. icyitegererezo cyamazi kirimo byibura imiti itanu yica udukoko.Kuva isesengura ry’ubushakashatsi bw’Amerika muri Amerika (USGS) mu 1998 ryerekanye ko imiti yica udukoko ikwirakwira mu nzira zose z’amazi muri Amerika, umwanda wica udukoko mu mazi y’amazi ukunze kugaragara mu mateka, kandi nibura ushobora kumenya umuti umwe w’udukoko.Toni ibihumbi n’ibiti byica udukoko byinjira mu nzuzi n’inzuzi z’Abanyamerika biva mu buhinzi n’ubuhinzi butari ubuhinzi, bihumanya amasoko y’amazi yo kunywa nk’amazi yo hejuru n’amazi yo mu butaka.Hamwe n'ubwiyongere bw'imiti yica udukoko mu nzira y'amazi, igira ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, cyane cyane ingaruka ziterwa n’imiti yica udukoko hamwe n’indi miti yica udukoko kugira ngo byongere ubukana bw’izi ngaruka.Raporo nkiyi nigikoresho cyingenzi cyo kumenya ibikorwa bikwiye bigamije kurengera ubuzima bwabantu, inyamaswa n’ibidukikije.USGS yashoje ivuga ko "kumenya uruhare runini mu kwangiza uburozi bishobora gufasha guteza imbere imigezi n'inzuzi kugira ngo ubuzima bw'amazi bubeho."
Amazi nuruvange rwinshi kandi rwingenzi kwisi, ni ingenzi kugirango tubeho, kandi nikintu nyamukuru cyibinyabuzima byose.Ibice bitarenze bitatu kwijana byamazi meza ni amazi meza, kandi igice gito cyamazi meza ni amazi yubutaka (30.1%) cyangwa amazi yo hejuru (0.3%) kugirango akoreshwe.Nyamara, gukoresha imiti yica udukoko ahantu hose bibangamira kugabanya amazi meza aboneka, kubera ko amazi yica udukoko, kuzuza no kujugunya bidakwiye bishobora kwanduza inzira z’amazi hafi, nk'inzuzi, imigezi, ibiyaga cyangwa gufata mu nsi.Kubera ko inzuzi n'inzuzi bingana na 2% gusa y'amazi yo hejuru, ibyo binyabuzima byoroshye bigomba kurindwa kwangirika kwinshi, harimo gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi no kugabanuka k'ubuziranenge bw'amazi / ubushobozi.Abashakashatsi bo muri raporo y’ubushakashatsi bagize bati: “[Intego nyamukuru y’ubu bushakashatsi ni ukuranga ibiranga imiti yica udukoko dusanga mu ngero z’amazi y’amazi yo muri Amerika hamwe n’ubuhinzi, bwateye imbere kandi buvanze n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka kuva 2013 kugeza 2017 ″ ( 2017 Byongeye kandi, abashakashatsi bafite intego yo gusobanukirwa “uburozi bw’imiti yica udukoko twangiza ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, no gusuzuma niba hashobora kubaho ibitera uburozi bw’uruvange.”
Mu rwego rwo gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw’amazi y’igihugu, abashakashatsi bakusanyije icyitegererezo cy’amazi mu cyitegererezo cy’ibibaya cyashyizweho n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ubuziranenge bw’amazi (NWQN) -Imigezi n’inzuzi mu 1992. Ubu bwoko bwubutaka bushingiye ku mikoreshereze y’ubutaka (ubuhinzi, bwateye imbere / mijyi kandi ivanze).Kuva mu 2013 kugeza 2017, abashakashatsi bakusanyije icyitegererezo cy’amazi muri buri kibaya cy’uruzi buri kwezi.Mu mezi make, nko mu gihe cy'imvura, uko umubare w'amazi yica udukoko wiyongera, inshuro zo gukusanya ziziyongera.Abashakashatsi bifashishije tandem mass spectrometrie hamwe na chromatografi yo gutera amazi mu buryo butaziguye kugira ngo basuzume urugero rw’imiti yica udukoko mu ngero z’amazi kugira ngo basesengure ibice 221 byica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza (0.7μm) muri laboratoire y’amazi meza ya USGS.Mu rwego rwo gusuzuma uburozi bw’imiti yica udukoko, abashakashatsi bakoresheje icyerekezo cy’uburozi bwica udukoko (PTI) kugira ngo bapime uburozi bw’imiti yica udukoko twangiza amatsinda atatu yo mu byiciro-amafi, cladocerans (crustaceans ntoya y’amazi meza) hamwe n’inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima.Urutonde rwa amanota ya PTI rurimo inzego eshatu zerekana urwego rugereranijwe rwo gusuzuma uburozi bwahanuwe: hasi (PTI≥0.1), karande (0.1 1).
Byagaragaye ko mu gihe cya 2013-2017, byibuze imiti itanu yica udukoko twagaragaye muri 88% by’amazi yaturutse ku cyitegererezo cya NWQN.Gusa 2,2% by'icyitegererezo cy'amazi nticyarenze urwego rushobora kugaragara rwica udukoko.Muri buri bidukikije, imiti yica udukoko twagereranijwe mu ngero z’amazi ya buri bwoko bw’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka niyo yari hejuru, imiti yica udukoko 24 mu bidukikije by’ubuhinzi, na 7 yica udukoko twivanze (ubutaka n’ubuhinzi bwateye imbere), hasi cyane.Ibice byateye imbere biherereye hagati, kandi buri cyitegererezo cyamazi cyegeranya ubwoko 18 bwimiti yica udukoko.Imiti yica udukoko mu byitegererezo by’amazi irashobora kugira uburozi bukabije bw’ubumara bw’inyamaswa zo mu mazi, n’uburozi budakira ku mafi.Mubintu 221 byica udukoko twica udukoko twasesenguwe, 17 (13 udukoko twica udukoko, ibyatsi 2, fungiside 1 na synergiste 1) nimwe mubitera uburozi muri Taxonomy yo mu mazi.Nk’uko isesengura rya PTI ribigaragaza, imiti yica udukoko igira uruhare rurenga 50% mu burozi bw’icyitegererezo, mu gihe indi miti yica udukoko yangiza ubu igira uruhare runini mu burozi.Kuri cladocerans, ibyingenzi byingenzi byica udukoko bitera uburozi ni udukoko twica udukoko bifenthrin, karbaryl, rif uburozi, diazinon, dichlorvos, dichlorvos, tridifenuron, fluphthalamide, na fosifore ya tebupirine.Imiti ya herbicide attriazine hamwe nudukoko twica udukoko twitwa bifenthrin, karbaryl, karbofuran, rif uburozi, diazinon, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidacloprid na methamidophos nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza ubuzima.Imiti yica udukoko igira ingaruka zikomeye ku mafi harimo ibyatsi byica acetochlor, fungiside yo gutesha agaciro karbendazim, hamwe na piperonyl butoxide ya synergiste.
Ubushakashatsi bwa Jewolojiya muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika (USGS) bwatsinze isuzuma ry’igihugu ry’ubuziranenge bw’amazi (“Gusuzuma ibyabaye n’imyitwarire y’imiti yica udukoko mu migezi, mu biyaga no mu mazi y’ubutaka ndetse n’ubushobozi bw’imiti yica udukoko twanduza amazi yo kunywa cyangwa kwangiza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi”) (NAWQA) .Raporo za USGS zabanjirije iyi zerekana ko imiti yica udukoko igaragara hose mu bidukikije byo mu mazi kandi ni umwanda ukabije mu bidukikije by’amazi meza.Muri Amerika, imiti myinshi yica udukoko ikoreshwa cyane irashobora kuboneka mumazi yo hejuru ndetse n’amazi yo mu butaka, akaba ari isoko y’amazi yo kunywa ku gice cya kabiri cy’abatuye Amerika.Byongeye kandi, inzuzi n'inzuzi byandujwe n'imiti yica udukoko birashobora gusohora imyanda mu nyanja no muri lagoons nka Great Barrier Reef (GBR).Muri byo, 99.8% by'icyitegererezo cya GBR kivanze n'imiti irenga 20 yica udukoko.Nyamara, iyi miti ntabwo igira ingaruka mbi ku buzima ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi gusa, ahubwo inagira ingaruka mbi ku buzima ku binyabuzima byo ku isi biterwa n’amazi yo hejuru cyangwa amazi y’ubutaka.Imiti myinshi muriyi miti irashobora gutera indwara ya endocrine, inenge yimyororokere, neurotoxicity na kanseri mubantu ninyamaswa, kandi inyinshi murizo zifite ubumara bukabije kubinyabuzima byo mumazi.Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bw’ubuziranenge bw’amazi bukunze kwerekana ko hari imiti myinshi yica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko.Nyamara, yaba USGS-NAWQA cyangwa isuzuma ry’ingaruka z’amazi ya EPA ntisuzuma ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza ibidukikije.
Kwanduza imiti yica udukoko hejuru y’amazi n’ubutaka byateje ikindi kibazo, ni ukuvuga kutagira igenzura n’amazi meza y’amazi, bikumira imiti yica udukoko kwiyegeranya mu nzira y’amazi.Bumwe mu buryo bw’ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) mu kurengera ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije ni ukurwanya imiti yica udukoko hakurikijwe itegeko ry’imiti yica udukoko, Fungicide, na Rodenticide (FIFRA) kandi hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’amategeko agenga umwanda w’amazi meza. y'amasoko y'amasoko mu nzira y'amazi.Nyamara, EPA iherutse gusubira inyuma y’amabwiriza y’amazi nta ngaruka nini ifite mu kurengera ubuzima bw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, kandi amoko yo mu nyanja no ku isi (harimo n’abantu) agomba kubikora.Mbere, USGS-NAWQA yanenze EPA kuba idashyizeho ibipimo bihagije by’amazi yica udukoko.Nk’uko NAWQA ibivuga, “Ibipimo ngenderwaho n'amabwiriza biriho ntibikuraho burundu ingaruka ziterwa n'imiti yica udukoko mu masoko y'amazi kuko: (1) agaciro k'imiti yica udukoko twinshi ntikiramenyekana, (2) imvange n'ibicuruzwa byangirika ntibyigeze bisuzumwa, kandi (3) ) ibihe ntabwo byigeze bisuzumwa.Ubwinshi bwibintu byinshi byerekana, na (4) ubwoko bumwe bwingaruka zishobora kuba zitigeze zisuzumwa, nko guhungabana kwa endocrine hamwe nibisubizo byihariye byabantu bumva.
Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekana ko imiti 17 yica udukoko ari yo nyamukuru itera uburozi bw’amazi.Imiti yica udukoko twitwa Organophosphate igira uruhare runini muburozi bwa Cladran budakira, mugihe udukoko twica udukoko twa imidacloprid dutera uburozi budakira ku nyamaswa zidafite ubuzima.Organophosphates ni icyiciro cy’udukoko twangiza udukoko tugira ingaruka mbi kuri sisitemu yimitsi, kandi uburyo bwabo bwo gukora burasa nubwa mikorobe mu ntambara yimiti.Guhura nudukoko twangiza imidacloprid birashobora kugira ingaruka mbi muburyo bwimyororokere kandi ni uburozi cyane kubinyabuzima bitandukanye byo mu mazi.Nubwo dichlorvos, bifenthrin na methamidophos bidakunze kugaragara mubitegererezo, iyo iyi miti ihari, irenze urugero rwuburozi bwigihe kirekire kandi bukabije kubutagira ubuzima bwamazi.Icyakora, abashakashatsi bagaragaje ko icyerekezo cy’uburozi gishobora gupfobya ingaruka zishobora guterwa n’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, kubera ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe bwerekanye ko “icyitegererezo cy’icyumweru gikunze kubura igihe gito, gishobora kuba gifite uburozi bw’imiti yica udukoko”.
Ibinyamanswa byo mu mazi, harimo ibinyabuzima bya bentique na cladocerans, ni igice cyingenzi cyurubuga rwibiryo, rukarya intungamubiri nyinshi mumazi, kandi ni isoko yibiribwa byinyamanswa nini.Nyamara, ingaruka ziterwa n’umwanda wica udukoko mu nzira z’amazi zishobora kugira ingaruka-hejuru ku nyamaswa z’inyamaswa zo mu mazi, zikica inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima zifite gahunda y’imitsi isa n’intego z’udukoko two ku isi.Byongeye kandi, inyamaswa nyinshi zidafite ubuzima ninzoka zudukoko two ku isi.Ntabwo ari ibipimo byerekana ubwiza bw’amazi n’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye, ahubwo bitanga serivisi zitandukanye z’ibidukikije nka bio-kuhira, kubora ndetse nimirire.Iyinjizwa ry’imiti yica udukoko igomba guhindurwa kugirango igabanye ingaruka ziterwa n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza mu nzuzi n’inzuzi ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi, cyane cyane aho usanga imiti ikoreshwa n’ubuhinzi ikoreshwa cyane.
Raporo yerekana ko umubare w’imiti yica udukoko tw’icyitegererezo utandukana bitewe n’ahantu buri mwaka, hamwe n’ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi bukoresha imiti myinshi yica udukoko, harimo imiti yica udukoko, udukoko twica udukoko n’udukoko twica udukoko, ndetse n’ubwiyongere bukabije kuva muri Gicurasi kugeza muri Nyakanga.Kubera ubwinshi bwubutaka bwubuhinzi, imiti yica udukoko twica udukoko muri buri cyitegererezo cy’amazi mu turere two hagati n’amajyepfo nicyo kinini.Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bihuye n’ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwerekana ko amasoko y’amazi hafi y’ubuhinzi akunda kugira imyanda myinshi ihumanya ikirere, cyane cyane mu gihe cyizuba, iyo imiti y’ubuhinzi ikabije.Muri Gashyantare 2020, Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye na Jewoloji muri Amerika bwatanze raporo ku mushinga wo gutoranya udukoko twangiza udukoko mu mazi (ukorwa na EPA).Imiti yica udukoko 141 yagaragaye mu nzuzi 7 zo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati naho imiti yica udukoko 73 mu nzuzi 7 zo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba.Ubuyobozi bwa Trump bwaretse icyifuzo cy’isosiyete mpuzamahanga y’imiti Syngenta-ChemChina kugira ngo ikomeze gukurikirana niba hari imiti yica ibyatsi mu mazi y’amazi yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu 2020. Byongeye kandi, ubuyobozi bwa Trump bwasimbuye amategeko muri WOTUS 2015 “Kurengera amazi meza. Amategeko ”, azaca intege cyane kurinda inzira z’amazi n’ibishanga byinshi muri Amerika, ndetse no kureka ingaruka zitandukanye z’umwanda zibangamira inzira z’amazi.Kubuza ibikorwa.Mugihe ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ikirere zigenda ziyongera, imvura ikiyongera, amazi akiyongera, kandi urubura rwa barafu rukashonga, bigatuma hafatwa imiti yica udukoko gakondo itagikora.Kubura gukurikirana udukoko twangiza udukoko bizatuma habaho kwegeranya no guhuza imiti y’ubumara mu bidukikije by’amazi., Ibindi byanduza amasoko y'amazi.
Ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko rigomba kuvaho kandi amaherezo rikakurwaho mu rwego rwo kurinda inzira z’amazi y’igihugu ndetse n’isi no kugabanya umubare w’imiti yica udukoko yinjira mu mazi yo kunywa.Byongeye kandi, usibye imiti yica udukoko, guverinoma ihuriweho na leta kuva kera yashyigikiye amategeko arengera amategeko arengera ibidukikije ashobora gutekereza ku ngaruka zishobora guterwa n’imiti yica udukoko (yaba ibicuruzwa byakozwe cyangwa imiti yica udukoko twangiza ibidukikije) ku bidukikije n’ibinyabuzima.Kubwamahirwe, amabwiriza yubuyobozi agezweho ananirwa gutekereza kubidukikije muri rusange, bigatera ahantu hatabona bigabanya ubushobozi bwacu bwo guhindura ibintu byinshi bishobora guteza imbere ubuzima bwibidukikije.Ariko, guteza imbere politiki yo kuvugurura imiti yica udukoko mu karere na leta birashobora kukurinda n'umuryango wawe amazi yanduye.Byongeye kandi, sisitemu ngengabuzima / ishobora kuvugururwa irashobora kuzigama amazi, guteza imbere uburumbuke, kugabanya amazi y’isuri n’isuri, kugabanya ibikenerwa ku ntungamubiri, kandi birashobora gukuraho imiti y’ubumara ibangamira ibintu byinshi by’ubuzima bw’abantu n’ibidukikije, harimo n’amazi.Ukeneye ibisobanuro birambuye kubyerekeye kwanduza imiti yica udukoko mu mazi, nyamuneka reba urupapuro rwa gahunda ya "Amazi Yugarije" na "Ingingo Zirenze Imiti Yica udukoko" "Imiti yica udukoko mu mazi yanjye yo kunywa?"Ingamba zo gukumira kugiti cyawe nibikorwa byabaturage.Bwira Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije ko kigomba gukora cyane mu kurengera ubuzima n’ibidukikije.
Iyi nyandiko yashyizwe saa 12:01 AM ku ya 24 Nzeri 2020 (Ku wa kane) kandi ishyirwa mu rwego rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi, Umwanda, Imidacloprid, Organophosphate, Imiti yica udukoko, Amazi.Urashobora gukurikirana igisubizo icyo aricyo cyose cyinjira ukoresheje ibiryo bya RSS 2.0.Urashobora gusimbuka kurangiza ukareka igisubizo.Ping ntabwo byemewe.
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