Chirevo chitsva chinonongedza kunzwisiswa kwemaviri akakosha aphid virus vectors kune pyrethroids.Muchinyorwa chino, Sue Cowgill, AHDB Crop Protection Senior Scientist (Pest), akadzidza zvairehwa nemhedzisiro yevarimi vembatatisi.
Mazuvano, varimi vane nzira shoma uye shoma dzekudzora tumbuyu.Chirongwa che “Draft National Action Plan on the Sustainable Use of Pesticides” chinocherechedza kuti matambudziko akadai anozokurudzira vanhu kuti vatange kurwisa zvirwere.Kunyangwe izvi zvingazopedzisira zvapa zano rakazara rekudzivirira kurwisa zvipembenene;munguva pfupi, tinofanira kushandisa ruzivo uye mishonga yezvipembenene zvave kuwanikwa.
Mukutaura kwehutungamiri, zvakakosha kunyatsofunga nezvehutachiona hunofanirwa kufungidzirwa.Dzinosiyana nekumhanya kwadzinonhongwa dzichiparadzirwa nemaaphid.Zvakare, izvi zvichakanganisa kushanda kwezvipembenene uye kukuvadzwa kweaphid anotangwa.Mumbatatisi, mavhairasi akakosha ekutengesa akakamurwa kuita mapoka maviri.
MuUK, hutachiona hwemashizha embatatisi (PLRV) hunonyanya kutapuriranwa nemapechi-mbatatisi aphid, asi mamwe maaphid akagadzika, senge mbatatisi aphid, anogona zvakare kuve nechekuita.
Aphid anodya uye anonwisa PLRV, asi zvinotora maawa akati wandei asati aiparadzira.Nekudaro, maaphid ane hutachiona anogona kuramba achiparadzira hutachiona hupenyu hwavo hwese (uhu hutachiona "hunoramba huchienderera").
Nekuda kwekunonoka kwenguva, zvinogona kutarisirwa zvine musoro kuti mishonga yezvipembenene ichabatsira kukanganisa kutenderera kwekutapurirana.Naizvozvo, mamiriro ekuramba akakosha kune PLRV manejimendi.
Mavhairasi asingarambe ari mbatatisi, akadai sevhairasi yembatatisi Y (PVY), ndiwo anonyanya kunetsa mukugadzirwa kwembatatisi yeGB.
Kana maaphid achibuda mumashizha, twuutachiona hunotorwa panoperera muromo.Izvi zvinogona kuendeswa mumaminetsi, kana asiri masekonzi mashoma.Kunyangwe mbatatisi isiri iyo yechinyakare maaphid, anogona kuramba akatapukirwa nekuzivikanwa kweaphids.
Kukurumidza kupararira kunoreva kuti mishonga yezvipembenene inowanzonetsa kutyora iyi nhanho.Pamusoro pekuwedzera kuvimba nekudzora kusiri kwemakemikari, mhando dzeaphid dzakawanda dzinofanirwa kutariswa kune aya mavhairasi.
Maererano nevatsvakurudzi, peach-mbatatisi hove, hove yezviyo, cherry-cherry-oat aphids uye willow-carrot aphids ndiwo marudzi anokosha ane chokuita nePVY muScottish mbeu mbatatisi.
Nekuda kwebasa rayo rakakosha mukupararira kwePLRV nePVY, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise mamiriro ekupikisa kweaphid.Nehurombo, zvakazove zvine hunyanzvi mukugadzira kuramba-inenge 80% yeBritish samples yakaratidza kuramba pyrethroids-mumhando mbiri:
Kune mishumo yekupikisa neonicotinoid mumapichesi-mbatatisi hove kune dzimwe nyika.Nhamba shoma yemasampuli epa-saiti anoongororwa muGB gore rega rega kuti atarise kuderedzwa kwavo kunzwisiswa kune acetamide, fluniamide uye spirotetramine.Parizvino, hapana humbowo hwekunzwa kuderedzwa kune izvi zvinoshanda zvinhu.
Kufunganya kwekutanga pamusoro pekupokana kwecereal aphid kune pyrethroids kunogona kurondwa kumashure muna 2011. Kuenzaniswa neaphid anonyatso sceptible cereal aphid, kuvapo kwe kdr mutation kwakasimbiswa uye zvakaratidzwa kuti inenge 40 nguva yakawanda yaidiwa kuuraya kuramba.
Imwe nzira yakagadziridzwa kuratidza kdr mutations mumaaphid (kubva kune yenyika-yekuteya mvura network).Muna 2019, masampuli akaedzwa kubva kumisungo mishanu, uye anosvika makumi matatu muzana emaaphid ane shanduko iyi.
Nekudaro, rudzi urwu rwekuyedza harugone kupa ruzivo nezve mamwe maitiro ekupikisa.Nekuda kweizvozvo, panosvika 2020, nhamba diki (5) yemhenyu zviyo aphid samples zvakare yakaunganidzwa kubva muminda yezviyo uye yakaedzwa murabhoritari bioassays.Kubva 2011, izvi zvinoratidza kuti simba rekupikisa harina kuwedzera, uye panogona kunge kuchine kdr kushorwa mumaaphid ezviyo.
Muchokwadi, kushandisa pyrethroid sprays pahuwandu hunokurudzirwa huwandu hunofanirwa kudzora hove dzezviyo.Zvakadaro, kukanganisa kwavo pakutapurirana kwePVY kunonyanya kubatwa nenguva yekubhururuka uye kuwanda kwezviyo aphid pane kuramba kweaphid.
Kunyangwe paine mishumo yekuti cherry oat aphids kubva kuIreland yakadzora kunzwisiswa kune pyrethroids, bioassays paGB samples kutanga muna 2020 (21) haina kuratidza humbowo hwedambudziko iri.
Parizvino, pyrethroids inofanira kukwanisa kudzora shiri cherry oat aphids.Aya mashoko akanaka kune varimi vezviyo vane hanya neBYDV.BYDV utachiona hunoramba huripo huri nyore kudzora kuburikidza nekushandisa mishonga pane PVY.
Mufananidzo wewillow carrot aphid hauna kujeka.Kunyanya, vatsvakurudzi havana nhoroondo yezvakaitika pamusoro pekukanganiswa kwezvipembenene kune pyrethroids.Pasina dhiyabhorosi pachimiro chakazara cheaphid, hazvibviri kuverenga iyo inopikisa chinhu (sezvinoita maaphid ezviyo).Imwe nzira ndeye kushandisa yakaenzana munda frequency kuyedza aphid.Parizvino, masampula matanhatu chete akaedzwa nenzira iyi, uye mwero wekuuraya uri pakati pe30% ne70%.Mienzaniso yakawanda inodiwa kuti tive nekunzwisisa kwakadzama kwechipembenene ichi.
Iyo AHDB yero catchment network inopa ruzivo rwemunharaunda nezve GB ndege.Mhedzisiro ya2020 inosimbisa kusiyana kwehuwandu nemhando dzeaphid.
Peji yeAphid neVirus inopa ruzivo rwekutarisisa kusanganisira chimiro chekuramba uye ruzivo rwechirongwa chekupfapfaidza.
Pakupedzisira, iyo indasitiri inofanirwa kutamira kune yakabatanidzwa nzira.Izvi zvinosanganisira matanho enguva refu, sekutonga kwehutachiona inoculation sources.Nekudaro, izvi zvinoreva zvakare kushandisa dzimwe nzira, sekushandisa kusanganisa, mulch uye mineral oiri.Izvi zviri kuongororwa muAHDB's SPot farm network, uye zvinotarisirwa kuti zviedzo nemhedzisiro zvichave zviripo muna 2021 (zvichienderana nekufambira mberi kwekudzora hutachiona hwakasiyana zvachose).