ka 'ngoe e fumane 95% ea mefuta e amehileng (HC5) chronic species sensitivity distribution (SSD) le tšireletso ea hazard concentration.Ho entsoe lihlopha tse tharo tsa data tsa SSD: (i) sete ea data ea meso feela, (ii) sete ea data e nang le lintlha tsohle tsa meso le data e bokelletsoeng ho tsoa potsong ea database ea EPA ECOTOX (https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox) /, e fihletsoeng ho La 14 Hlakubele 2019), nako ea thuto ke matsatsi a 4 kapa ho feta, le (iii) sete ea data e nang le data eohle ea mesoscopic le data ea ECOTOX, moo data ea ECOTOX (acute exposure) e arotsoeng ka ho hlobaetsa ho ea ho The ratio of chronic D. magna ( 19.39) ho hlalosa phapang ea nako ea ho pepeseha le ho lekanya boleng bo sa foleng ba EC50 (12).Morero oa rona oa ho hlahisa mefuta e mengata ea li-SSD ke (i) ho nts'etsapele boleng ba HC5 bakeng sa ho bapisa le data ea tšimo (feela bakeng sa li-SSD bakeng sa mecha ea litaba), le (ii) ho lekola hore data ea media e amoheloa ka bongata ho feta mekhatlo ea taolo bakeng sa ho kenyeletsoa ho aquaculture. matla a litekanyetso tsa bophelo le maemo a tloaelehileng a lisebelisoa tsa data, ka hona ho khonahala ho sebelisa lithuto tsa mesoscopic bakeng sa ts'ebetso ea tokiso.
SSD e ile ea ntlafatsoa bakeng sa sete e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea data ho sebelisa sephutheloana sa R ​​"ssdtools" (48).Sebelisa bootstrap (n = 10,000) ho hakanya karolelano ea HC5 le nako ea ho itšepa (CI) ho tsoa ho SSD.Likarabo tse mashome a mane a metso e robong tsa lekhetho (tsohle tse hloailoeng e le mofuta kapa mefuta) tse ntlafalitsoeng ka lipatlisiso tsena li kopantsoe le likarabo tse 32 tsa lekhetho tse hlophisitsoeng ho tsoa lithutong tse tšeletseng tse phatlalalitsoeng polokelong ea ECTOX, bakeng sa kakaretso ea likarabo tse 81 tsa Lekhetho li ka sebelisoa bakeng sa nts'etsopele ea SSD. .Kaha ha ho na data e fumanoeng polokelong ea li-amides ea ECTOX, ha ho SSD e entsoeng bakeng sa li-amides 'me ho ile ha fumanoa karabo e le' ngoe feela ea EC50 ho tsoa thutong ea hona joale.Le hoja boleng ba EC50 ba sehlopha se le seng sa sulfide bo fumanoe polokelong ea ECOTOX, seithuti sa hona joale se fumaneng mangolo se na le litekanyetso tsa 12 EC50.Ka hona, li-SSD tsa lihlopha tsa sulfnyl li entsoe.
Litekanyetso tse ikhethileng tsa HC5 tsa metsoako ea fipronil e fumanoeng ho sete ea data ea SSD ea Mesocosmos e ne e kopantsoe le data ea tšimo ho lekola ho pepeseha le chefo e ka bang teng ea metsoako ea fipronil melapong ea 444 ho tsoa libakeng tse hlano United States.Fensetereng ea ho qetela ea sampuli ea libeke tse 4, khatello e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea metsoako ea fipronil e fumanoeng (likhahla tse sa lemohuoang ke zero) li arotsoe ke HC5, 'me karolelano ea motsoako oa sampole ka 'ngoe e akaretsoa ho fumana The total toxicity unit of fipronil (ΣTUFipronils), moo ΣTUFipronils> 1 e bolela chefo.
Ka ho bapisa khatello ea kotsi ea 50% ea mefuta e amehileng (HC50) le boleng ba EC50 ba borui ba taxa bo nkiloeng tekong ea membrane e mahareng, SSD e fumanoeng ho data ea membrane e bohareng e ile ea hlahlojoa ho bonts'a kutloelo-bohloko ea sechaba se pharaletseng sa tikoloho ho fipronil. tekanyo..Ka papiso ena, ho tsitsana lipakeng tsa mokhoa oa SSD (ho kenyeletsoa feela le taxa e nang le kamano ea karabelo ea lethal dose) le mokhoa oa EC50 (ho kenyeletsoa le taxa eohle e ikhethang e bonoang sebakeng se bohareng) ho sebelisoa mokhoa oa EC50 oa ​​ho lekanya borui ba lekhetho ho ka hlahlojoa Thobalano.Kamano ea karabo ea lethal dose.
Pontšo ea mofuta oa kotsi ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (SPEARpesticides) e ile ea baloa ho batlisisa kamano pakeng tsa boemo ba bophelo bo botle ba baahi ba se nang lesapo la mokokotlo le ΣTUFipronil melapong e bokellang li-invertebrate tse 437.SPEARpesticides metric e fetola sebopeho sa liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo hore e be metric e ngata bakeng sa biological taxonomy e nang le litšobotsi tsa fisioloji le tikoloho, ka hona e fana ka maikutlo a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Letšoao la SPEARpesticides ha le nahanele li-covariate tsa tlhaho (49, 50), le hoja ts'ebetso ea eona e tla angoa ke ho senyeha ho matla ha bolulo (51).Lintlha tse ngata tse bokelletsoeng sebakeng sa lekhetho bakeng sa lekhetho ka leng li hokahanngoa le boleng ba bohlokoa ba lekhetho bo amanang le software ea ASTERICS ho lekola boleng ba tikoloho ea noka (https://gewaeser-bewertung-berechnung.de/index.php/home html).Ebe u kenya lintlha ho Indicate (http://systemecology.eu/indicate/) software (version 18.05).Lenaneong lena la software, polokelo ea lintho tsa Europe le database e nang le kutloelo-bohloko ea 'mele ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana li sebelisoa ho fetolela datha ea sebaka ka seng hore e be sesupo sa SPEARpesticides.Boithuto bo bong le bo bong ba libaka tse hlano bo sebelisitse General Additive Model (GAM) ["mgcv" package ho R(52)) ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa metric ea SPEARpesticides le ΣTUFipronils [log10(X + 1) conversion] Associated.Bakeng sa tlhaiso-leseling e batsi mabapi le metrics ea SPEARpesticides le tlhahlobo ea data, ka kopo bona Supplementary Materials.
Lenane la boleng ba metsi le tsitsitse ho phallo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea mesoscopic le nako eohle ea liteko tsa mesoscopic.Ka karolelano mocheso, pH le conductivity e ne e le 13.1 ° C (± 0.27 ° C), 7.8 (± 0.12) le 54.1 (± 2.1) μS / cm (35), ka ho latellana.Khabone ea tlhaho e qhibilihisitsoeng metsing a hloekileng a noka ke 3.1 mg/L.Ka pono ea noka moo sehatisi sa MiniDOT se kentsoeng teng, oksijene e qhibilihisitsoeng e haufi le ho tlala (karolelano> 8.0 mg/L), e leng se bontšang hore molapo o potoloha ka botlalo.
Taolo ea boleng le lintlha tsa netefatso ea boleng ho fipronil li fanoe ka tokollo ea data e tsamaisanang le eona (35).Ka bokhutšoanyane, litekanyetso tsa ho hlaphoheloa ha li-spikes tsa matrix tsa laboratori le lisampole tsa mesoscopic hangata li ka har'a mekhahlelo e amohelehang (ho tsosolosoa ha 70% ho ea ho 130%), litekanyetso tsa IDL li tiisa mokhoa oa palo, 'me likheo tsa laboratori le lisebelisoa hangata li hloekile Ho na le mekhelo e fokolang haholo ntle le. likakaretso tsena tse tšohloang bukeng ea tlatsetso..
Ka lebaka la moralo oa tsamaiso, tekanyo e lekantsoeng ea fipronil hangata e tlase ho feta tekanyo ea sepheo (Setšoantšo sa S2) (hobane ho nka 4 ho matsatsi a 10 ho fihlela boemo bo tsitsitseng tlas'a maemo a loketseng) (30).Ha ho bapisoa le metsoako e meng ea fipronil, mahloriso a desulfinyl le amide a fetoha hanyenyane ha nako e ntse e ea, 'me phapang ea ho tsepamisa mohopolo ka har'a phekolo e nyenyane ho feta phapang pakeng tsa phekolo ntle le phekolo e tlaase ea sulfone le sulfide.Karolelano ea nako e lekantsoeng ea tekanyo ea mahloriso e lekantsoeng bakeng sa sehlopha ka seng sa phekolo ke ka tsela e latelang: Fipronil, IDL ho 9.07μg / L;Desulfinyl, IDL ho 2.15μg/L;Amide, IDL ho 4.17μg/L;Sulfidi, IDL Ho ea ho 0.57μg/litha e le nngwe;le sulfone, IDL ke 1.13μg/liter (35).Melatsoaneng e meng, metsoako ea fipronil e sa lebelloang e ile ea fumanoa, ke hore, metsoako e sa kang ea kenngoa kalafo e itseng, empa e tsejoa e le lihlahisoa tse senyang tsa motsoako oa phekolo.Li-membrane tsa mesoscopic tse tšoaroang ka motsoako oa motsoali oa fipronil li na le palo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea lihlahisoa tse senyehileng tse sa lebelloang tse fumanoeng (ha li sa sebelisoe e le motsoako oa ho sebetsa, ke sulfinyl, amide, sulfide le sulfone);tsena e ka 'na ea e-ba ka lebaka la ts'ebetso ea tlhahiso Litšila tse kopantsoeng le / kapa mekhoa ea ho senya e hlahang nakong ea ho boloka tharollo ea thepa le (kapa) tekong ea mesoscopic ho e-na le phello ea tšilafalo ea sefapano.Ha ho na mokhoa oa khatello ea maikutlo o ileng oa bonoa kalafong ea fipronil.Lik'hemik'hale tse senyang tse sa lebelloang li atisa ho fumanoa 'meleng o nang le phekolo e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, empa mahloriso a fokotsehile ho feta a mangata a sa lebelloang (sheba karolo e latelang bakeng sa mahloriso).Ka hona, kaha metsoako ea ho senyeha e sa lebelloang hangata ha e fumanoe kalafong e tlase ka ho fetisisa ea fipronil, le hobane mahloriso a fumanoeng a le tlase ho feta khatello ea maikutlo kalafong e phahameng ka ho fetesisa, ho fihleloa hore metsoako ena e sa lebelloang e na le tšusumetso e fokolang tlhahlobong.
Litekong tsa mecha ea litaba, li-macroinvertebrates tsa benthic li ne li utloa bohloko ho fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, le sulfide [Letlapa la S1;data ea pele ea bongata e fanoa ka mofuta oa data (35)].Fipronil amide ke ea ntsintsi feela ea Rhithrogena sp.Chefo (e bolaeang), EC50 ea eona ke 2.05μg/L [±10.8(SE)].Li-curve tsa karabelo ea litekanyetso tsa li-tax tse 15 tse ikhethileng li entsoe.Tafole ena e bonts'itse ho shoa ka har'a mefuta e lekiloeng ea mahloriso (Letlapa la S1), le lekhetho le lekiloeng le lekiloeng (joaloka lintsintsi) (Setšoantšo sa S3) le taxa e ruileng (setšoantšo sa 1) Ho ile ha hlahisoa lethal dose.Khatiso (EC50) ea fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone le sulfide ho taxa e ikhethang ea taxa e hlokolosi haholo ho tloha ho 0.005-0.364, 0.002-0.252, 0.002-0.061 le 0.005-0.043μg/L, ka ho latellana.Rhithrogena sp.Le Sweltsa sp.;Setšoantšo sa S4) se tlase ho feta lekhetho le mamelloang (joalo ka Micropsectra / Tanytarsus le Lepidostoma sp.) (Letlapa la S1).Ho ea ka karolelano ea EC50 ea motsoako o mong le o mong ho Lethathamo la S1, li-sulfone le sulfide ke metsoako e sebetsang ka ho fetisisa, ha liphoofolo tse se nang lesapo la mokokotlo ka kakaretso li sa amehe haholo ho desulfinyl (ntle le li-amides).Metrics ea boemo ba tikoloho ka kakaretso, joalo ka borui ba taxa, bongata bo felletseng, pentaploid e felletseng le fofa ea majoe kaofela, ho kenyeletsoa taxa le bongata ba taxa e itseng, tsena li fumaneha ka seoelo ka meso 'me li ke ke tsa baloa Thala lethal dose le fapaneng la karabo.Ka hona, matšoao ana a tikoloho a kenyelletsa likarabo tsa lekhetho tse sa kenyellelitsoeng ho SSD.
Taxa richness (larva) e nang le tšebetso ea maemo a mararo ea (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, le (D) sulfide concentration.Ntho e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lintlha e emela li-larvae tse tsoang molapong o le mong qetellong ea teko ea meso ea matsatsi a 30.Lekhetho la lekhetho ke palo ea lekhetho le ikhethileng sebakeng se seng le se seng.Boleng ba mahloriso ke kakaretso e lekantsoeng ea nako ea bongata bo hlokometsoeng ba molapo o mong le o mong o lekantsoeng qetellong ea teko ea matsatsi a 30.Fipronil amide (e sa bontšoang) ha e na kamano le taxa e ruileng.Ka kopo hlokomela hore x-axis e ka sekala sa logarithmic.EC20 le EC50 tse nang le SE li tlalehiloe ho Lethathamo la S1.
Boemong bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba metsoako e mehlano ea fipronil, sekhahla sa ho hlaha ha Uetridae se theohile.Peresente ea ho mela (EC50) ea sulfide, sulfone, fipronil, amide le desulfinyl e ile ea bonoa e fokotseha ka 50% maemong a 0.03, 0.06, 0.11, 0.78 le 0.97μg/L ka ho latellana (Setšoantšo sa 2 le Setšoantšo sa S5).Boholo ba liteko tsa matsatsi a 30, phekolo eohle ea fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone le sulfide e ile ea lieha, ntle le mekhoa e meng ea phekolo e tlaase (Setšoantšo sa 2), 'me ponahalo ea bona e ne e thibetsoe.Ka phekolo ea amide, mokelikeli o bokelitsoeng nakong ea teko eohle o ne o phahame ho feta oa taolo, o nang le mahloriso a 0.286μg / litha.Khatello e phahameng ka ho fetisisa (4.164μg / litha) nakong ea teko eohle e ile ea thibela metsi a litšila, 'me tekanyo ea metsi ea phekolo e bohareng e ne e tšoana le ea sehlopha sa taolo.(setšoantšo sa 2).
Ho hlaha ka kakaretso ke karolelano ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea ho hlaha ha phekolo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ho tloswa (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, (D) sulfide le (E) amide ka har'a molapo oa taolo Karolelano ea letsatsi le letsatsi ea ho hlaha ha lera.Ntle le ho laola (n = 6), n = 1. Boleng ba mahloriso ke karolelano ea nako e lekantsoeng ea mahloriso a hlokometsoeng ho phallo ka 'ngoe.
Phetoho ea karabelo ea lethal dose e bontša hore, ntle le tahlehelo ea taxonomic, liphetoho tsa sebopeho boemong ba sechaba.Haholo-holo, ka har'a sehlopha sa mahloriso a liteko, bongata ba may (Setšoantšo sa S3) le bongata ba taxa (setšoantšo sa 1) se bontšitse likamano tsa bohlokoa tsa karabelo ea lethal dose le fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone le sulfide.Ka hona, re ile ra hlahloba hore na liphetoho tsena tsa meralo li lebisa liphetohong mosebetsing oa sechaba ka ho hlahloba phokotso ea phepo e nepahetseng.Ho pepeseha ha likokoana-hloko tsa metsing ho fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide le sulfone ho na le tšusumetso e mpe e tobileng ho biomass ea scraper (Setšoantšo sa 3).E le ho laola tšusumetso e mpe ea fipronil ho biomass ea scraper, scraper e boetse e ama chlorophyll biomass hampe (Setšoantšo sa 3).Sephetho sa li-coefficients tsena tse mpe tsa litsela ke keketseho ea chlorophyll a ha bongata ba fipronil le litšila bo ntse bo eketseha.Mehlala ena ea litsela tse kenelletsoeng ka botlalo e bontša hore ho senyeha ho hoholo ha fipronil kapa fipronil ho lebisa keketsehong ea karolo ea chlorophyll a (Setšoantšo sa 3).Ho nahanoa esale pele hore phello e tobileng lipakeng tsa khatello ea fipronil kapa degradation le chlorophyll biomass ke zero, hobane metsoako ea fipronil ke chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana 'me e na le chefo e tlase e tobileng ho algae (mohlala, khatello ea mantlha ea EPA e se nang vascular ke 100μg / L. fipronil, sehlopha sa disulfoxide, sulfone le sulfide https://epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risk/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk), Liphetho tsohle (mefuta e nepahetseng) li tšehetsa sena; khopolo-taba.
Fipronil e ka fokotsa haholo biomass (phello e tobileng) ea ho fula (sehlopha sa scraper ke larvae), empa ha e na phello e tobileng ho biomass ea chlorophyll a.Leha ho le joalo, phello e matla e sa tobang ea fipronil ke ho eketsa biomass ea chlorophyll a ho arabela makhulong a fokolang.Motsu o bonts'a coefficient e tloaelehileng ea tsela, 'me letšoao la ho tlosa (-) le bontša tataiso ea mokhatlo.* E bontša tekanyo ea bohlokoa.
Li-SSD tse tharo (bohare bo bohareng feela, lera le bohareng hammoho le data ea ECOTOX, le lera le bohareng hammoho le data ea ECOTOX e lokiselitsoeng bakeng sa phapang ea nako ea ho pepeseha) e hlahisitse boleng bo fapaneng ba HC5 (Letlapa la S3), empa liphetho li ne li le ka har'a SE.Thutong ena kaofela, re tla tsepamisa maikutlo ho data SSD e nang le bokahohle ba meso feela le boleng bo amanang le HC5.Bakeng sa tlhaloso e felletseng ea litlhahlobo tsena tse tharo tsa SSD, ka kopo sheba lisebelisoa tsa tlatsetso (Litafole S2 ho ea ho S5 le Figures S6 le S7).Phatlalatso e nepahetseng ka ho fetesisa ea data (lintlha tse tlase tsa Akaike tsa tlhaiso-leseling) tsa metsoako e mene ea fipronil (Setšoantšo sa 4) se sebelisoang feela 'mapeng oa meso-solid SSD ke log-gumbel ea fipronil le sulfone, le weibull ea sulfide And desulfurized γ ( Lethathamo la S3).Litekanyetso tsa HC5 tse fumanoeng bakeng sa komporo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe li tlalehiloe ho Setšoantšo sa 4 bakeng sa bokahohle ba meso feela, 'me ho Lethathamo la S3 ho tlalehiloe litekanyetso tsa HC5 ho tsoa ho lihlopha tsohle tse tharo tsa data tsa SSD.Litekanyetso tsa HC50 tsa fipronil, sulfide, sulfone le lihlopha tsa desulfinyl [22.1±8.78 ng/L (95% CI, 11.4 ho 46.2), 16.9±3.38 ng/L (95% CI, 11.2 ho 28.0 ± 8). 2.66 ng/L (95% CI, 5.44 ho 15.8) le 83.4±32.9 ng/L (95% CI, 36.4 ho 163)] Metsoako ena e tlase haholo ho feta EC50 taxa richness (palo kaofela ea taxa e ikhethang) (Letlapa la S1 ; lintlha tse tafoleng ea tlatsetso ke li-micrograms ka litha e le ngoe).
Tekong ea meso-scale, ha e pepesetsoa (A) fipronil, (B) dessulfinyl fipronil, (C) fipronil sulfone, (D) fipronil sulfide ka matsatsi a 30, kutloisiso ea mefuta e hlalosoa Ke boleng ba EC50 ba taxon.Mohala o motala o moputsoa o emela 95% CI.Mohala o tšekaletseng o nang le li-dashed o emela HC5.Theko ea HC5 (ng / L) ea motsoako ka mong ke e latelang: Fipronil, 4.56 ng / L (95% CI, 2.59 ho 10.2);Sulfidi, 3.52 ng / L (1.36 ho 9.20);Sulfone, 2,86 ng/ Litha e le nngwe (1,93 ho ya ho 5,29);le sulfnyl, 3,55 ng / litha e le nngwe (0.35 ho 28.4).Ka kopo hlokomela hore x-axis e ka sekala sa logarithmic.
Lithutong tse hlano tsa libaka, Fipronil (batsoali) e ile ea fumanoa ho 22% ea lintlha tsa 444 tsa mehlala ea masimo (Letlapa la 1).Maqhubu a ho lemoha ha florfenib, sulfone le amide a tšoana (18% ho 22% ea sampuli), maqhubu a ho lemoha sulfide le desulfinyl a tlaase (11% ho ea ho 13%), ha lihlahisoa tse setseng tsa ho senya li phahame haholo.Ba seng bakae (1% kapa ka tlase) kapa ha ba so ka ba bonoa (Letlapa la 1)..Fipronil e fumanoa hangata ka boroa-bochabela (52% ea libaka) le hangata ka leboea-bophirimela (9% ea libaka), e totobatsang phapang ea tšebeliso ea benzopyrazole le ho ba kotsing ea ho phalla ho pholletsa le naha.Hangata batho ba nyenyefatsang ba bontša mekhoa e tšoanang ea libaka, e nang le maqhubu a phahameng ka ho fetisisa a ho fumanoa ka boroa-bochabela le tlaase-tlaase ka leboea-bophirimela kapa lebopong la California.Tekanyo e lekantsoeng ea fipronil e ne e le e phahameng ka ho fetisisa, e lateloa ke motsoako oa motsoali oa fipronil (90% lekholong ea 10.8 le 6.3 ng / L, ka ho latellana) (Letlapa la 1) (35).Ntho e phahameng ka ho fetisisa ea fipronil (61.4 ng / L), disulfinyl (10.6 ng / L) le sulfide (8.0 ng / L) e ile ea khethoa ka boroa-bochabela (libeke tse 'nè tse fetileng tsa sampuli).Boemo bo phahameng ka ho fetisisa ba sulfone bo ile ba khethoa ka bophirimela.(15.7 ng/L), amide (42.7 ng/L), dessulfinyl flupirnamide (14 ng/L) le fipronil sulfonate (8.1 ng/L) (35).Florfenide sulfone e ne e le eona feela motsoako o ileng oa hlokomeloa hore o feta HC5 (Letlapa la 1).Karolelano ea ΣTUFipronils lipakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng e fapana haholo (Letlapa la 1).Karolelano ea naha ea ΣTUFipronils ke 0.62 (libaka tsohle, libaka tsohle), le libaka tsa 71 (16%) li na le ΣTUFipronils> 1, e bontšang hore e ka 'na ea e-ba chefo ho benthic macroinvertebrates.Libakeng tse 'nè ho tse hlano tse ithutoang (ntle le Midwest), ho na le kamano ea bohlokoa pakeng tsa SPEARpesticides le ΣTUFipronil, ka R2 e fetotsoeng ho tloha 0.07 lebōpong la California ho ea ho 0.34 ka boroa-bochabela (Setšoantšo sa 5).
* Metsoako e sebelisoang litekong tsa mesoscopic.†ΣTUFipronils, karolo e bohareng ea kakaretso ea likarolo tsa chefo [e hlokometse mahloriso a tšimo ea metsoako e mene ea fipronil / mahloriso a kotsi a motsoako ka mong ho tloha karolong ea bohlano ea mefuta e nang le tšoaetso ea SSD (Setšoantšo sa 4)] Bakeng sa mehlala ea beke le beke ea fipronil, 4 ea ho qetela Libeke tsa lisampole tsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tse bokeletsoeng setšeng ka seng li ile tsa baloa.‡Palo ya dibaka tseo dibolayadikokonyana di lekanngwang ho tsona.§Palo ea bo-90 e ipapisitse le bongata bo bonoang sebakeng sa beke nakong ea libeke tse 4 tse fetileng tsa sampole ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.ka peresente ea lisampole tse lekiloeng.¶ Sebelisa 95% CI ea boleng ba HC5 (Setšoantšo sa 4 le Lethathamo la S3, meso feela) ho bala CI.Dechloroflupinib e hlahlobiloe libakeng tsohle mme ha e so ka e fumanoa.ND, ha e fumanehe.
Fipronil toxic unit ke tekanyo ea fipronil e lekantsoeng e arotsoe ka boleng bo khethehileng ba HC5, bo khethiloeng ke SSD e fumanoeng tekong ea mecha ea litaba (bona setšoantšo sa 4).Mohala o motšo, mofuta oa tlatsetso o akaretsang (GAM).Mohala o mofubelu o na le CI ea 95% bakeng sa GAM.ΣTUFipronils e fetoleloa ho log10 (ΣTUFipronils+1).
Litlamorao tse mpe tsa fipronil mefuteng ea metsing e sa lebelloang li ngotsoe hantle (15, 21, 24, 25, 32, 33), empa ena ke thuto ea pele eo ho eona e leng hlokolosi tikolohong ea laboratori e laoloang.Baahi ba lekhetho ba ile ba pepesetsoa lik'hemik'hale tsa fipronil, 'me liphello li ile tsa hlahisoa ka tekanyo ea k'honthinente.Liphetho tsa liteko tsa mesocosmic tsa matsatsi a 30 li ka hlahisa lihlopha tse 15 tsa likokoanyana tsa metsing (Letlapa la S1) tse nang le mahloriso a sa tlalehoang libukeng, tseo har'a tsona likokoanyana tsa metsing tse polokelong ea lintho tse chefo li emeng ka tlase (53, 54).Litefiso tse ikhethileng tsa lekhetho (joalo ka EC50) li bonts'oa liphetohong tsa boemo ba sechaba (joalo ka borui ba taxa mme e ka senya tahlehelo e ngata) le liphetoho tsa ts'ebetso (joalo ka phokotso ea phepo le liphetoho ponahalong).Phello ea bokahohle ba mesoscopic e ile ea fetisetsoa tšimong.Libakeng tse 'nè ho tse hlano tsa lipatlisiso United States, tekanyo ea fipronil e lekantsoeng tšimong e ne e amana le ho fokotseha ha tikoloho ea metsing ka metsing a phallang.
Boleng ba HC5 ba 95% ea mefuta e tekong ea membrane e mahareng e na le ts'ireletso, e bonts'ang hore ka kakaretso lichaba tsa liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo tsa metsing li na le kutloelo-bohloko ho metsoako ea fipronil ho feta kamoo e neng e utloisisoa pele.Theko e fumanoeng ea HC5 (florfenib, 4.56 ng/liter; desulfoxirane, 3.55 ng/liter; sulfone, 2.86 ng/liter; sulfide, 3.52 ng/liter) ke makhetlo a mangata (florfenib) ho isa ho makhetlo a mararo Ho feta taelo ea boholo (desulfinyl) ) ka tlase ho palo ea hona joale ea EPA e sa foleng ea invertebrate [fipronil, 11 ng/liter;desulfinyl, 10,310 ng/litha e le nngwe;sulfone, 37 ng/litha e le nngwe;le sulfide, bakeng sa 110 ng/lithara (8)].Liteko tsa Mesoscopic li fumane lihlopha tse ngata tse amehang ho fipronil ho e-na le tse bontšitsoeng ke EPA e sa foleng ea invertebrate benchmark (lihlopha tsa 4 tse amehang haholo ho fipronil, lipara tsa 13 tsa desulfinyl, lipara tsa 11 tsa sulfone le li-pair tsa 13) Sulfide sensitivity) (Setšoantšo sa 4 le tafole) S1).Sena se bontša hore li-benchmarks li ke ke tsa sireletsa mefuta e mengata ea lintho tse phelang lefatšeng le bohareng, e leng eona e atileng tikolohong ea metsing.Phapano lipakeng tsa liphetho tsa rona le tekanyetso ea hajoale e bakoa haholo ke khaello ea lintlha tsa tlhahlobo ea chefo ea fipronil e sebetsang ho mefuta e mengata ea lekhetho la likokoanyana tsa metsing, haholo ha nako ea ho pepeseha e feta matsatsi a 4 mme fipronil e theoha.Nakong ea teko ea mesocosmic ea matsatsi a 30, likokoanyana tse ngata sebakeng sa liphoofolo tse se nang mokokotlo li ne li le bonolo ho fipronil ho feta ntho e tloaelehileng ea tlhahlobo ea Aztec (crustacean), esita le ka mor'a ho lokisa Aztec The EC50 ea Teike e etsa hore e tšoane ka mor'a phetoho e matla.(Hangata lihora tsa 96) ho nako ea ho pepeseha ho sa foleng (Setšoantšo sa S7).Ho ile ha fihleloa tumellano e betere lipakeng tsa teko ea membrane e mahareng le boithuto bo tlalehiloeng ho ECOTOX ho sebelisoa sebōpuoa se tloaelehileng sa teko Chironomus dilutus (kokoanyana).Ha ho makatse hore ebe likokoanyana tse phelang metsing li na le bothata bo boholo ho chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.Ntle le ho lokisa nako ea ho pepeseha, teko ea meso-scale le data e felletseng ea database ea ECOTOX e bonts'itse hore li-tax tse ngata li ile tsa bonoa li tsotella metsoako ea fipronil ho feta Clostridium e hlapollotsoeng (Setšoantšo sa S6).Leha ho le joalo, ka ho fetola nako ea ho pepeseha, Dilution Clostridium ke sebōpuoa se nang le kutloelo-bohloko ho fipronil (motsoali) le sulfide, le hoja e sa tsotelle sulfone (Setšoantšo sa S7).Liphetho tsena li bontša bohlokoa ba ho kenyelletsa mefuta e mengata ea lintho tse phelang metsing (ho kenyeletsoa likokoanyana tse ngata) ho hlahisa metsoako ea 'nete ea chefo e ka sireletsang lintho tse phelang metsing.
Mokhoa oa SSD o ka sireletsa lekhetho le sa tloaelehang kapa le sa tsotelleng leo EC50 e ke keng ea tsejoa, joalo ka Cinygmula sp., Isoperla fulva le Brachycentrus americanus.Litekanyetso tsa EC50 tsa bongata ba lekhetho mme li ka fofa ka bongata tse bonts'ang liphetoho sebopehong sa sechaba li lumellana le boleng ba HC50 ba SSD ea fipronil, sulfone le sulfide.Protocol e ts'ehetsa mohopolo o latelang: Mokhoa oa SSD o sebelisoang ho fumana menyako o ka sireletsa sechaba sohle, ho kenyeletsoa lekhetho le sa tloaelehang kapa le sa tsotelleng sechabeng.Meetlo ea libōpuoa tsa metsing tse khethiloeng ho tsoa ho li-SSD tse ipapisitseng le lekhetho le fokolang feela kapa lekhetho le sa tsotelleng e kanna ea ba e sa lekaneng ho sireletsa tikoloho ea metsing.Sena ke boemo ba desulfinyl (Setšoantšo sa S6B).Ka lebaka la khaello ea data ho database ea ECOTOX, EPA e sa foleng ea invertebrate ea mantlha ke 10,310 ng / L, e leng litaelo tse 'nè tsa boholo bo phahameng ho feta 3.55 ng / L ea HC5.Liphetho tsa lihlopha tse fapaneng tsa likarabo tsa taxon tse hlahisitsoeng litekong tsa mesoscopic.Ho haella ha lintlha tsa chefo ho thata haholo bakeng sa metsoako e senyehang (Figure S6), e ka hlalosang hore na ke hobane'ng ha li-benchmarks tsa tlhaho tsa metsing tsa sulfone le sulfide li ka ba makhetlo a 15 ho isa ho a 30 ho feta boleng ba SSD HC5 bo thehiloeng ho China Universe.Monyetla oa mokhoa oa li-membrane tse mahareng ke hore litekanyetso tse ngata tsa EC50 li ka khethoa tekong e le 'ngoe, e lekaneng ho theha SSD e felletseng (mohlala, desulfinyl; Figure 4B le Figures S6B le S7B), mme e na le tšusumetso e kholo. Lekhethong la tlhaho la tikoloho e sirelelitsoeng Likarabo tse ngata.
Liteko tsa mesoscopic li bonts'a hore fipronil le lihlahisoa tsa eona tse senyehileng li kanna tsa ba le litlamorao tse mpe le tse sa tobang mosebetsing oa sechaba.Tekong ea mesoscopic, metsoako eohle e mehlano ea fipronil e bonahala e ama ho hlaha ha likokoanyana.Liphello tsa papiso pakeng tsa likhahla tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa le tse tlaase ka ho fetisisa (ho thibela le ho tsosoa ha motho ka mong kapa liphetoho nakong ea ho hlaha) li lumellana le liphello tse tlalehiloeng pele tsa liteko tsa meso tse sebelisang likokoana-hloko tsa bifenthrin (29).Ho hlaha ha batho ba baholo ho fana ka mesebetsi ea bohlokoa ea tikoloho 'me e ka fetoloa ke litšila tse kang fipronil (55, 56).Ho hlaha ka nako e le 'ngoe ha ho bohlokoa feela bakeng sa ho ikatisa ha likokoanyana le ho phehella ha baahi, empa hape le bakeng sa phepelo ea likokoanyana tse holileng, tse ka sebelisoang e le lijo tsa liphoofolo tsa metsing le tsa lefatše (56).Ho thibela ho hlaha ha lipeo ho ka ama phapanyetsano ea lijo lipakeng tsa tikoloho ea metsing le tikoloho e haufi, le ho hasanya litlamorao tsa litšila tsa metsing tikolohong ea lefatše (55, 56).Ho fokotseha ha bongata ba li-scrapers (likokoanyana tse jang algae) tse hlokometsoeng tekong ea meso-scale e bakile ho fokotseha ha tšebeliso ea algae, e leng se entseng hore ho be le keketseho ea chlorophyll a (Setšoantšo sa 3).Sefate sena sa trophic se fetola phallo ea khabone le naetrojene sebakeng sa marang-rang sa lijo tse metsi, joalo ka thuto e ileng ea lekola litlamorao tsa pyrethroid bifenthrin ho baahi ba benthic (29).Ka hona, phenylpyrazoles, tse kang fipronil le lihlahisoa tsa eona tse senyang, li-pyrethroids, mohlomong le mefuta e meng ea likokoanyana tse bolaeang likokoanyana, li ka khothalletsa ka tsela e sa tobang keketseho ea algal biomass le ho senyeha ha carbon le nitrogen melapong e nyenyane.Litšusumetso tse ling li ka fetela ho timetso ea potoloho ea carbon le nitrogen lipakeng tsa tikoloho ea metsing le ea lefatše.
Lintlha tse fumanoeng tlhahlobong ea membrane e mahareng li re lumelletse ho lekola bohlokoa ba tikoloho ea likhakanyo tsa motsoako oa fipronil tse lekantsoeng lithutong tse kholo tse entsoeng libakeng tse hlano tsa United States.Melatsoaneng e 444, 17% ea kakaretso ea motsoako oa motsoako o le mong kapa ho feta oa fipronil (karolelano ea libeke tse 4) e feta boleng ba HC5 bo fumanoeng tekong ea mecha ea litaba.Sebelisa SSD ho tsoa tekong ea meso-scale ho fetolela mohopolo oa motsoako oa fipronil hore e be index e amanang le chefo, ke hore, kakaretso ea likarolo tsa chefo (ΣTUFipronils).Boleng ba 1 bo bonts'a chefo kapa ho pepeseha ha motsoako oa fipronil ho feta ts'ireletso e tsebahalang Mefuta ea boleng ba 95%.Kamano ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa ΣTUFipronil libakeng tse 'ne ho tse hlano le sesupo sa SPEARpesticides sa bophelo bo botle ba sechaba se se nang lesapo la mokokotlo se bontša hore fipronil e ka ama hampe metseng ea li-invertebrate tse linōka libakeng tse ngata tsa United States.Liphetho tsena li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea Wolfram et al.(3) Kotsi ea likokoana-hloko tsa phenpyrazole ho metsi a holim'a metsi United States ha e utloisisoe ka botlalo hobane phello ea likokoanyana tsa metsing e hlaha ka tlase ho moeli oa hona joale oa taolo.
Melatsoana e mengata e nang le fipronil ka holimo ho boemo bo chefo e fumaneha sebakeng se batlang se na le litoropo tse ka boroa-bochabela (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/region/SESQA).Tlhahlobo e fetileng ea sebaka seo ha ea ka ea etsa qeto ea hore fipronil ke eona khatello e ka sehloohong e amang sebopeho sa sechaba se se nang mokokotlo molatsoaneng, empa hape le hore oksijene e fokotsehileng e tlaase, limatlafatsi tse eketsehileng, liphetoho tsa phallo, ho senyeha ha libaka, le likokoanyana tse ling tse bolaeang likokoanyana le Sehlopha se silafatsang ke sa bohlokoa. mohloli oa khatello ea maikutlo (57).Motsoako ona oa khatello ea maikutlo o lumellana le "urban river syndrome", e leng ho senyeha ha tikoloho ea noka e atisang ho hlokomeloa mabapi le tšebeliso ea mobu oa litoropo (58, 59).Matshwao a tshebediso ya mobu ditoropong sebakeng sa Borwa-bochabela a ntse a eketseha mme ho lebeletswe hore a eketsehe ha palo ya baahi e ntse e hola.Tšusumetso ea nts'etsopele ea litoropong le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho phalla ha metse ea litoropo e lebelletsoe ho eketseha (4).Haeba ho ata ha litoropo le ts'ebeliso ea fipronil li ntse li tsoela pele ho hola, ts'ebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana metseng e ka 'na ea ama metseng ea melapo le ho feta.Leha tlhahlobo ea meta e etsa qeto ea hore ts'ebeliso ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea temo e sokela tikoloho ea lefats'e (2, 60), re nka hore litlhahlobo tsena li nyenyefatsa tšusumetso ea lefats'e ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ka ho se kenyelletse ts'ebeliso ea litoropo.
Matšoenyeho a fapa-fapaneng, ho kenyelletsa le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, a ka ama sechaba sa macroinvertebrate libakeng tse tsoetseng pele tsa metsi (setoropo, temo le ts'ebeliso ea mobu e tsoakiloeng) mme e kanna ea amana le ts'ebeliso ea mobu (58, 59, 61).Leha boithuto bona bo sebelisitse sesupo sa SPEARpesticides le litšobotsi tse ikhethileng tsa fipronil tse phelang metsing ho fokotsa tšusumetso ea lintho tse ferekanyang, ts'ebetso ea letšoao la SPEARpesticides e ka angoa ke ho senyeha ha bolulo, 'me fipronil e ka bapisoa le tse ling tse amanang le Chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (4, 17, 51, 57).Leha ho le joalo, mohlala o mongata oa khatello ea maikutlo o entsoeng ka ho sebelisa litekanyo tsa masimo ho tloha lithutong tse peli tsa pele tsa libaka (Bohareng le Boroa-bochabela) o bontšitse hore chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ke khatello ea bohlokoa e holimo ho ea holimo bakeng sa maemo a sechaba a macroinvertebrate linōkeng tse phallang.Mehlalang ena, mefuta e hlalosang ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (haholo-holo bifenthrin), limatlafatsi le litšobotsi tsa bolulo melapong e mengata ea temo Midwest, le chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (haholo-holo fipronil) metseng e mengata e ka boroa-bochabela.Liphetoho tsa oksijene, limatlafatsi le phallo (61, 62).Ka hona, le hoja liphuputso tsa libaka li leka ho sebetsana le tšusumetso ea likhatello tse se nang chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ho matšoao a karabelo le ho lokisa matšoao a ho bolela esale pele ho hlalosa phello ea fipronil, liphetho tsa phuputso ena li tšehetsa maikutlo a fipronil.) E lokela ho nkoa e le e 'ngoe ea mehloli e nang le tšusumetso e matla linōkeng tsa Amerika, haholo-holo karolong e ka boroa-bochabela ea United States.
Ketsahalo ea ho senyeha ha chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana tikolohong ha e ngoloe ka seoelo, empa tšokelo ea lintho tse phelang metsing e ka ba kotsi ho feta 'mele oa motsoali.Tabeng ea fipronil, liphuputso tsa tšimo le liteko tsa meso-scale li bontšitse hore lihlahisoa tsa ho senya li tloaelehile joaloka 'mele oa motsoali ka har'a melapo ea sampole' me li na le chefo e tšoanang kapa e phahameng (Letlapa la 1).Tekong ea lera la mahareng, fluorobenzonitrile sulfone e ne e le chefo ka ho fetesisa ea lihlahisoa tse senyang chefo e ithutoang, 'me e ne e le chefo ho feta motsoako oa motsoali, hape e ile ea bonoa ka makhetlo a tšoanang le a motsoako oa motsoali.Haeba feela meriana e bolaeang likokoanyana e ka lekanngoa, liketsahalo tsa chefo tse ka bang teng li ka 'na tsa se ke tsa hlokomeloa, 'me ho haella ha lintlha tsa chefo nakong ea ho senyeha ho bolela hore ketsahalo le liphello tsa tsona li ka hlokomolohuoa.Mohlala, ka lebaka la khaello ea tlhaiso-leseling mabapi le chefo ea lihlahisoa tse senyehileng, ho ile ha etsoa tlhahlobo e felletseng ea chefo e bolaeang likokonyana melapong ea Switzerland, ho kenyeletsoa lihlahisoa tse 134 tsa tšenyo ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana, 'me ke motsoako oa motsoali feela o neng o nkuoa e le motsoako oa motsoali tlhahlobong ea eona ea kotsi ea ecotoxicological.
Liphetho tsa tlhahlobo ena ea kotsi ea tikoloho li bontša hore metsoako ea fipronil e na le litlamorao tse mpe bophelong ba noka, kahoo ho ka nahanoa ka mokhoa o utloahalang hore litlamorao tse mpe li ka bonoa kae kapa kae moo metsoako ea fipronil e fetang boemo ba HC5.Liphetho tsa liteko tsa mesoscopic ha li ipapise le sebaka, tse bonts'ang hore bongata ba fipronil le lihlahisoa tsa eona tse senyehang ho taxa tse ngata li tlase haholo ho feta tse tlalehiloeng pele.Re lumela hore tšibollo ena e kanna ea atolosetsoa ho protobiota e melatsoaneng ea tlhaho kae kapa kae.Liphetho tsa liteko tsa meso-scale li ile tsa sebelisoa lithutong tse kholo tsa masimo (melatsoana e 444 e entsoeng ka ts'ebeliso e kopaneng ea litoropo, temo le mobu ho pholletsa le libaka tse hlano tse kholo tsa United States), mme ho ile ha fumaneha hore bongata ba melapo e mengata. moo fipronil e fumanoeng e lebelletsoe ho ba Chefo e hlahisoang e fana ka maikutlo a hore liphetho tsena li ka fetela linaheng tse ling moo fipronil e sebelisoang teng.Ho ea ka litlaleho, palo ea batho ba sebelisang Fipronil e ntse e eketseha Japane, UK le US (7).Fipronil e teng hoo e ka bang k'honthinenteng e 'ngoe le e' ngoe, ho kenyeletsoa Australia, Amerika Boroa le Afrika (https://coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/fipronil-market-2208).Liphetho tsa liphuputso tsa meso-to-field tse hlahisitsoeng mona li bontša hore tšebeliso ea fipronil e ka ba le bohlokoa ba tikoloho lefatšeng ka bophara.
Bakeng sa lisebelisoa tsa tlatsetso bakeng sa sengoloa sena, ka kopo bona http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/43/eabc1299/DC1
Ena ke sengoloa sa phihlello se bulehileng se ajoang tlasa melaoana ea Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License, e lumellang ts'ebeliso, kabo le ho ikatisa ka mokhoa ofe kapa ofe, ha feela ts'ebeliso ea ho qetela e se molemong oa khoebo mme motheo ke hore mosebetsi oa pele o nepahetse.Referense.
Tlhokomeliso: Re u kopa feela hore u fane ka aterese ea hau ea lengolo-tsoibila hore motho eo u mo khothalelitseng leqepheng lena a tsebe hore u batla hore a bone lengolo-tsoibila le hore ha se spam.Re ke ke ra hapa liaterese tsa lengolo-tsoibila.
Potso ena e sebelisetsoa ho lekola hore na u moeti le ho thibela ho fana ka spam.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Liphuputso li bontšitse hore chefo e tloaelehileng e atisang ho fumanoa melapong ea Amerika e chefo ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler ( Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Liphuputso li bontšitse hore chefo e tloaelehileng e atisang ho fumanoa melapong ea Amerika e chefo ho feta kamoo ho neng ho nahanoa pele.
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