Mishonga yezvipembenenemakemikari anoshandiswa kuuraya kana kudzora tumbuyu zvinokuvadza.Izvo zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima, hutano uye horticulture kuchengetedza zvirimwa, nharaunda yemusha uye hutano hweveruzhinji.Mishonga yezvipembenene inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukurima uye hutano.Hadzingowedzera goho chete asiwo dzinodzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere.

 

Ndeapi marudzi emishonga yezvipembenene?

Zvipembenene zvinogona kuiswa mumhando dzakasiyana senge organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids,neonicotinoids, uye organochlorines, imwe neimwe ine yayo chaiyo yemakemikari kuumbwa uye maitiro ekuita, uye anoshandiswa kudzora marudzi akasiyana ezvipembenene uye kudzivirira zvirimwa uye hutano hwevanhu.Tevere, isu tichatarisa kuti ndeapi mapoka uye akajairwa zvigadzirwa zviripo.

 

Kurongwa maererano nemakemikari

Organophosphorus Insecticides

Organophosphorus insecticides ikirasi yezvipembenene zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya zvinodzivisa enzyme acetylcholinesterase muzvipembenene, zvichiita kuti kuvhiringidzwe kwehutano hwezvipembenene uye rufu.

Dichlorvos (DDVP)

 

Malathion

Carbamate Insecticides

Carbamate insecticides inokanganisa tsinga conduction muzvipembenene nekudzivisa enzyme acetylcholinesterase.Iyi mishonga yezvipembenene inoshanda zvikuru uye inokurumidza kuita.

Methomyl

 

Pyrethroid Insecticides

Pyrethroid insecticides inogadzira pyrethroid makomisheni ayo anoita mhedzisiro yawo yekuuraya zvipembenene nekukanganisa kufambiswa kwetsinga muzvipembenene.Ivo vanoratidzirwa nekushomeka kwehupfu, kushanda kwakanyanya uye kushamwaridzana kwezvakatipoteredza.

Cypermetrin

 

Neonicotinoid Insecticides

Neonicotinoid insecticides chizvarwa chitsva chezvipembenene zvinouraya zvipembenene nekusunga kune nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, zvichiita kuti kuwedzeredza kwepakati penheyo system uye rufu.

Imidacloprid

Clothianidin

 

Organochlorine Insecticides

Organochlorine insecticides iboka rezvipembenene zvechinyakare zvinogara kwenguva refu uye zvakafara, asi kushandiswa kwavo kunogumira nekuda kwekushingirira kwezvakatipoteredza uye bioaccumulation.Mishonga yezvipembenene inonzi organochlorine inosanganisira DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) uye chlordane.

 

Kuronga maererano nemaitiro echiito

Bata mishonga yezvipembenene
Mishonga yemhando yekubata-bata inoshanda nekusangana kwakananga nepidermis yetumbuyu.Mhando iyi yezvipembenene inosanganisira akawanda organophosphorus uye pyrethroid compounds.

Mudumbu Muchetura Zvipembenene
Dumbu Toxicant inopinzwa nezvipembenene uye inoita huturu hwadzo mumuviri.Kazhinji gastric zvipembenene zvinosanganisira carbamates uye mamwe organophosphorus makomisheni.

Systemic Insecticides
Systemic mishonga yezvipembeneneinogona kutorwa nechirimwa uye inoitwa kunzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzechirimwa, nokudaro kudzivirira chirimwa chose kubva kune zvipembenene.Mhando iyi yezvipembenene inosanganisira imidacloprid uye furosemide.

 

Classification maererano nekushandiswa

Agricultural Insecticides
Mishonga inouraya zvipembenene pakurima ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa kudzivirira mbesa kubva kutumbuyu uye kuvandudza goho uye kunaka.Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinonyanya kushandiswa organophosphorus, pyrethroid uye neonicotinoid zvipembenene.

Sanitary Insecticides
Mishonga yehutsanana inoshandiswa kurwisa zvipembenene zvakaita seumhutu, nhunzi nemapete kudzivirira kupararira kwezvirwere.Mishonga yezvipembenene yakadai inosanganisira deltamethrin necypermethrin.

Horticultural Insecticides
Horticultural insecticides inonyanya kushandiswa kuchengetedza maruva, zvishongo nemiti yemichero kubva kune zvipembenene.Iyi mishonga yezvipembenene inowanzobatanidza yakaderera-chepfu, inoshanda zvikuru pyrethroids uye neonicotinoids.

 

Mechanism yekuita zvezvipembenene

Migumisiro panheyo system yezvipembenene
Mishonga yakawanda yezvipembenene inoshanda nekuvhiringidza hurongwa hwemagetsi ezvipembenene, semuenzaniso, organophosphorus uye carbamate insecticides inhibit enzyme acetylcholinesterase, zvichiita kuti kukanganiswa kwehutano hwemagetsi uye zvipembenene zvinoremadza kufa.

Mhedzisiro pane endocrine system yezvipembenene
Mimwe mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inodzivirira kukura uye kubereka kwezvipembenene nekukanganisa endocrine system yavo, semuenzaniso, zvipembenene zvinokura regulators (IGRs), izvo zvinotadzisa kuumbwa kana kuita kwezvipembenene moulting mahormone.

Migumisiro pamhepo yekufema yezvipembenene
Mimwe mishonga yezvipembenene inouraya zvipembenene nokukanganisa gadziriro yadzo yokufema, zvichiita kuti tisafeme zvakanaka.Semuenzaniso, zvinopfungaira zvinopinda mumuviri wechipembenene zvine gasi uye zvinokanganisa maitiro ayo ekufema.

 

Nzira dzekushandisa mishonga yezvipembenene

Kupfapfaidza
Kupfapfaidza ndiyo nzira inonyanyozivikanwa yekushandisa mushonga wezvipembenene.Inobata zvakananga uye inouraya tupukanana nekupfapfaidza mushonga wezvipembenene pamusoro pechirimwa kana panoungana tumbuyu.

Rooting
Midzi yekudiridza nzira inosanganisira kudururira mushonga wezvipembenene zvakananga mumidzi yechirimwa, kuitira kuti inobatwa nemuti uye inoitwa kumativi ose emiti kuti ipe dziviriro.Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa kune systemic mishonga yezvipembenene.

Fumigation
Iyo nzira yefumigation inoshandisa gaseous fomu yezvipembenene, iyo inoburitswa munzvimbo yakavharwa kuti iwane mhedzisiro yekuuraya kwakazara kwezvipembenene.Iyi nzira inowanzoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakavharirwa dzakadai sekuchengetedza zviyo, matura uye greenhouses.

Kuparadzira nzira
Nzira yekushandiswa inosanganisira kuisa mushonga wezvipembenene zvakananga kunzvimbo iyo tupukanana kana pamusoro pechirimwa, uye yakakodzera kuuraya tupukanana munzvimbo uye kutonga kwezvipembenene.

 

Mishonga yezvipembenenezvigadzirwa zvakakosha mukurima uye hutano, uye zvinogona kuiswa mumhando dzakasiyana siyana zvichienderana nekuumbwa kwemakemikari, maitiro, uye mashandisiro.Kubva pane inoshanda zvakanyanya organophosphorus zvipembenene kune zvakatipoteredza neonicotinoids, imwe neimwe ine yayo yakasarudzika mabhenefiti.Kusarudza mushonga wezvipembenene wakakodzera unogona kuchengetedza zvirimwa kubva kune zvipembenene uye kuve nechokwadi chemhando uye goho rezvigadzirwa zvekurima.Kwete izvozvo chete, mishonga inouraya zvipembenene inoitawo basa rakakosha muchikamu chehutano, ichibatsira kudzora tupukanana nekuchengetedza hutano hweveruzhinji.Naizvozvo, kunzwisisa uye kushandiswa kwakakodzera kwemhando dzakasiyana dzezvipembenene zvakakosha pakugadzirwa kwekurima nekudzivirira hutano.