Umwicanyi wibinyabuzima Fipronil afite uburozi burenze ubwo twabitekerezaga kandi buboneka mumihanda y'amazi muri Amerika yose 27 Ukwakira 2020
Ubushakashatsi bw’Amerika muri Jewoloji bwerekanye ko imiti yica udukoko ikwirakwizwa cyane mu nzuzi n’inzuzi zo muri Amerika ku ya 24 Nzeri 2020
Umwicanyi wimyambarire: Raporo isanga inganda zimyenda aribintu nyamukuru bitera igihombo cyibinyabuzima 17 Nzeri 2020
Ibibarafu bya Arctique bifata imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’ibindi bihumanya ibidukikije biturutse ku isi, kandi bikarekura imiti yangiza iyo ubushyuhe bw’isi bushonga.Ku ya 20 Kanama 2020
Dolphine ihagaze mu karere k'iburasirazuba bw'inyanja irarwaye kandi yanduye imiti yica udukoko, plastiki, imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’ibyuma biremereye ku ya 19 Kanama 2020
Fata ingamba!Bwira Evian gushyigikira inzibacyuho yisi yose kama kugirango arinde ubusugire bwibisabwa byera 27 Nyakanga 2020
Ingaruka ziterwa n’udukoko twangiza udukoko n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere byangiza cyane amafi yo mu nyanja ya korali ku ya 21 Nyakanga 2020
Nk’uko USGS ibigaragaza, imiti imwe cyangwa myinshi yica udukoko mu 56% by'amazi yo mu migezi yatoranijwe yarenze byibuze igipimo kimwe cya leta cy’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi.Imiti myinshi yica udukoko nayo ifitanye isano ningaruka zitandukanye zubuzima bwabantu n’ibidukikije, harimo kanseri, inenge zavutse, ingaruka z’ubuzima bw’imyororokere n’imyororokere.Ubushakashatsi bukurikira bwerekana ingaruka zica udukoko twangiza amazi, ubuzima bwabantu nibidukikije.
Ubwiza bw’amazi y’igihugu: Ubuzima bw’ibidukikije bw’inzuzi z’igihugu, 1993-2005, raporo ya 2013 yasohowe n’ubushakashatsi bw’imiterere y’Amerika muri Amerika “bushingiye ku miterere y’umuryango w’ibinyabuzima ujyanye n’ibintu by’umubiri n’imiti (urugero nka degre) Suzuma impinduka z’amazi kandi kwibanda ku ntungamubiri hamwe n’indi myanda ihumanya.Algae, macroinvertebrates hamwe n’amafi birashobora gupima mu buryo butaziguye ubuzima bw’umugezi kuko biba mu ruzi ibyumweru byinshi kugeza ku myaka myinshi, bityo rero, uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana Ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibidukikije n’imiti n’umubiri zihora zishyirwa hamwe. ”Umwanzuro wa raporo ni: “Iyo ugerageza kumva impamvu zitera igabanuka ry’ubuzima bw’imigezi, usibye impinduka z’imigezi, hagomba no gusuzumwa ingaruka zishobora guturuka ku ntungamubiri n’imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane ni mu buhinzi n’imijyi.”Mubyukuri, nkuko umwanditsi abivuga, kimwe cya gatanu cyinzuzi gusa mubuhinzi no mumijyi bifatwa nkubuzima bwiza.Iyi migezi ikunda kugira imigezi myinshi, mugihe imihanda nimirima bitanga amazi mabi yanduye.
Kuba imiti yica udukoko mu mazi no mu bishanga byakusanyirijwe mu gace ka amphibian muri Amerika hose muri 2009–2010.Ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe Jewoloji muri 2012 cyakoze ubushakashatsi kuri Californiya hagati ya 2009 na 2010 Amakuru ku mbuga 11 zo muri leta n’ahantu 18 ahandi.Koresha gazi chromatografiya / mass spectrometrie kugirango usesengure imiti yica udukoko 96 mubitegererezo byamazi.Muri kimwe cyangwa byinshi mu byitegererezo by’amazi 54, hagaragaye imiti yica udukoko 24, harimo fungiside 7, imiti yica ibyatsi 10, imiti yica udukoko 4, imiti ikomatanya n’ibicuruzwa 2 byangiza udukoko.Hifashishijwe uburyo bwihuse bwo gukuramo ibishishwa, chromatografi ya gel kugirango ikureho sulfure na karubone / alumina ikusanya inkingi ikomeye yo gukuramo ibice kugirango ikureho matrike yangiza, hasesenguwe imiti 94 yica udukoko twangiza uburiri.Mu bishanga by’inzuzi, hagaragaye imiti yica udukoko 22 mu cyitegererezo kimwe cyangwa byinshi, harimo fungiside 9, udukoko twica udukoko twa pyrethroide, p, p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) n’ibicuruzwa nyamukuru byangiza ndetse n’ibiti byinshi byica ibyatsi.Raporo yasohowe n’ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika gishinzwe “Jewoloji” “Kuba imiti yica udukoko mu mazi no mu myanda yakusanyirijwe mu gace ka amphibian muri Amerika hose kuva mu 2009 kugeza 2010 ″.
Gukemura ikibazo cya nitrate muri Californiya y’amazi yo kunywa Raporo yasohowe mu mwaka wa 2012 na kaminuza ya Californiya Davis (UC Davis) yize intara enye zo mu kibaya cy’ikiyaga cya Tulare ndetse n’akarere ka Monterey mu kibaya cya Salinas.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye: “Ikibazo cya nitrate gishobora kumara imyaka mirongo.Kugeza ubu, ifumbire mvaruganda n’imyanda y’amatungo ikoreshwa mu murima ni isoko nini yo mu karere ka nitrate mu mazi y’ubutaka;kugabanya umutwaro wa nitrate birashoboka, kandi bimwe bihenze Igabanuka ryinshi ryumutwaro wa nitrate kumazi yubutaka bizagira amafaranga menshi yubukungu;gukosora mu buryo butaziguye gukuraho nitrate mu kibaya kinini cy’amazi yo mu butaka birahenze kandi tekiniki ntibishoboka.Ibinyuranye, "kuvoma no gufumbira" no kunoza imicungire y’amazi yo mu butaka Nuburyo buhendutse burigihe kirekire;ibikorwa byo kugabanya amazi (nko kuvanga, gutunganya no gutanga ubundi buryo bwo gutanga amazi) nibyo bihendutse cyane.Mugihe umwanda wa nitrate ukomeje gukwirakwira, mubihe byinshi kuvanga bizagenda bigabanuka.Imiryango mito mito ntishobora kubona amazi meza yo gutunganya no gutanga ibikorwa.Ibiciro bihanitse bizagira ingaruka zikomeye kuri sisitemu nto.Inkomoko yinjiza cyane ni amafaranga yo gukoresha ifumbire ya azote muri aya masoko y'amazi;amafaranga yo gukoresha ifumbire ya azote arashobora kwishyura indishyi abaturage babangamiwe Kugabanya ibiciro n'ingaruka ziterwa na nitrate;kudahuza no kutaboneka kwamakuru bibangamira isuzuma ryiza kandi rihoraho.Kwishyira hamwe kwigihugu birakenewe kugirango uhuze amakuru atandukanye ajyanye namazi akorwa na leta nyinshi nibikorwa byinzego zibanze
Icyitegererezo cyo gusubira inyuma kugereranya ubutumburuke bwa atrazine na desethylatrazine mumazi maremare yubutaka mu buhinzi muri Amerika.Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cy’ubuziranenge bw’ibidukikije mu mwaka wa 2012 bwakoresheje icyitegererezo cyo guhanura amazi mabi y’ubutaka ahantu hashobora kuba ubuhinzi Ubwinshi bwa atrazine hamwe na deethylatrazine yangiritse (DEA).Hirya no hino muri Amerika.Ibisubizo byerekana ko hafi 5% yubutaka bwubuhinzi bufite amahirwe yo kurenga 10% kurenza urugero rwa USEPA rwanduye rwa 3.0 μgL.
Imisozi irabya ku kiyaga cya Erie, iterwa n’ubuhinzi n’iteganyagihe, yashyizeho amateka kandi ijyanye n’imiterere iteganijwe.Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu gitabo cyitwa Proceedings of the National Academy of Science mu mwaka wa 2012 bwanzuye buti: “Inzira ndende mu bikorwa by’ubuhinzi n’umutwaro wa fosifore mu burengerazuba Ubwiyongere burahoraho.Ikibaya cy'ikiyaga, iyi nzira, hamwe n'imiterere y'iteganyagihe mu mpeshyi ya 2011, byateje intungamubiri nyinshi. ”Muri make, ikibazo cya algae mu kiyaga cya Erie giterwa nubuhinzi, cyane cyane ifumbire.Byakoreshejwe, ibi bitanga imirire yo gukura kwindabyo nini.Ubushyuhe bukabije bwongera iki kibazo, bigatuma cyanobacteria cyangwa cyanobacteria ikura kandi ikagwira, bityo bikagira ingaruka zuburozi.Yiswe “Ubushakashatsi bwerekana amateka y’uburabyo bw’ikiyaga cya Erie bujyanye n’ibihe bizaza biterwa n’ubuhinzi n’iteganyagihe” byasohotse mu gitabo cyitwa Proceedings of the National Academy of Science.Soma "Gukuraho Pesticide Amakuru Yumunsi" kuva Mata 2013.
Iherezo no Gutwara Acide ya Glyphosate na Aminomethylphosphonic mu mazi yo hejuru y’ibibaya by’ubuhinzi Ingingo yo muri “Science Management Science” mu mwaka wa 2012 yemeje ko “glyphosate na AMPA bikunze kugaragara mu mazi yo hejuru y’ibibaya bine by’ubuhinzi.”Inshuro yo gutahura hamwe na amplitude ya buri kibase iratandukanye, kandi umutwaro (nkijanisha ryikoreshwa) uri hagati ya 0.009 na 0.86%, ibyo bikaba bishobora kuba bifitanye isano nibintu bitatu biranga: ubukana bwinkomoko, imvura itemba ninzira itemba.”
Glyphosate n'ibicuruzwa byayo byangirika (AMPA) bikwirakwizwa cyane mu butaka, amazi yo hejuru, amazi yo mu butaka n'imvura muri Amerika.Ubushakashatsi bwa 2011 bwashyizwe ahagaragara na USGS kuva 2001 kugeza 2009 bwerekana incamake y’amazi n’ibimera byakusanyijwe kuva 2001 kugeza 2009 Ubwinshi bwa glyphosate.Ibisubizo by'ibidukikije 3,606.Icyitegererezo cy’ubuziranenge 10000 cyakusanyirijwe mu ntara 38 n’akarere ka Columbiya cyerekanye ko glyphosate igenda cyane kuruta uko byatekerezwaga kandi ikwirakwizwa cyane mu bidukikije.Glyphosate ikunze kugaragara mu butaka no mu butayu (91% by'icyitegererezo), imyobo n'amazi (71%), imvura (71%), imigezi (51%) n'inzuzi nini (46%) Kuri;mu bishanga (38%), amazi yubutaka (34%), ibiyaga (22%), ahacururizwa amazi y’amazi (WWTP) (9%) n’amazi yo mu butaka (6%) bibaho gake.Ihuriro ry’Abanyamerika Geophysical Union ryasohoye ubushakashatsi kuri “Ikwirakwizwa ryinshi rya Glyphosate n’ibicuruzwa byayo bitesha agaciro (AMPA) mu butaka, amazi y’ubutaka, amazi y’ubutaka n’imvura muri Amerika, 2001-2009 ″.
Ibibaho hamwe nibihe bya glyphosate hamwe na aside aminomethylphosphonic yangirika mukirere.Mu mwaka wa 2011, iyi ngingo yasohotse muri “Uburozi bw’ibidukikije n’imiti” yerekeranye na glyphosate, imiti ikoreshwa cyane mu bimera ndetse na raporo yayo ya mbere ku rwego rw’ibidukikije byangirika cyane.Ibicuruzwa bitanga aside aminomethylphosphonic (AMPA) muminsi yimvura nimvura… Mugihe cyimvura nimvura, inshuro yo kumenya glyphosate iri hagati ya 60% na 100%.Mu kirere cy’amazi n’imvura, urugero rwa glyphosate ruri mu ntera ya <0.01 kugeza 9.1 ng / m (3) na <0.1 kugeza 2.5 µg / L… Kugeza ubu ntiharamenyekana ijanisha rya glyphosate ryinjizwa mu kirere , ariko byagereranijwe ko 0.7% bya porogaramu bivanwa mu kirere mugihe cyimvura.Glyphosate irashobora gukurwa neza mu kirere;byagereranijwe ko imvura ya buri cyumweru ya mm 30 ishobora gukuraho ikigereranyo cya 97% bya glyphosate mu kirere ”
Itsinda rishinzwe ibidukikije kuri Chromium ya Hexavalent mu mazi meza muri Amerika ryasanze muri raporo yashyizwe ahagaragara mu mwaka wa 2011 ko, ukurikije ibizamini bya laboratoire, “amazi y’amazi yo mu mijyi 31 kuri 35 yo muri Amerika arimo chromium ya hexavalent (cyangwa chromium hexavalent) .Iyi ni kanseri “Eileen Brokovic Chemical.”Urwego rwo hejuru rwagaragaye i Norman, muri Oklahoma.Honolulu, Hawayi;Imijyi 25 yapimwe na EWG yari ifite kanseri nyinshi kurusha Californiya Intego y’ubuzima rusange yatanzwe.Ibiri mu mazi ya robine (abaturage 90.000) baturutse i Norman, muri Oklahoma bikubye inshuro zirenga 200 imipaka y’umutekano yatanzwe na California. ”
Kuva mu 2005 kugeza 2006, azoxystrobin, propiconazole nizindi fungiside zatoranijwe zabereye mu nzuzi zo muri Amerika.Ingingo ya 2011 yasohotse muri “Amazi, Umwuka n'Ubutaka Bwanduye” yasanze igira iti: “Hariho ingero 103 Nibura byibuze bagiteri imwe yagaragaye muri 56%, kandi abagera kuri 5 muri bo ni bagiteri.Byagaragaye mu cyitegererezo kimwe, kandi imvange ya bagiteri yari isanzwe.Byagaragaye cyane ni azoazolone (45 kuri 103 by'icyitegererezo).%), hagakurikiraho metalaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), mycotine (9%) na tebuconazole (6%).Urutonde rwo kumenya fungiside ni 0.002 kugeza 1.15μg / L.Yego Hariho ibimenyetso byerekana ko kubaho kwa fungicide ari ibihe, kandi igipimo cyo gutahura kiri hejuru mu mpeshyi no mu gihe cyizuba kare kuruta mu mpeshyi, kandi igipimo cyo gutahura kiri hejuru.Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, habonetse fungiside mu ngero zose zegeranijwe, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko imigezi imwe n'imwe ishobora kugaragara mu gihembwe… ”
Impinduka mugukoresha no kwanduza imiti yica udukoko mumazi yo hejuru muri Californiya ahinga umuceri.Ubu bushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara na USGS mu mwaka wa 2011 “bwakoze iperereza ku mpinduka z’amazi y’umurima w’umuceri wa Californiya, ufite akamaro kanini kuri Delta y’umugezi wa Sacramento / San Joaquin, Sakramento / San Joaquin River Delta ni ahantu h’ingenzi ku bantu benshi babangamiwe.Imiti yica udukoko n’ibicuruzwa byangiza udukoko mu byitegererezo by’amazi byayungurujwe byasesenguwe na gazi chromatografiya / mass spectrometry.Muri buri cyitegererezo hagaragaye Azoxystrobin na azoxystrobin hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko.3,4-DCA (ibicuruzwa nyamukuru byangirika bya propane), ubwinshi bwabyo bukaba 136 na 128μg, kimwe. / L.Propylene glycol iboneka muri 60% byintangarugero hamwe na 6.5μg / L.
Isesengura ryinshi ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza mu mazi yo kunywa mu mijyi Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru mpuzamahanga cya Mass Spectrometry mu 2011, bwakoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo kugereranya ibice umunani kama kama mu ngero z’amazi hamwe na ngL-1.Imiti yica udukoko twa fosifate.Abashakashatsi basanze monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, na methazine muri fosifike kama mu mazi yo kunywa hamwe n’imyanda yakusanyirijwe mu bice bitandukanye by’umujyi.
Kugereranya umurima-mwinshi wibyatsi bitemba hamwe nigihombo cya volatilisation: ubushakashatsi bwimyaka umunani.Ingingo ya 2010 yasohotse mu kinyamakuru “Ubuziranenge bw’ibidukikije” yize ku gutemba no guhindagurika kwa diazepam na metapropamide.Ibisubizo byerekana ko nubwo umuvuduko wumwuka wibyatsi byica ibyatsi byombi ari muke, igihombo cyabyo gihindagurika cyane kuruta igihombo cyamazi (<0.007).Igihombo kinini cyumwaka wa alachlor nticyigeze kirenga 2,5%, kandi gutembera kwa attrition ntabwo byigeze birenga 3% bya porogaramu.Ku rundi ruhande, igihombo cyo guhunika kwa herbicide nyuma yiminsi 5 kiri hagati ya 5-63% ya metolachlor na 2-12% bya dezine.Byongeye kandi, gutakaza guhindagurika kwa herbiside kumanywa byari byinshi cyane kuruta gutakaza imyuka nijoro (<0.05).Ubu bushakashatsi bwemeje ko gutakaza imyuka ya bimwe mu bikoreshwa mu bimera bikunze kurenza igihombo.Ahantu hamwe no gukoresha uburyo bumwe bwo kuyobora, gutakaza ibyuka byica ibyatsi bizatandukana cyane uko umwaka utashye bitewe n’ibidukikije byaho.”
Imigendekere yibiti byica udukoko mumigezi yo mumijyi muri Amerika.Kuva mu 1992 kugeza 2008, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 bwashyizwe ahagaragara n’ubushakashatsi bw’ibinyabuzima muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika bwakusanyije ingero z’inzuzi zo mu mijyi yo muri Amerika kandi bugenzura niba hari “ibyatsi umunani n’ibicuruzwa byangirika.”. ibisubizo byerekana inzira nyinshi zingenzi, zaba izamuka cyangwa zimanuka, ziratandukanye muburyo zihinduka bitewe nigihe, akarere, na herbicide.
Mu 2002-05, ibinyabuzima bya antropogeneque muri sisitemu icyenda y’amazi byakuwe mu nzuzi.Ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara n’ubushakashatsi bw’ibinyabuzima muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika (USGS) mu 2008 bwerekanye ko “hafi kimwe cya kabiri (134) cy’ibicuruzwa byagaragaye byibuze rimwe mu byitegererezo by’amazi.Ubusanzwe ibice 47 (muri 10% cyangwa birenga) Ingero), hamwe nibintu 6 (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine na hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) byagaragaye mubice birenga icya kabiri cyicyitegererezo HHCB.ni ikunze kugaragara cyane mubice bitanu bya buri rubuga (umwaka-wose).Ivumburwa rya chloroform, hydrocarubone ya aromatic HHCB na acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) byerekana ko amazi yanduye mumigezi yo hejuru yikibaya Hariho isano riri hagati yo kubaho no kubaho kwa nyakatsi.Ibimera byitwa attriazine, simazine na metolachlor nabyo ni ibintu bikunze kugaragara.Iyi miti yica ibyatsi nibicuruzwa bitesha agaciro ibindi byatsi byinshi bisanzwe mubisanzwe bifitanye isano nuruvange rwababyeyi Kwipimisha kubintu bisa cyangwa byinshi.Mubisanzwe birimo uruvange rwibintu bibiri cyangwa byinshi.Umubare rusange w’ibicuruzwa hamwe n’uburinganire bwabyo c Nkuko umubare w’ubutaka bwo mu mijyi n’ubuhinzi mu kibaya bwiyongera, ubusanzwe urugero rw’icyitegererezo rwiyongera. ”
Kuva mu 1991 kugeza 2004, ubwiza bw’amazi y’amazi yo mu ngo mu mazi akomeye muri Amerika.Iyi ni ingingo ya 2008 yasohowe na Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika zishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye n’ubutaka (USGS) muri gahunda y’igihugu ishinzwe gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’amazi.“Ingero z'amazi zafashwe mu 1991-2004.Yakusanyirijwe mu mariba yo murugo (amazi yo kunywa ava mumariba yigenga akoreshwa murugo) kugirango asesengure umwanda mumazi yo kunywa.Ukurikije ibisobanuro by’itegeko ry’amazi meza yo kunywa, umwanda ufatwa nkibintu byose biri mumazi… Hafi 23 yose hamwe.% Mu mariba afite byibuze umwanda umwe wibanze kuruta MCL cyangwa HBSL.Hashingiwe ku isesengura ryakozwe ku mariba 1389, hapimwe ibyuka bihumanya muri izo ngero… ”
Isubiramo rya siyansi yubushakashatsi bwa geologiya bwibinyabuzima bya Chesapeake Bay muri Amerika nakamaro kayo mugucunga ibidukikije.Iyi ngingo yasohowe na USGS mu 2007 yavuzwe muri make ku buryo bukurikira: “Impinduka zikoreshwa mu butaka, ubwiza bw’amazi mu kibaya, harimo intungamubiri, imyanda n’ibyuka bihumanya;Ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’igihe kirekire mu bwiza bw’amazi y’imigezi, aho uruzi rutuye rwibanda cyane ku bimera byo mu mazi yo mu mazi no mu bishanga by’amazi, ndetse n’ibintu bigira ingaruka ku baturage b’amafi n’inyoni zo mu mazi. ”. “Imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byangirika byabaye mu mazi y’ubutaka n’inzuzi zo mu kibaya cy’Ikigobe Biragaragara cyane.Imiti yica udukoko ikunze kugaragara ni ibyatsi bikoreshwa mu bigori, soya no mu ngano nto.Imiti yica udukoko nayo igaragara mu mijyi.Imiti yica udukoko ibaho umwaka wose, ariko impinduka mubitekerezo byabo zigaragaza igipimo cyo gusaba hamwe nibiranga ingaruka kwimuka ryabo;Imyanda ihumanya nk'ibiyobyabwenge na hormone nayo yabonetse mu kibaya cy'Ikigobe, ikaba ifite umubare munini w'imyanda ya komini.
Imiti yica udukoko twangiza ubuhinzi hamwe n’ibicuruzwa bimwe na bimwe byangirika ku bice bitanu by’amazi n’imigezi yo mu kigobe cya Chesapeake muri Amerika.Ingingo yasohotse muri “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” mu 2007 yize ku miti yica udukoko tw’ubuhinzi mu turere dutanu tw’amazi: “Mu ntangiriro z’umwaka wa 2000, amazi y’amazi yakusanyirijwe ahantu 18 mu kigobe cya Chesapeake.Isesengura ryica udukoko.Mu 2004, sitasiyo 61 y’ikirere mu turere twinshi tw’amazi yaranzwe n’imiti yica udukoko 21 n’ibicuruzwa 11 byangirika, bitatu muri byo bikaba biherereye mu gice cy’ubuhinzi cya Del Mar: Umugezi wa Chester, uruzi rwa Nantic n’umugezi wa Pocomok, uduce tubiri duherereye mu burengerazuba bw’iburengerazuba. umujyi.Inkombe: Uruzi rwa Rhode, Procyon na Bay Mobok Bay, harimo uruzi rwa Hou n'umugezi wa Pokson.Muri ubu bushakashatsi bubiri, imiti yica ibyatsi n’ibicuruzwa byayo byangiritse ni byo byakunze kuboneka Mu 2000, pyrazine na alachlor byabonetse ahantu hose uko ari 18 mu 2000. Mu 2004, umubare munini w’ibyatsi by’ababyeyi wabonetse mu gice cyo hejuru cy’uruzi rwa Chester.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, isesengura iryo ari ryo ryose Ubwinshi bwibintu ni aside ya Ethane sulfonique ya 2,900 ng / L metolachlor (MESA) mu ruzi rwa Nanticoke.Ibicuruzwa byangirika MESA biboneka mu ruzi rwa Pocomoke (2,100 ng / L) na Chester River (1,200 ng / L).Isesengura rya analyte muri L) naryo riri hejuru cyane. ”
Ubwiza bw’amazi y’igihugu-Imiti yica udukoko mu nzuzi n’amazi yo mu butaka.Ingingo ya 2006 yasohowe na USGS kuva 1992 kugeza 2001 igamije gusubiza: “Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'imigezi n'amazi yo mu butaka mu gihugu cyacu?Nigute ubuziranenge buhinduka mugihe?Ni ibihe bintu biranga ibikorwa n'ibikorwa bya muntu?Gira ingaruka kumiterere yinzuzi namazi yubutaka.Izi ngaruka zigaragara he?Muguhuza amakuru ajyanye na chimie yamazi, ibiranga umubiri, aho imigezi n’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, gahunda ya NAWQA igamije gutanga uburyo bushingiye kuri siyansi kubibazo by’amazi biriho kandi bivuka kandi byihutirwa Ubushishozi bwa NAWQA.Ibisubizo bya NAWQA bifasha gufata ibyemezo byuzuye kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba zo gucunga neza amazi no kurinda ubuziranenge bw’amazi no gufata ingamba zo gusana. ”
Icyitegererezo cy’uburozi bwo mu mazi bw’ubuhinzi bwiganjemo ubuhinzi bw’amazi y’inyanja muri Californiya cyasohowe mu 1999 mu buhinzi, urusobe rw’ibidukikije ndetse n’ibidukikije.Ati: “Ikigamijwe ni ugukora iperereza ku bibaho, ubukana, inkomoko n'impamvu zitera uburozi bwo mu mazi bwanduye buturuka ku masoko mu ruzi no ku nkombe.Imyanda ihumanya ituruka mu buhinzi n’imijyi hafi y’imigezi y’uruzi rwa Pajaro, imigezi yatoranijwe, imigezi yo haruguru, imigezi y’imigezi hamwe n’ahantu karindwi mu miyoboro y’amazi y’ubuhinzi kugira ngo hamenyekane imigezi ishobora gutera imigezi.Imiti itatu yica udukoko (toxaphene, DDT na diazinon wasangaga irenze igipimo cy’uburozi cyashyizwe ahagaragara ku buzima bw’amazi yaho, uburozi bw’imigezi Bifitanye isano n’ubwiyongere bw’imigezi.
Ubushakashatsi bw’ubuzima n’ubuzima bw’abantu bwerekanye ko triclosan n’ibicuruzwa byayo byangirika byanduye ibiyaga by’amazi meza.Ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu 2013 n’ubumenyi n’ibidukikije bushingiye ku bidukikije bwerekanye imyanda y’ibiyaga by’amazi meza muri Minnesota, harimo n’ikiyaga cya Superior.Umwe mu banditsi b'ubwo bushakashatsi, Dr. Bill Arnold, umwarimu muri kaminuza ya Minnesota, yagize ati: “Twasanze mu biyaga byose, harimo triclosan mu bishanga, kandi kuva triclosani yatangira mu 1964, abantu benshi bakaba baribanze. yagiye yiyongera.Kugeza uyu munsi.Twabonye kandi ko hari ibindi birindwi birindwi bikomoka ku bicuruzwa cyangwa bitesha agaciro triclosan, nabyo biri mu bishanga, kandi ibitekerezo byabo na byo byiyongera uko ibihe bigenda bisimburana. ”Ibicuruzwa bimwe byangirika byavumbuwe nabahanga Ni polychlorine dibenzo-p-dioxine (PCDDs), icyiciro cyimiti izwiho kuba yangiza abantu ninyamaswa.Soma ibyanditswe "Gukuraho Pesticide Amakuru Yumunsi", Mutarama 2013.
Kugaragara hamwe ninkomoko y’udukoko twangiza pyrethroide mu butayu bw’inzuzi z’ibice birindwi byo muri Amerika.Ubu bushakashatsi bwa 2012 bwasohotse mu bumenyi bw’ibidukikije n’ikoranabuhanga bwasuzumye amakuru y’igihugu ku miti yica udukoko twa pyrethide., Byagaragaye ko "pyrethroide imwe cyangwa nyinshi zagaragaye hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyicyitegererezo, muri zo bifenthrin ifite igipimo kinini cyo gutahura.Kenshi (41%), ugasanga muri buri gace ka metropolitan.Byamenyekanye Inshuro ya cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrine na permethrine ni hasi cyane.Ubwinshi bwa pyrethroid hamwe nimpfu za aside ya hyaluronic mugeragezwa muminsi 28 biri munsi yubushakashatsi bwinzuzi zo mumijyi.Guhindura Logarithmic ya pyrethroide yuzuye Uburozi (TUs) bifitanye isano cyane nigipimo cyo kubaho, kandi bifenthrin irashobora kuba nyirabayazana yuburozi bwagaragaye.Ubu bushakashatsi bwerekana ko pyrethroide ikunze kuboneka mu migezi yo mu mijyi kandi ishobora kubikwa mu nzuzi zose Uburozi.Igihugu. ”
Biomarkers yinkari zo kubyara Atrazine mbere yo kubyara hamwe ningaruka mbi zavutse muri PELAGIE cohort.Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohotse muri "Ibidukikije byubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije" kandi "bwasuzumye isano iri hagati y’ingaruka mbi z’amavuko na biomarkers yinkari ziterwa na atrazine mbere yo kubyara.Isano iri hagati yibi byatsi byombi no kwerekana iyindi miti ikoreshwa mu bihingwa by ibigori (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor na acetochlor)… Ubu bushakashatsi bwakoresheje igishushanyo mbonera cy’imanza, kandi uru rubanza rwashyizwe mu 2002 Mu itsinda ry’abavuka rishobora gukorerwa i Brittany, Ubufaransa kugeza 2006. Twakusanyije inkari ku bagore batwite kugira ngo dusuzume ibimenyetso byerekana imiti yica udukoko mbere ya 19.Ubu bushakashatsi nubwa mbere bwo gusuzuma isano iri hagati y’amavuko na triazine na triazine.Ubushakashatsi ku ishyirahamwe ryibinyabuzima byinshi byinkari za chloroacetanilide herbicide.Ku bihugu bikoreshwa na atrazine, ibimenyetso bifitanye isano n'ingaruka mbi zavutse byashimishije cyane. ”
Isuzuma ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu ry’ibyatsi byo mu kirere no mu nkengero za Delta y’ikiyaga cya Oregon, raporo ya 2011 yasohowe na komite ngishwanama y’ibidukikije n’uburenganzira bwa muntu yize ku iyerekwa ry’ibyatsi biva mu kirere mu mashyamba yegereye imiryango ndetse n’ingaruka ku buzima kuri iyi miryango.“Nyuma yuko Weyerhaeuser akoze gutera mu kirere ku ya 8 Mata na 19 Mata, urugero rw’inkari z’abaturage 34, harimo n’abaturage, zahawe laboratoire ya kaminuza ya Emory hanyuma zipimwa na 2, ahari 4-D.Ibyitegererezo bya urea mirongo itatu na bine byose byapimwe ibyatsi byombi.Ingero ebyiri: inkari zikuze ziva muri atrazine ziyongereyeho 129 mu nkari nyuma yo gukoreshwa mu kirere%, kwiyongera 31% mu nkari 2,4-D, kwiyongera kwa 163% by’inkari za atrazine mu nkari z’umugore ukuze utuye, na 54 n'amezi make ashize Ugereranije nurwego rw'ibanze, ijanisha rya 2,4-D mu nkari nyuma yo gusaba ikirere ryiyongereye.Ukurikije amahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ibyo bishobora gutera inshingano z’ikigo. ”
Indwara zica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twatewe no gusaba ubuhinzi: Ibihugu 11, 1998-2006, ubushakashatsi bwasohotse muri "Ibidukikije byubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije", "bugereranya ko indwara ziterwa n’udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza ubuhinzi. , no kuranga drift guhura n'indwara. ”Ibisubizo byerekana: “Kuva mu 1998 kugeza 2006, twasanze ibibazo 2945 bijyanye no gutakaza imiti yica udukoko twangiza ubuhinzi kuva muri leta 11.Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekana ko 47% by'abantu ari Exposure ku kazi, 92% by'abantu barwaye indwara zidakabije, na 14% by'abana (<15 ans).Muri iyi myaka 9, abantu banduye buri mwaka bari hagati ya 1.39 na 5.32 kuri miliyoni.Muri Californiya Mu ntara eshanu zita cyane ku buhinzi, umubare rusange w'abakozi bashinzwe ubuhinzi (miliyoni y'abantu-imyaka) ni 114.3, abandi bakozi ni 0,79, abadakora ni 1.56, naho abaturage ni 42.2.Ikoreshwa rya fumigants mubutaka rifite umubare munini (45%) Ibyifuzo byindege byagize 24% byimanza.Impamvu zikunze gutera ibibazo bigenda byihuta harimo ikirere cyifashe, gufunga bidakwiye ahantu h’umwotsi, no kutita ku babisabye hafi y’ahantu hatagenewe. ”Ubushakashatsi bwashoje bugira buti: “Bitewe n’inzererezi, abakozi b’ubuhinzi n’abaturage bo mu bice by’ubuhinzi bafite umubare munini w’uburozi bwica udukoko, kandi kwanduza ubutaka n’ibyago nyamukuru, bitera impanuka zikomeye.Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byerekana aho ibikorwa bishobora kugabanuka biturutse ku gutandukana.
Ese kuringaniza imbyaro bigira uruhare runini muri estrogeneque y'amazi yo kunywa?Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2011 bwasuzumye ibitabo bivuga amasoko atandukanye ya estrogene hejuru, amazi n’amazi yo kunywa kugira ngo hamenyekane niba OC ari isoko ya estrogene mu mazi yo hejuru, yibanda kuri molekile ikora ya OC.Umwanditsi yasanze umutungo w’inganda n’ubuhinzi utarekura estrogene gusa, ahubwo unarekura indi miti yangiza ishobora kwigana estrogene.Ibi bikoresho byongera umwanda rusange wa estrogene yo gutanga amazi.Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko imiti yica udukoko ari ikintu kigira uruhare muri estrogene mu mazi.Imiti myinshi yica udukoko yitwa xenoestrogène.Barigana estrogene kandi basenya sisitemu ya endocrine.Ubushakashatsi “Ese kuringaniza imbyaro bigira uruhare runini muri estrogene mu mazi yo kunywa?”yasohotse mu bumenyi bw’ibidukikije n’ikoranabuhanga.Soma ibyanditswe "Gukuraho Pesticide Amakuru Yumunsi" kuva Ukuboza 2010.
Ibiranga ukwezi no kuranga imisemburo y’imyororokere y’abagore bahura na azine mu mazi yo kunywa “Ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije” Raporo yasohotse mu mwaka wa 2011 “yakoze ubushakashatsi ku isano riri hagati yo guhura na azine mu mazi yo kunywa n’imikorere y’imihango (harimo n’imisemburo y’imyororokere).Umubano uri hagati yabategarugori bafite imyaka 18-40 baba mumiryango yubuhinzi wasubije ikibazo (n = 102) mugihe cyo gukoresha cyane atrazine (Illinois) no gukoresha atrazine (Vermont).Ikirangantego cyimihango (n = 67), hamwe ninkari zinkari za buri munsi zitangwa kugirango hasesengurwe imisemburo ya luteinizing (LH), estradiol na metabolite ya progesterone (n = 35).Ibimenyetso byerekana aho umuntu atuye, amazi ya robine, amazi ya komine Nubunini bwa atrazine na chlorotriazine mu nkari, hamwe n’ikigereranyo cyo gukoresha amazi.Abagore baba muri Illinois birashoboka cyane ko batangaza ukwezi kudasanzwe (bidasanzwe (OR) = 4.69; 95% intera y'icyizere (CI)): 1.58-13.95), kandi intera iri hagati y'amezi abiri irenga ibyumweru 6 (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Kurya buri munsi> ibikombe 2 byamazi ya Illinois idafunguye bizongera ibihe bidasanzwe Ibyago (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77).Ikigereranyo cya "dose" ya r na chlorotriazine mumazi ya robine ihwanye cyane na metabolite igereranijwe ya estradiol mugice cya luteal hagati.“Dose” yubushuhe bwa komine ya dezine Bifitanye isano itaziguye nuburebure bwigihe cyumusemburo, kandi bifitanye isano itandukanye nurwego rwo hagati ya metabolite ya progesterone mugice cya kabiri cya luteal.Ibimenyetso byibanze dutanga byerekana ko urwego rwo kwerekana atrazine ruri munsi yubwa EPA MCL yo muri Amerika, ifitanye isano no kwiyongera kudasanzwe kwimihango.Kwiyongera bifitanye isano no kugabanuka k'urwego rwa biomarkers ya endocrine mu gihe cy'imihango yo kutabyara. ”
Gusuzuma ibyago byo guterwa nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza amazi.Kaminuza ya Cornell (kaminuza ya Cornell) yasohotse mu mwaka wa 2011 yakoze isuzuma ry’ingaruka z’ubuzima bw’umuntu ku bijyanye n’amazi yica udukoko ava mu byatsi no mu masomo ya golf ahantu 9 abantu bakoresheje gahunda y’icyitegererezo n’ubwikorezi.Imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko 37 twangiza udukoko twandikiwe gukoreshwa mu masomo ya golf yagereranijwe n’amazi yo kunywa… Ku nzira nyabagendwa, isoproturon na 24-D byateje ingaruka zikomeye kandi zidakira ahantu hasaga 3.Gusa ingaruka zishobora gukoreshwa zo gukoresha chlorobutanil ku cyatsi na T-shati zabonetse.MCPA, ibyatsi dione na 24-D bikoreshwa mubyatsi birashobora gutera ingaruka zikomeye kandi zidakira.Ubwinshi bwa acephate bwakoreshwaga kumuhanda hamwe na RQ≥0.01 ikaze ahantu hane niho hambere cyane, kandi ubunini bwa oxadiazon bwakoreshwaga kuri nyakatsi hamwe na RQ≥0.01 idakira i Houston.Imyanda yica udukoko mu nzira nyabagendwa ni yo hejuru, kandi umuti wica udukoko mu cyatsi ni muto.Ingaruka nini yagaragaye mu turere dufite imvura nyinshi y’umwaka n’ibihe byinshi byo gukura, mu gihe ingaruka nkeya zagaragaye mu turere dufite imvura nkeya.Ibi bisubizo byerekana ko abantu batuye mu turere tw’imvura nyinshi bashobora guhura n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza amazi mu mazi yo kunywa kurusha uko byari byarahanuwe n’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije.”
Nitrate gufata hamwe ningaruka za kanseri ya tiroyide n'indwara ya tiroyide.Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse muri Epidemiologiya mu mwaka wa 2010 bwakoze iperereza ku gufata nitrate mu gutanga amazi n’ibiryo mu itsinda ry’abagore bakuze 21977 muri Iowa.Isano iri hagati ya kanseri yinjira na kanseri ya tiroyide hamwe ningaruka zo kwiyitirira hypotherroidism na hyperthyroidism.Biyandikishije mu 1986 kandi bakoresheje isoko imwe mumyaka irenga 10.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko abagore bakoresheje ibikoresho rusange byamazi hamwe na nitrate ya miligarama 5 kuri litiro (mg / litiro) cyangwa irenga mumyaka irenga itanu bariyongereye hafi inshuro eshatu ibyago bya kanseri ya tiroyide.Kwiyongera kwa nitrate gufata ibiryo bifitanye isano no kwiyongera kwa tiroyide ndetse no kwandura hypotherroidism, ariko ntabwo bifitanye isano na hyperthyroidism.Abashakashatsi bavuga ko nitrate ibuza tiroyide ubushobozi bwo gukoresha iyode, ikenerwa mu mikorere ya tiroyide.“Ubushakashatsi ku gufata Nitrate hamwe n'ingaruka za Kanseri ya Thyideyide n'indwara ya Thyideyide” byasohotse muri epidemiologiya.Soma ibyanditswe "Gukuraho imiti yica udukoko buri munsi" kuva muri Nyakanga 2010.
Imiti yica udukoko n’amavuko mu mazi yo hejuru muri Amerika Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohowe muri Acta Paediatrica mu 2009, bwakoze iperereza “niba ibyago byo kuvukana ubumuga ku bana bavutse ari ibiteganijwe mu mezi afite imiti yica udukoko twangiza amazi ari menshi…” ubushakashatsi yashoje Umwanzuro ni uko "kwiyongera kw’imiti yica udukoko mu bana bavutse ari LMP kuva muri Mata kugeza muri Nyakanga bifite ibyago byinshi byo kuvukana ubumuga ku bana bato mu mazi yo hejuru.Nubwo ubu bushakashatsi budashobora kwerekana isano iri hagati y’imiti yica udukoko n’udukoko twavutse, iri shyirahamwe rishobora gutanga ibimenyetso ku bintu rusange bihuriweho n’izo mpinduka zombi. ”Soma ibyanditswe "Gukuraho Pesticide Amakuru Yumunsi" kuva muri Mata 2009.
Dioxyyine muri triclosan igenda iboneka mumazi.Ubushakashatsi bwashyizwe ahagaragara mu mwaka wa 2010 n’ubumenyi n’ibidukikije bushingiye ku bidukikije bwakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngero z’ibanze zirimo imyanda yanduye y’ikiyaga cya Pepin mu myaka 50 ishize.Ikiyaga cya Ping kiri mu ruzi rwa Mississippi ibirometero 120 kumanuka uva Minneapolis-St.Agace ka Paul Metropolitan.Ingero z’imyanda zasesenguwe kuri triclosan, triclosan na dioxyyine enye mu muryango w’imiti ya dioxyde.Abashakashatsi bagaragaje ko nubwo urwego rw’izindi dioxyyine zose rwagabanutseho 73-90% mu myaka mirongo itatu ishize, urwego rwa dioxyyine enye zitandukanye zikomoka kuri triclosan rwazamutseho 200-300%.Soma amakuru ya buri munsi Kurenga Imiti yica udukoko, Gicurasi 2010.
Nibyiza gukoresha amazi n'indwara ya Parkinson mucyaro cya Californiya.Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2009 bwasohotse muri “Ibidukikije byubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije” kandi bwiga imiti 26 yica udukoko, cyane cyane imiti yica udukoko 6.Ati: “Hitamo kubera ko zishobora kwanduza amazi yo mu butaka cyangwa kubera ko zangiza PD.Yatoranijwe, kandi byibuze 10% by'abaturage bacu barashyizwe ahagaragara. ”Nibo: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate na methomyl.Guhura na proppropgite bifitanye isano cyane no kubaho kwa PD, hamwe no kwiyongera kwa 90%.Iracyakoreshwa muri Californiya, cyane cyane ku mbuto, ibigori n'inzabibu.Imbunda yuburozi yahoze ari imiti isanzwe ya buri munsi, ifitanye isano na 87% ibyago byinshi bya PD.Nubwo byari bibujijwe gukoreshwa mu 2001, biracyakoreshwa cyane ku bihingwa muri Californiya.Methomyl kandi yongereye ibyago byo kurwara 67%.Soma ibyanditswe "Gukuraho imiti yica udukoko buri munsi", Kanama 2009.
Amazi atuye ni isoko yimiti yica udukoko twa pyrethroid kumigezi.Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse muri “Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije” mu 2009 bwakoze iperereza ku “gutemba mu duce dutuye hafi ya Sacramento, muri Californiya… umwaka umwe.Pyrethroide irahari muri buri sample.Bifenthrin iri mumazi Ubushuhe buhebuje ni 73 ng / L, naho ubunini bwinshi mubutaka bwahagaritswe ni 1211 ng / g.Pyrethroide nibintu byingenzi byubushakashatsi bwuburozi, bikurikirwa na cypermethrine na cyfluthrin.Bifenthrin irashobora guturuka kubyo kurya Nubwo ibihe byigihe cyo gusohoka mumazi bihuza cyane no gukoresha umwuga nkisoko nyamukuru yo gukoreshwa nabakozi cyangwa abashinzwe kurwanya udukoko twangiza.Mu gutwara pyrethroide mu migezi yo mu mijyi, amazi y'imvura ni ngombwa kuruta amazi yo kuhira igihe.Inkubi y'umuyaga irashobora gusohora ibice bigera kuri 250 by'amazi ya bifenthrin mu nzuzi zo mu mijyi mu masaha 3, kandi ibyo ni ukuri no mu mezi 6 yatembye. ”
Uburozi bwa pyrethroide na pesticide yica udukoko twangiza mu masoko abiri y’amazi yo ku nkombe (Californiya, Amerika) byasohotse muri “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” mu mwaka wa 2012, bwiga ku mpinduka ziterwa n’uburinganire n’uburozi bwa organofosifate na pyrethroide.“Imbuga icumi zatoranijwe mu bice bine byo kwiga.Agace kamwe katewe n’umujyi naho ahasigaye kari mu bice by’ubuhinzi.Amazi ya fla (Ceriodaphnia dubia) yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma ubumara bw’amazi, naho amphibian Hyalella Azteca yakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma uburozi bw’imyanda.Isesengura rya chimie ryerekanye ko uburozi bw’amazi bwagaragaye bwatewe n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza umubiri, cyane cyane imbunda y’ubumara, mu gihe uburozi bw’imyanda bwatewe no kuvanga imiti yica udukoko twa pyrethide.Ibisubizo byerekanye ko imikoreshereze y’ubutaka n’ubuhinzi n’imijyi Kugira uruhare mu kwangiza uburozi bw’iyi miti yica udukoko ku nkombe z’amazi yegeranye… ”
Imisozi ikoresha organofosifate na pyrethroide mu kibaya cya San Joaquin hamwe n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ibidukikije.Ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2012 bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cy’ubutaka n’ubutaka bwakoresheje ububiko bw’imiti yica udukoko two muri Californiya muri Californiya kugira ngo hamenyekane imikoreshereze ya fosifore kama (OP) na pyrethroide muri almonde kuva mu 1992 kugeza 2005. Ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twa OP mu kigero icyo ari cyo cyose muri almonde gifite. yagabanutse.Nyamara, ibisubizo byica udukoko twangiza pyrethroid wasangaga bitandukanye.Muri ubu bushakashatsi, pyrethroide ntabwo yangiza ibidukikije kurusha OP.Ibisubizo byerekana ko “ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko mu buhinzi n’ingaruka ziterwa n’ibidukikije bigira ingaruka mbi ku binyabuzima.”
Kumenyekanisha udukoko twica udukoko twa neonicotinoid imidacloprid mu mazi yo hejuru y’ibice bitatu by’ubuhinzi muri Californiya, Amerika, 2010-2011, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2012 bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru cy’ibidukikije cyangiza ibidukikije n’uburozi bwa 2012 bwakusanyije uduce dutatu tw’ubuhinzi muri Kaliforuniya 75 urugero rw’amazi y’ubutaka mu karere, na Hasesenguwe "neonicotinoide" udukoko twica udukoko imidacloprid.Ingero zegeranijwe mugihe cyo kuhira cyumye muri Californiya muri 2010 na 2011. Imidacloprid yagaragaye mu byitegererezo 67 (89%).Ubwinshi bwarenze 1.05μg / L (19%) y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bidakira bidafite ubuzima mu ngero 14 z’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA).Kwishyira hamwe nabyo mubisanzwe birenze amabwiriza yuburozi yashyizweho kuburayi na Kanada.Ibisubizo byerekana ko imidacloprid isanzwe yimukira ahandi kandi ikanduza amazi yo hejuru, kandi kwibanda kwayo bishobora kwangiza ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi nyuma yo gukoreshwa mubihe by’ubuhinzi bwuhira muri Californiya.”
Urwego rwa fungiside chlorthalidone na corticosterone muri amphibian, ubudahangarwa nimpfu ntabwo ari umurongo.Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse muri “Ibidukikije byubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije” mu mwaka wa 2011 bwerekanye ko fungiside ikoreshwa cyane muri Amerika, chlorothalonil Dose ikabije ishobora no kwica ibikeri.Abashakashatsi bavuga ko umwanda w’imiti ufatwa nk’akabiri kibangamiye amoko y’amazi n’amazi muri Amerika.Kubera ko sisitemu nyinshi zingenzi za amphibian zisa nabantu, abashakashatsi bemeza ko amphibian ishobora kuba urugero rudakoreshwa mukwiga ingaruka zibintu bya chimique kubuzima bwabantu mubidukikije, hanyuma bagashaka kugereranya ibisubizo by amphibian kuri chlorothalonil.Soma "Gukuraho Pesticide Amakuru Yamakuru Yumunsi", Mata 2011.
Ingaruka z'ikoranabuhanga ryo kurwanya ibimonyo ku miti yica udukoko no gukora neza Ubu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2010 bwasohotse mu bumenyi bw’udukoko twangiza ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bushakashatsi bw’amazi y’ibimonyo bikikije amazu (cyane cyane bifenthrin cyangwa fipronil spray)."Muri 2007, impuzandengo ya spent ya bifenthrin mumazi yo kuhira yari 14.9 microg L (-1) icyumweru 1 nyuma yo kuvurwa, na microg 2,5 L (-1) mubyumweru 8, Birahagije bihagije.Uburozi bwibinyabuzima byo mu mazi byoroshye.Ibinyuranye, nyuma yibyumweru 8 bivura hamwe na granules ya bifenthrin, ntamazi yagaragaye mumazi yatemba.Impuzandengo ya fipronil ikoreshwa nka spray ya periferiya nyuma yo kuvurwa microgramo 4.2 L (-1) icyumweru 1 na microgramu 0.01 L (-1) mubyumweru 8.Agaciro ka mbere kerekana kandi ko gashobora kumva ibinyabuzima.Mu mwaka wa 2008, gukoresha ahantu hatarangwamo imiti no gukoresha impande zose zikoreshwa mu nshinge byagabanije gutemba biva mu miti yica udukoko. ”
Gutwara imiti yica udukoko hejuru yubutaka bwinzoka: isano iri hagati yimiti yica udukoko nubwikorezi rusange.Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu kinyamakuru Environmental Toxicology na Chemistry mu mwaka wa 2010. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hagamijwe “gupima umutaru nk’imiti yica udukoko twangiza amazi ava mu nzira nyabagendwa ya golf” isobanukirwa neza n’ibintu bigira ingaruka ku kuboneka kwa miti no gutwara abantu benshi.Iyo iguzwe ku isoko, imbunda yuburozi ikoreshwa, fluoroacetonitrile, aside methacrylic (MCPP), umunyu wa dimethylamine wa acide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic aside (2, 4-D) cyangwa 1% kugeza 23% bya dicamba mbere yimvura yagereranijwe (62 + / - 13 mm), imiti yica udukoko yakoreshejwe ku kimenyetso cyamasaha 23 +/- 9.Itandukaniro ryigihe hagati yo gutera tine yibanze no gutemba ntabwo bigira ingaruka cyane kumazi cyangwa ijanisha ryimiti ikoreshwa mumazi.Usibye imbunda yuburozi, imiti yose yinyungu yagaragaye murugero rwambere rwo gutemba hamwe nibyabaye byose.Ikarita yimiti yiyi miti itanu yica udukoko ikurikiza uburyo bwo gutondekanya ibintu bijyanye nubutaka kama ya karubone igabanya ubukana (K (OC)).Amakuru yakusanyijwe muri ubu bushakashatsi atanga amakuru ajyanye no gutwara ibintu bya shimi mu mazi atemba, ashobora gukoreshwa mu kwerekana urugero kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka ziterwa n’umwanda udasanzwe kandi ugereranye ingaruka z’ibidukikije.”
Atrazine itera igitsina gore cyuzuye no guta imiti mu bikeri by'abagabo bo muri Afurika (Xenopus laevis).Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohotse mu gitabo cyitwa Proceedings of the National Academy of Science mu 2010, “bugaragaza ingaruka z'imyororokere ya atrazine muri amphibian ikuze.Abagabo bahuye na rdesine bombi baravunitse (castration chimique) Yongeye gushyirwa mubigore byuzuye mubagore bakuze.10% by'igitsina gabo kigaragara cyateye imbere mu gitsina gore gikora, gihura nigitsina gabo kitamenyekanye kandi kikabyara amagi hamwe namagi.Abagabo bahuye na radixine barwara testosterone yagabanutse, Ingano ya glande yimyororokere iragabanuka, iterambere ryinzara ni demasculine / feminised, imyitwarire yo gushyingiranwa irabujijwe, spermatogenezi iragabanuka, kandi uburumbuke buragabanuka. ”Ubu bushakashatsi “Atrazine yateje igitsina gore cyuzuye mu bikeri byo muri Afurika (Xenopus laevis) Byasohotse muri“ Chemistry and Chemical Castration ”.Soma amakuru ya buri munsi arenze imiti yica udukoko, Werurwe 2010.
Kuba triclosan ikomeje kuba mu bimera bitunganya amazi n’ingaruka zayo ziterwa n'ubumara kuri biofilm.Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohotse muri Aquatic Toxicology mu mwaka wa 2010 bwasuzumye ingaruka za triclosan yasohotse mu nganda zitunganya amazi y’amazi ya Mediteraneya kuri algae na bagiteri..“Urutonde rw'imiyoboro y'ubushakashatsi ikoreshwa mu gusuzuma ingaruka z'igihe gito cya triclosan kuri algae ya biofilm na bagiteri (kuva 0.05 kugeza 500 μgL-1).Ubwinshi bwa triclosan bujyanye nibidukikije butera kwiyongera kwa ba bagiteri, kandi nta ngaruka (NEC) ni 0.21 μgL-1.Kwipimisha cyane, bagiteri zapfuye zingana na 85% byumubare wa bagiteri.Triclosan ni uburozi kuri bagiteri kuruta algae.Nkuko kwibumbira hamwe kwa triclosan byiyongera (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), imikorere ya fotosintezeza Irabujijwe, kandi uburyo bwo kuzimya butari fotokimike buragabanuka.Ubwiyongere bwikwirakwizwa rya triclosan nabwo bugira ingaruka ku mibereho ya selile diatom.Uburozi bwa algae bushobora kuba ingaruka zingaruka zitaziguye ku burozi bwa biofilm, ariko bugaragarira mu ndunduro zose zifitanye isano na algae Kugabanuka kugaragara buhoro buhoro ibisubizo byerekana ingaruka ziterwa na fungiside.Uburozi bwagaragaye ku bice bidafite intego bifatanyirijwe hamwe muri biofilm, ubushobozi bwa triclosan bwo kubaho binyuze mu ruganda rutunganya imyanda hamwe n’ubushobozi budasanzwe bwo gukwirakwiza imyanda ya sisitemu yo mu nyanja ya Mediterane bizaba bifitanye isano n’uburozi bwa triclosan burenze za bagiteri ziri mu mazi. . ”
Imiti yica udukoko twa Pyrethroid mu migezi ya salmon mu mijyi yo mu majyaruguru ya pasifika y’amajyaruguru y’iburengerazuba yasohotse muri “Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije” mu mwaka wa 2010, “Ibimera byo muri Leta ya Oregon na Leta ya Washington… kugira ngo hamenyekane imikoreshereze y’udukoko twangiza pyrethroide mu duce dutuyemo Niba udukoko twangiza tugera ku mazi, kandi niba kwibanda kwabo ni uburozi cyane "ku nyamaswa zidafite ubuzima.Hafi ya kimwe cya gatatu cyicyitegererezo cya 35 kirimo pyrethroide ishobora gupimwa.Bifitanye isano n'uburozi bwibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, bifenthrin ni pyrethroide ihangayikishijwe cyane, ijyanye nubushakashatsi bwabanje ahandi.”
Atrazine igabanya kubyara amafi yibinure (Pimephales promelas).Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohowe mu mwaka wa 2010 muri toxicology yo mu mazi bwerekanye amafi y’ibinure kuri atrazine kandi bugaragaza ingaruka ku musaruro w’amagi, udukoko twinshi ndetse n’imisemburo ya hormone.Mugihe ibintu biri munsi yubuyobozi bwiza bwamazi ya EPA, amafi ahura nubunini buri hagati ya microgramu 0 na 50 kuri litiro ya desine mugihe cyiminsi 30.Abashakashatsi basanze atrazine ihungabanya ukwezi kwimyororokere isanzwe, kandi amafi ntazatera amagi menshi nyuma yo guhura na atrazine.Ugereranije n’amafi atamenyekanye, umusaruro w’amagi yose y’amafi yahuye na atrazine wagabanutse mu minsi 17 kugeza kuri 20 nyuma yo guhura.Amafi yahuye na atrazine yatera amagi make, kandi imyanya myororokere yaba igitsina gabo nigitsina gore yari idasanzwe.Soma "Amakuru ya buri munsi arenze imiti yica udukoko", Kamena 2010.
Ingaruka za nanoparticles ku nsoro z'amafi yuzuye ibinure.Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohotse muri Ecotoxicology mu mwaka wa 2010 bwerekanye amafi y’umutwe wumukara ku buryo butandukanye bw’ibisubizo byahagaritswe cyangwa bikurura nanoparticle mu masaha 96 mu byiciro byinshi byiterambere.Iyo nanosilver yemerewe gutura, uburozi bwumuti bwaragabanutse inshuro nyinshi, ariko buracyatera ubumuga bwamafi mato.Hatitawe ku buvuzi bwa ultrasound, nano-silver irashobora gutera ibitagenda neza, harimo no kuva amaraso mu mutwe no kuribwa, hanyuma amaherezo agapfa.Abashakashatsi bavumbuye ko nanosilver ya sonic cyangwa yahagaritswe mugisubizo ari uburozi ndetse byica na minnows zifite uburozi.Amafi yabyibushye ni ubwoko bwibinyabuzima bukoreshwa mugupima uburozi mubuzima bwamazi.Soma amakuru ya buri munsi arenze imiti yica udukoko, Werurwe 2010.
Isesengura ryujuje ubuziranenge ryerekana ingaruka zihoraho za radix ku mafi y’amazi meza na amphibian.Ubushakashatsi bwo mu 2009 bwasohotse muri “Ibidukikije byubuzima bushingiye ku bidukikije” bwasesenguye ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi burenga 100 bwakozwe kuri radiyo 100.Abashakashatsi basanze Tianjin igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mafi na amphibian, cyane cyane kwangiza ubudahangarwa., Hormone na sisitemu yimyororokere.“Atrazine yagabanije ubunini bwa metamorphose cyangwa hafi ya metamorphose mu bushakashatsi 15 kuri 17 na 14 kuri 14.Atrazine yatezimbere amphibian n amafi mubushakashatsi 12 kuri 13.Mu bushakashatsi 6 kuri 7, imyitwarire yo kurwanya inyamaswa yagabanutse muri 6 kuri 7 y’ubushakashatsi, kandi ubushobozi bw’amafi y’amafi bwaragabanutse.Kugabanuka kwimikorere 13 yubudahangarwa no kwandura 16 kwandura byajyanye no kugabanuka Muri 7 yubushakashatsi 10, deflux yahinduye byibuze igice kimwe cyimiterere ya gonadal kandi ikomeza kugira ingaruka kumikorere ya gonadal.Mu bushakashatsi 2 kuri 2, spermatogenezi yahinduwe mubushakashatsi 7.Ubwinshi bwimisemburo yimibonano mpuzabitsina bwahinduwe muri 6 yubushakashatsi.Atrazine ntiyagize ingaruka kuri vitellogenine mu bushakashatsi 5, kandi aromatase yongerewe kuri 1 gusa muri 6. ”Soma "Amakuru ya Agrochemical Daily News", Ukwakira 2009.
Umwanda wa Organohalogen na metabolite mu bwonko bwa dolphine mu burengerazuba bwa Atlantika.Raporo y’ubushakashatsi yasohotse muri “Ibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije” mu mwaka wa 2009 yerekanye umwanda mwinshi, harimo imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza umubiri (OCs), biphenili polychlorine (PCB), Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybromine diphenyl ether). retardants na OH-PBDEs ziboneka mumazi yubwonko bwubwonko hamwe nubwonko bwubwonko bwinyamabere zinyamabere zinyamabere nyinshi, harimo na dolphine isanzwe ihuriweho na dolphine, Dolphine yera yuzuye mumaso hamwe na kashe yumukara. Ubwinshi bwa PCBs butangaje cyane. Abashakashatsi basanze ko kwibumbira hamwe kwa PCB mumazi yifunze ya cerebrospinal fluid ni igice kimwe kuri miriyoni. Soma amakuru ya buri munsi Kurenga Pesticide, Gicurasi 2009.
Kuva mu 1995 kugeza 2004, ibitsina byombi byakwirakwiriye muri bass yo muri Amerika (Micropterus spp.).Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu mwaka wa 2009, bwasohotse muri Aquatic Toxicology, bwasuzumye ibitsina byombi mu mafi y’amazi meza mu masoko icyenda y’amazi muri Amerika.“Oocytes ya testicular (cyane cyane ibizamini by'abagabo birimo ingirangingo z'umugore) ni bwo buryo bukunze kugaragara mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, nubwo hasuzumwe umubare munini w'amafi y'abagabo (n = 1477) n'ay'abagore (n = 1633).Ibitsina byombi byabonetse muri 3% by'amafi.Mu moko 16 yasuzumwe, amoko 4 (25%) n’amafi 34 (31%) ahantu 111 wasangaga imyanya ndangagitsina.Ibitsina byombi ntibisanga mu moko menshi ahantu hamwe, ariko bikunze kugaragara cyane muri bass ya largemouth (Micropterus salmoides; igitsina gabo 18%) na bass yo mu kanwa (M. dolomieu; abagabo 33%).Umubare w'amafi y'ibitsina byombi muri buri gice cya bassgouth ni 8-91%, naho bass yo mu kanwa ni 14-73%.Mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Amerika, umubare w’ibitsina byombi ni mwinshi, muri Apalachicola, Sa Bisexual largemouth bass iboneka ahantu hose mu kibaya cy’uruzi rwa Fanner na Xiaojian.Hatitawe ku kumenya niba ibitsina byombi, mercure yose, trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD na PCB byubahirizwa Ni byo byangiza imiti ikunze kugaragara ahantu hose. ”
Urukurikirane rw'imyanda ihumanya: Ukuntu imiti yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza abaturage bo mu mazi.Iyi raporo y’ubushakashatsi yasohotse muri Oecologia mu 2009 “yiga uburyo bwo gukoresha imiti yica udukoko dutanu (malathion, karbaryl, imbunda y’uburozi, Diazinon na endosulfan) hamwe n’imiti itanu yica ibyatsi (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), kwibanda cyane (2-16 ppb) ya alachlor, alachlor na 2,4-D) Bizagira ingaruka kumuryango wamazi ugizwe na zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphyte na amphibian ya livine (igikeri cyibiti byumukara, igikeri cyibiti, ingwe zitandukanye ningwe yingwe, Rana pipiens).Nakoresheje itangazamakuru ryo hanze kandi ngenzura buri muti wica udukoko ukwawo, Uruvange rw'imiti yica udukoko, uruvange rw'imiti yica ibyatsi hamwe n'uruvange rw'imiti icumi yica udukoko. ”
Uburozi bwica udukoko twombi ku binyabuzima bidafite ingufu za kirimbuzi muri Californiya, muri Amerika, n’umubano wacyo no kugabanuka kw’umubare w’amazi.Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse mu 2009 muri “Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry” bwakoze iperereza ku miti ibiri yica udukoko dukunze gukoreshwa muri Californiya rwagati.Udukoko twangiza-uburozi budashira bwa rif na endosulfan.Ibikeri by'ibiti byo mu nyanja ya pasifika (Pseudacris regilla) hamwe n'ibikeri by'ibirenge by'umuhondo (Rana boylii), amphibian, byagabanije abaturage kandi bitura kandi byororoka mu byatsi bikikije Siyera Nevada.Abashakashatsi berekanye lisiti yica udukoko kuva Gosner icyiciro cya 25 kugeza 26 binyuze muri metamorphose.Ikigereranyo cyo hagati yica hagati (LC50) yimbunda yuburozi ni 365 ″ g / L muri regilla, na 66.5 ″ g / L kuri R. boylii.Abashakashatsi basanze endosulfani ifite uburozi bwombi ku burozi kuruta uburozi bw’uburozi, kandi iyo ihuye n’ibintu byinshi bya endosulfan, iterambere ry’ibinyabuzima byombi ntirisanzwe.Endosulfan nayo yagize ingaruka kumikurire niterambere ryubwoko bubiri.Soma “Amakuru y’ubuhinzi bwa buri munsi”, Nyakanga 2009.
Ihererekanyabubasha ry’ababyeyi rya xenobiotics n'ingaruka zaryo kuri bass nini ya bass yo ku nkombe ya San Francisco.Ubu bushakashatsi bwo mu 2008 bwasohotse muri PNAS bwerekanye ko “imyaka 8 y’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na laboratoire yerekana ko bass itujuje ubuziranenge yabayeho mu buzima bwa mbere bw’imigezi ya San Francisco.Ibyuka bihumanya byerekanaga inkombe, kandi abaturage bakomeje kugabanuka kuva isenyuka ryambere mu myaka ya za 70.PCBs ya biologiya, polybromine diphenyl ethers hamwe nubu imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa / amaguru yabonetse muburugero rwamagi yose yavuye mumafi yakusanyirijwe muruzi.Tekinoroji ikoresheje ihame rya stereologiya itabogamye irashobora kumenya impinduka ziterambere zahoze zitagaragara hamwe nuburyo busanzwe.Gukoresha mu buryo budasanzwe umuhondo, ubwonko budasanzwe ndetse n'iterambere ry'umwijima, ndetse no gukura muri rusange byagaragaye muri lisiti y'amafi yakusanyirijwe mu nzuzi. ”
Igisubizo cyabaturage hamwe nibidukikije byangiza imiti yica udukoko twangiza ibidukikije byamazi meza.Ubushakashatsi bwasohotse muri Ecotoxicology mu 2008 bwakoresheje itangazamakuru ryo mu mazi ryo hanze kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka zica udukoko twangiza udukoko twa Sevin hamwe na karbaryl ikora cyane kuri plankton y’amazi meza Ingaruka zurubuga rwibiryo.Yakomeje agira ati: "Twakurikiranye uko ibinyabuzima biterwa na mikorobe, phytoplankton na zooplankton byiyongera ku kuba ogisijeni yibanze.Bidatinze nyuma yo gukoreshwa kwa Sevin, ubukana bwa karbaryl bwageze ku rwego rwo hejuru kandi bwangirika vuba, kandi nta tandukaniro ry’ubuvuzi ryabonetse nyuma yiminsi 30.Mu kuvura impiswi, planktonic Ubwinshi, ubwinshi, ubwinshi, hamwe na ogisijeni yibikoko byinyamanswa byagabanutse, mugihe ubwinshi bwa phytoplankton na mikorobe byiyongereye.Ugereranije nibyiza bya kodegisi mubindi bitatu bivura, zooplankton mukuvura imiti yica udukoko twinshi yari igizwe ahanini igizwe na rotifers.Nubwo abaturage benshi n'ibidukikije biranga ibimenyetso byerekana ko bakize mu minsi 40 nyuma yo kwangizwa n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza, haracyari itandukaniro rikomeye kandi rikomeye muri mikorobe, phytoplankton na zooplankton nyuma yo kwangirika kw’udukoko. ”
Urukurikirane rw'ibintu bitunguranye: ingaruka zica imiti yica udukoko ku bikeri kuri concentration ya sublethal.Ubu bushakashatsi bwasohowe muri “Ecology Applications” mu 2008 “bwize uburyo bwo gukoresha imbaraga nke mu bwinshi, inshuro na dosiye (10- 250 micrograms / litiro) ya virusi yica udukoko ku isi (malathion).Inshuro zagize ingaruka ku baturage bo mu mazi arimo zooplankton, phytoplankton, ibimera byo mu mazi hamwe na amphibian ya larval (yororerwa mu bucucike bubiri) mu minsi 79.Uburyo bwose bwo gukoresha buganisha ku kugabanuka kwa zooplankton, itera casade tropique aho phytoplankton yiyongera cyane.Mu buvuzi bumwe na bumwe, epiphyte irushanwa iragabanuka nyuma.Kugabanya ibimera byo mu mazi bigira ingaruka ku bikeri (ibikeri) Igihe cya metamorphose ya Rana pipiens ntigira ingaruka nke.Nyamara, igikeri cy'ingwe (Rana pipiens) metamorphose igihe kirekire, kandi imikurire yabo n'iterambere biragabanuka cyane.Mugihe ibidukikije byumye, biganisha ku rupfu.Kubwibyo, malathion (Rapid decomposition) ntabwo yishe amphibian mu buryo butaziguye, ahubwo yateje tropique cascade reaction, ibyo bikaba byaratumye hapfa urupfu rwinshi rwinshi rwa amphibian.Ni ngombwa gusubiramo porogaramu kumurongo wo hasi cyane (inshuro 7 mucyumweru, 10 µg / L buri gihe) "Kuvura Squeeze") ifite inshuro 25 inshuro nyinshi kubisubizo byinshi bihinduka kuruta porogaramu imwe "pulse".Ibisubizo ntabwo ari ingenzi gusa, kuko malathion niyo miti yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane, ariko iboneka no mubishanga.Kandi kubera ko uburyo bwibanze bwa kasike tropique busanzwe kuri pesticide nyinshi, butanga amahirwe yo guhanura imiti myinshi yica udukoko.Imiti yica udukoko yibasira abaturage bo mu mazi n’abaturage benshi ba amphibian.
Menya impungenge zikomeye zigira ingaruka kuri macroinvertebrates mu ruzi rwa Salinas (Californiya, Amerika): ingaruka ziterwa n’imiti yica udukoko hamwe nuduce duto twahagaritswe.Ubu bushakashatsi bwo mu 2006 bwasohotse mu Kwangiza Ibidukikije ku amphibian, inyenzi n'ibindi.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kugirango hamenyekane impagarara zishobora gutera uburozi kandi ziri mu ruzi rwa California.Ati: “Ubushakashatsi buriho bugaragaza ko ugereranije n'ubutaka bwahagaritswe mu ruzi rwa Salinas, imiti yica udukoko ni isoko y'ingenzi yo guhangayikishwa cyane na macroinvertebrates.”
Nyuma yo guhura na dosiye nkeya y’ibidukikije ya herbicide atrazine, ibikeri bya hermafrodite, demasculine byasohotse mu gitabo cyitwa Proceedings of the National Academy of Science mu 2002. Ubu bushakashatsi bwasuzumye ingaruka za atrazine ku gikeri cyo muri Afurika (Xenopus laevis).) Ingaruka zo gukura kwimibonano mpuzabitsina.Ibinyomoro byinjijwe muri atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) mugihe cyose gikura.Twagenzuye amateka ya gonadal nubunini bwa larynx mugihe cya metamorphose.Atrazine (> cyangwa = 0.1 ppb) itera hermafrodite Kandi ikomora umuhogo wabagabo bambaye ubusa (> cyangwa = 1.0 ppb).Twongeyeho, twasuzumye urugero rwa plasma testosterone yabagabo bakuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina.Iyo ihuye na 25 ppb atrazine, urugero rwa testosterone yumugabo X. laevis yagabanutse inshuro 10.Twakekereje ko atrazine yatera aromatase kandi igateza imbere testosterone na estrogene.Uku gusenya umusaruro wa steroid urashobora gusobanura demasculinisation yumugabo wumugabo nigikorwa cya hermaphroditism.Nibyiza nkuko byavuzwe mubushakashatsi burimo Urwego ni ibintu bifatika, byerekana ko abandi amphibian bahuye na atrazine ku gasozi bashobora guhura n’iterambere ry’imibonano mpuzabitsina.Ubu bwoko bwinshi bwibintu hamwe n’ibindi bihungabanya ibidukikije bya endocrine bishobora kuba intandaro yo kugabanuka kwumubare w amphibian kwisi yose.”
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