Raporo nshya yerekana ibyiyumvo bibiri byingenzi bya virusi ya aphid kuri pyrethroide.Muri iyi ngingo, Sue Cowgill, AHDB Kurinda Ibihingwa Bikomeye (Pest), yize ku ngaruka z’ibisubizo ku bahinzi b'ibirayi.
Muri iki gihe, abahinzi bafite uburyo buke kandi buke bwo kurwanya udukoko twangiza.“Umushinga w’ibikorwa by’igihugu ku ikoreshwa rirambye ry’imiti yica udukoko” yemera ko impungenge nkizo zizashishikariza abantu guteza imbere kurwanya.Nubwo ibi bishobora gutanga ingamba zuzuye zo kurwanya imiti yica udukoko;mugihe gito, tugomba gukoresha amakuru nudukoko twica udukoko tuboneka ubu.
Kubijyanye nubuyobozi, ni ngombwa gusuzuma neza virusi igomba kwitabwaho.Baratandukanye mumuvuduko batoraguwe bakwirakwizwa na aphide.Na none, ibi bizagira ingaruka kumikorere yica udukoko no kwangiza aphide.Mu birayi, virusi zikomeye mu bucuruzi zigabanyijemo ibyiciro bibiri.
Mu Bwongereza, virusi y'ibibabi by'ibirayi (PLRV) yandura cyane cyane amashaza y'ibirayi-amashaza, ariko izindi aphide zimaze guturwa, nka aphide y'ibirayi, nazo zishobora kubigiramo uruhare.
Aphide igaburira kandi ikurura PLRV, ariko bifata amasaha menshi mbere yuko ayakwirakwiza.Nyamara, aphide yanduye irashobora gukomeza gukwirakwiza virusi mubuzima bwabo bwose (iyi ni virusi "ikomeza").
Bitewe nigihe cyatinze, birashoboka ko byitezwe ko imiti yica udukoko izafasha guhagarika inzitizi.Kubwibyo, leta yo guhangana ningirakamaro mubuyobozi bwa PLRV.
Virusi yibirayi idahoraho, nka virusi y ibirayi Y (PVY), nibibazo cyane mukubyara ibirayi GB.
Iyo aphide isohotse mu mababi, ibice bya virusi bitoragurwa hejuru yiminwa yabo.Ibi birashobora gutangwa muminota, niba atari amasegonda make.Nubwo ibirayi bitaba gakondo ya aphide, birashobora kwanduzwa na aphide idasanzwe.
Umuvuduko wo gukwirakwira bivuze ko imiti yica udukoko akenshi igoye guca iyi nzinguzingo.Usibye kongera kwishingikiriza ku kugenzura imiti itari iy'imiti, hagomba no kwitabwaho andi moko ya aphid.
Abashakashatsi bavuga ko amashaza y'ibirayi-amashaza, aphide y'ibinyampeke, Cherry-Cherry-oat aphide na aphide ya karoti ni amoko y'ingenzi ajyanye na PVY mu birayi by'imbuto bya Ecosse.
Kubera uruhare runini mukwirakwiza PLRV na PVY, birakenewe gusobanukirwa nuburyo bwo guhangana na aphid.Kubwamahirwe, byagaragaye ko ari umuhanga mu gutanga umusaruro-hafi 80% by'icyitegererezo cy'Abongereza bagaragaje kurwanya pyrethroide-mu buryo bubiri:
Hano haravugwa kurwanya neonicotinoid muri pach-ibirayi aphide mumahanga.Umubare ntarengwa wintangarugero zerekanwa muri GB buri mwaka kugirango ukurikirane kugabanuka kwabo kuri acetamide, fluniamide na spirotetramine.Kugeza ubu, nta kimenyetso cyerekana kugabanuka kwibi bintu bikora.
Impungenge za mbere zijyanye no kurwanya ibinyamisogwe byitwa pyrethroide zishobora guhera mu mwaka wa 2011. Ugereranije na aphide yuzuye ibinyampeke byoroshye, byemejwe ko ihinduka rya kdr ryemejwe kandi byerekanwe ko hasabwa ibikorwa bigera kuri 40 kugira ngo bishobore kwica.
Hakozwe tekinike yo kwerekana kdr ihindagurika muri aphide (kuva kumurongo wigihugu ufata amazi).Muri 2019, ingero zapimwe zivuye mumitego itanu, kandi hafi 30% ya aphide ifite iyi mutation.
Nyamara, ubu bwoko bwikizamini ntibushobora gutanga amakuru kubyerekeye ubundi buryo bwo guhangana.Kubera iyo mpamvu, muri 2020, umubare muto (5) wintangarugero za aphide nzima nazo zakusanyirijwe mumirima yintete kandi zipimwa muri bioassay ya laboratoire.Kuva mu mwaka wa 2011, ibi byerekana ko imbaraga zo guhangana zitigeze ziyongera, kandi hashobora kubaho kdr gusa muri aphide.
Mubyukuri, gukoresha pyrethroid spray kumubare ntarengwa usabwa bigomba kugenzura aphide.Nyamara, ingaruka zazo zo kwanduza PVY zirashoboka cyane mugihe cyo guhaguruka ninshuro za aphide yintete kuruta uko aphide ihagaze.
Nubwo hari amakuru avuga ko cheri oat aphide yo muri Irilande yagabanije kumva pyrethroide, bioassay kuri sample ya GB guhera muri 2020 (21) ntabwo yerekanye ibimenyetso byiki kibazo.
Kugeza ubu, pyrethroide igomba kuba ishobora kugenzura inyoni Cherry oat aphids.Ninkuru nziza kubahinzi b'ingano bahangayikishijwe na BYDV.BYDV ni virusi idahoraho yoroshye kuyirwanya hakoreshejwe imiti yica udukoko kuruta PVY.
Ishusho ya karoti aphide ntabwo isobanutse.By'umwihariko, abashakashatsi nta makuru y’amateka bafite ku bijyanye no kwanduza udukoko twangiza pyrethroide.Hatariho amakuru yuburyo bwuzuye bwa aphide, ntibishoboka kubara ibintu birwanya (nkuko aphide yimbuto ibikora).Ubundi buryo nugukoresha umurongo uhwanye numwanya wo gupima aphide.Kugeza ubu, hapimwe ingero esheshatu gusa muri ubu buryo, kandi umubare w'ubwicanyi uri hagati ya 30% na 70%.Ingero nyinshi zirakenewe kugirango twumve neza ibyonnyi.
Umuyoboro wa AHDB umuhondo utanga amakuru yaho yerekeye indege ya GB.Ibisubizo bya 2020 byerekana itandukaniro mumibare nubwoko bwa aphide.
Urupapuro rwa Aphid na Virusi rutanga ibisobanuro rusange birimo imiterere yo kurwanya no gutera amakuru ya gahunda.
Ubwanyuma, inganda zigomba kwimuka muburyo bwuzuye.Ibi birimo ingamba z'igihe kirekire, nko gucunga inkomoko ya virusi.Nyamara, ibi bivuze kandi gukoresha ubundi buryo, nko gukoresha intercropping, mulch hamwe namavuta yubutare.Izi zirimo gukorwaho iperereza mu murima wa AHDB wa SPOT, kandi twizera ko ibizamini n'ibisubizo bizaboneka mu 2021 (bitewe n'iterambere ryo kurwanya virusi itandukanye rwose).