Erin Lizotte, Kwagura Kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan, Ishami rya MSU ishami rya Entomologiya Dave Smitley na Jill O'Donnell, Kwagura MSU-1 Mata 2015
Igitagangurirwa cy'igitagangurirwa ni udukoko tw’ibiti bya Noheri ya Michigan.Kugabanya ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko birashobora gufasha abahinzi kurinda udukoko twangiza, bityo bigafasha kurwanya udukoko twangiza.
Muri Michigan, spuce spider mite (Oligonuchus umunguis) ni udukoko twinshi twibiti byimeza.Utwo dukoko duto twangiza ibiti byose bya Noheri byakozwe mubucuruzi kandi akenshi bitera igihombo kinini mubukungu muguhinga ibimera na firigo.Mu bihingwa bisanzwe bicungwa, umubare w’inyamaswa zangiza ni muto kubera gukoresha imiti yica udukoko, bityo udusimba tw’igitagangurirwa ni udukoko.Ibinyamanswa byangiza abahinzi kuko birisha udukoko kandi bifasha kurwanya abaturage.Bitabaye ibyo, igitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa cya mite giturika gitunguranye, cyangiza ibiti.
Mugihe impeshyi yegereje, abahinzi bagomba kwitegura kongera gahunda zabo zo guhiga mite.Kugirango ubone ibitagangurirwa byigitagangurirwa, abahinzi bagomba gutoranya ibiti byinshi muri buri gihingwa kandi bakareba neza guhitamo ibiti bivuye ku butumburuke butandukanye no ku murongo mu nzu no hanze.Ingero nini z'ibiti bizongera ubuhinzi bw'abahinzi mugihe cyo gusuzuma abaturage n'ingaruka zishobora kubaho.Ubushakashatsi bugomba gukorwa mugihe cyigihe cyose, atari nyuma yibimenyetso bigaragara, kuko mubisanzwe biratinda kuvurwa neza.Inzira yoroshye yo kumenya mite zikuze nizabana ni ukuzunguza cyangwa gukubita amashami kurubaho cyangwa impapuro (ifoto 1).
Igitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa cya mite ni umupira muto utukura ufite umusatsi hagati.Amagi yavutse azagaragara neza (ifoto 2).Mu cyiciro cy'imyitozo ngororamubiri, igitagangurirwa ni gito cyane kandi gifite umubiri woroshye.Igitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa gikuze nigishusho gikomeye cya ova gifite umusatsi hejuru yinda.Imiterere y'uruhu iratandukanye, ariko ibimera bya Tetranychus mubisanzwe ni icyatsi, icyatsi kibisi cyangwa umukara hafi, kandi ntabwo byera, umutuku cyangwa umutuku.Inyenzi zangiza zisanzwe ni umweru, amata yera, umutuku cyangwa umutuku werurutse, kandi zirashobora gutandukanywa nudukoko twangiza udukoko twitegereza ibikorwa byazo.Iyo bihungabanye, inyenzi zangiza zikunze kugenda vuba kurusha udukoko twangiza, kandi birashobora kugaragara ko byihuta kurubaho.Igitagangurirwa gitukura gitukura gikunda kugenda buhoro.
Ifoto 2. Abakuze b'igitagangurirwa bakuze n'amagi.Inkomoko yishusho: USDA FS-Amajyaruguru yuburasirazuba bwububiko, Bugwood.org
Ibimenyetso byigitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa cyangiritse harimo chlorose, inshinge zinshinge hamwe nibara ryamabara ndetse nibibabi byamababi yumukara, amaherezo bishobora gukwirakwira mugiti cyose.Iyo witegereje igikomere ukoresheje indorerwamo y'intoki, ibimenyetso bigaragara nkibibara bito byumuhondo bizengurutse aho bagaburira (ifoto 3).Binyuze mu gukurikirana witonze, gucunga neza no gukoresha imiti yica udukoko yangiza udukoko twangiza, udusimba tw’igitagangurirwa dushobora kwirinda ko twangirika.Inzira yoroshye yo kumenya ibikenewe mu micungire ni ugusuzuma niba iperereza ryerekana ko abaturage biyongera cyangwa bari ku rwego rwo kurimbuka.Ni ngombwa kwibuka ko igitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa cya mite cyabaturage gihindagurika vuba, bityo rero kureba ibyangiritse ku giti ntibigaragaza neza niba hakenewe ubuvuzi, kuko abaturage bapfuye kuva icyo gihe bashobora kuba barateje ibyangiritse, bityo gutera rero ntacyo bivuze .
Ifoto 3. Igitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa mite yo kugaburira urushinge cyangiritse.Inguzanyo y'ishusho: John A. Weidhass wo muri Virginia Tech na kaminuza ya leta Bugwood.org
Imbonerahamwe ikurikira ikubiyemo uburyo bwo kuvura ubu, icyiciro cya shimi, icyiciro cyubuzima, intego nziza, kugenzura igihe hamwe nuburozi bugereranije ninyamaswa zangiza.Niba udukoko twica udukoko udakoreshwa, ibitagangurirwa bitukura ntibikunze kuba ikibazo, kubera ko inyenzi zangiza zizakomeza kubayobora.Gerageza kwirinda gutera imiti yica udukoko kugirango ushishikarize kurwanya ibidukikije.
Chlorpyrifos 4E AG, Guverinoma 4E, Hatchet, Lorsban Yateye imbere, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E, Warhawk, Inkubi y'umuyaga, Yuma 4E yica udukoko, Vulcan (rif uburozi)
Avid 0.15EC, Ardent 0.15EC, imitako iboneye, Nufarm Abamectin, Minx Quali-Pro Abamectin 0.15EC, Timectin 0.15ECT & O (abamectin)
Shimira Pro, Couraze 2F, Couraze 4F, Mallet 75WSP, Nuprid 1.6F, Pasada 1.6F, Umuhigo, Provado 1.6F, Sherpa, Umupfakazi, Wrangler (imidacloprid)
1 Imiterere yimuka irimo mite larvae, nymphs nicyiciro cyabantu bakuru.2S isa nkaho ifite umutekano muke inyamaswa zangiza, M ni uburozi buringaniye, na H ni uburozi bukabije.3Avermectin, thiazole na acetiside ya tetronic acariside itinda, bityo abahinzi ntibagomba gutungurwa niba mite ikiri nzima nyuma yo kuyisaba.Bishobora gufata iminsi 7 kugeza 10 kugirango ubone impfu zuzuye.4Amavuta yubusitani arashobora gutera phytotoxicity, cyane cyane iyo akoreshejwe mugihe cyizuba, kandi arashobora kugabanya ibara ryubururu mubururu bwubururu.Mubisanzwe ni byiza gutera amavuta yindabyo zinonosoye cyane hamwe na 1% mugihe icyo aricyo cyose cyumwaka, ariko mugihe intumbero ari 2% cyangwa irenga, irashobora kwangiza uburabyo buterwa nimpinduka ziterwa na kirisiti ya ice kandi bigatera ibimenyetso bibi ..5 Ikirango cya Apollo kigomba gusomwa no gukurikizwa neza kugirango harebwe imikoreshereze ikwiye kandi bidindiza iterambere ryurwanya.
Pyrethroide, organophosphates na abamectine byose bifite ibikorwa byiza byo gukomanga no kugenzura ibisigisigi byigitagangurirwa cyimyororokere mubuzima bukora, ariko ingaruka zabyo zica miti yangiza ituma bahitamo nabi.Bitewe no kugabanuka kwabanzi karemano hamwe n’inyamaswa zangiza, abaturage b’igitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa, imikoreshereze yibi bikoresho ikenera gukomeza gutunganywa muri iki gihembwe.Neonicotine, irimo imidacloprid nkibintu bifatika, nayo ni amahitamo mabi yo kugenzura ibitagangurirwa byigitagangurirwa, kandi rimwe na rimwe bishobora gutera indwara y’igitagangurirwa.
Ugereranije nibikoresho byavuzwe haruguru, karbamate, quinolone, pyridazinone, quinazoline hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko ethoxazole byose byerekana ingaruka nziza kumyuka ya Tetranychus hamwe na mite yoroheje kandi yangiza.uburozi.Gukoresha ibyo bikoresho bizagabanya ibyago byo kwandura mite kandi bitange ibyumweru bitatu cyangwa bine byo kugenzura ibisigisigi byubuzima bwose bwigitagangurirwa cyigitagangurirwa, ariko etozol ifite ibikorwa bike mubantu bakuru.
Acide Tetronic, thiazole, sulfite hamwe namavuta yimbuto nimbuto byerekana ingaruka nziza kuburebure bwigisigisigi cya mite.Amavuta y’imboga afite ibyago byo kurwara phytotoxicity na chlorose, bityo abahinzi bagomba kwitonda mugihe bakoresha ibicuruzwa bishya cyangwa kubinyabuzima bitavuwe.Acide Tetronic, thiazole, sulfite hamwe n amavuta yimbuto nimboga nabyo bifite inyungu zinyongera zinyongera, ni ukuvuga ko bifite umutekano muke byangiza kandi bifite amahirwe make yo gutera mite.
Abahinzi barashobora gusanga hakenewe ubuvuzi burenze bumwe, cyane cyane iyo umuvuduko wabaturage ari mwinshi, cyangwa mugihe ukoresheje imiti yica udukoko idakora mubuzima bwose.Nyamuneka soma ikirango witonze, kuko ibicuruzwa bimwe bishobora gukoreshwa muburyo bumwe gusa.Mu ntangiriro z'impeshyi, reba inshinge n'amashami y'amagi ya Tetranychus.Niba amagi ari menshi, shyiramo amavuta yindabyo ku gipimo cya 2% kugirango ubice mbere yo gutera.Amavuta yubusitani bwiza cyane afite ubunini bwa 2% afite umutekano kubiti byinshi bya Noheri, usibye ibimera byubururu, bitakaza bimwe mubururu bwubururu nyuma yo guterwa amavuta.
Mu rwego rwo kudindiza iterambere rya anti-acariside, Ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan rirashishikariza abahinzi gukurikiza ibyifuzo by’ikirango, kugabanya umubare w’ibicuruzwa byihariye byakoreshejwe mu gihe runaka, bagahitamo acariside zica udukoko twinshi.Kurugero, mugihe abaturage batangiye kwiyongera, abahinzi barashobora gufumbira amavuta asinziriye mugihe cyizuba hanyuma bagashyiraho aside tetronic.Porogaramu ikurikira igomba kuva mubyiciro bitari tetrahydroacid.
Amabwiriza yica udukoko ahora ahinduka, kandi amakuru yatanzwe muriyi ngingo ntabwo azasimbuza amabwiriza ya label.Kugirango wirinde, abandi n'ibidukikije, nyamuneka wemeze gusoma no gukurikiza ikirango.
Ibi bikoresho bishingiye ku mirimo ishyigikiwe n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibiribwa n’ubuhinzi muri Minisiteri y’ubuhinzi yo muri Amerika ku masezerano nomero 2013-41534-21068.Igitekerezo icyo ari cyo cyose, ibyagaragaye, imyanzuro, cyangwa ibyifuzo byagaragaye muri iki gitabo ni iby'umwanditsi kandi ntibigaragaza byanze bikunze ibitekerezo by’ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika.
Iyi ngingo yongerewe kandi itangazwa na kaminuza ya leta ya Michigan.Kubindi bisobanuro, nyamuneka sura https://extension.msu.edu.Kugirango utange incamake yubutumwa kuri imeri yawe imeri, nyamuneka sura https://extension.msu.edu/amakuru.Kugira ngo ubaze inzobere mu karere kanyu, nyamuneka sura https://extension.msu.edu/experts cyangwa uhamagare 888-MSUE4MI (888-678-3464).
Ishuri ryiperereza rigizwe na webinari 22 zinzobere mu kurinda ibihingwa muri kaminuza 11 zo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati, zitangwa na CPN.
Kaminuza ya Leta ya Michigan ni igikorwa cyemeza, abakoresha amahirwe angana, biyemeje gushishikariza buri wese kugera ku bushobozi bwe bwose binyuze mu bakozi batandukanye ndetse n'umuco uhuriweho kugira ngo ugere ku iterambere.
Gahunda yo kwagura kaminuza ya leta ya Michigan n'ibikoresho birakinguye kuri buri wese, hatitawe ku bwoko, ibara, inkomoko y'igihugu, igitsina, indangamuntu, idini, imyaka, uburebure, uburemere, ubumuga, imyizerere ya politiki, icyerekezo cy'imibonano mpuzabitsina, uko abashakanye, uko umuryango umeze, cyangwa ikiruhuko cy'izabukuru Imiterere ya gisirikare.Ku bufatanye n’ishami ry’ubuhinzi muri Amerika, ryatanzwe binyuze mu kuzamura MSU kuva ku ya 8 Gicurasi kugeza ku ya 30 Kamena 1914. Quentin Tyler, umuyobozi w’agateganyo, ishami rishinzwe iterambere rya MSU, East Lansing, Michigan, MI48824.Aya makuru agamije intego zuburezi gusa.Kuvuga ibicuruzwa byubucuruzi cyangwa amazina yubucuruzi ntibisobanura ko byemejwe na MSU Kwagura cyangwa gutonesha ibicuruzwa bitavuzwe.