Ibigo bishinzwe kurwanya indwara (CDC) bitangaza buri cyumweru Raporo y’indwara n’impfu (MMWR) buri cyumweru.Ikoreshwa cyane cyane n'abaganga, abakora ubuzima rusange, epidemiologiste nabandi bahanga.Ibyo usoma nimugoroba ntabwo ari imyidagaduro.Keretse niba utabizi, uri umunyamwaga nkanjye.
Inyandiko zo mu murima: Indwara zikomeye zijyanye no gukoresha imikandara y’udukoko-kuva 2000 kugeza 2013, leta zirindwi muri Amerika na Kanada.Raporo ya buri cyumweru ya CDC Indwara n’impfu (MMWR), 17 Mutarama 2014/63 (02);42-43
Ibice byatewe na dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl fosifate cyangwa udukoko twangiza udukoko twa DDVP) byanditswe bwa mbere na Shell Chemical Company ku izina ry’ubucuruzi Vapona ™ mu 1954. Iyi mikandara y’udukoko yakoreshejwe n’abashakashatsi ba entomologiste, ingoro ndangamurage n’abandi barinzi kugira ngo bahumeke inzu ndangamurage. imyaka mirongo.
DDVP irahindagurika cyane, bityo ikora akazi keza ko gukwirakwiza ahantu hafunzwe.Reka nongere mbivuge-bihindagurika cyane.Umwuka uva mu gice cya DDVP uzirukana kandi wice udukoko muri metero kibe 1200 kugeza kumezi 4.Impumuro ikomeye ituma nostalgic.Ngiyo impumuro yintangarugero ndangamurage hamwe namabati yamatsiko adafunguwe.Numunuko wo gukusanya udukoko dushaje.
Imitsi itumanaho muburyo bwa chimique binyuze mu cyuho cyangwa synapses.Organofosifike ihagarika imiyoboro kandi ikabuza imitsi n'imitsi.
DDVP yica udukoko neza kuko ni imwe mu miti yica udukoko twangiza umubiri muri Amerika ishobora gukoreshwa mu nzu.Organofosifate irashobora guteza akaga, kandi guhohoterwa birashobora gutuma umugongo wawe uhinda umushyitsi.
Organofosifate yica udukoko twirinda ingirabuzimafatizo kuzimya ibimenyetso bitera imbaraga.Bahagarika acetylcholinesterase, igaragara muri sisitemu yimitsi yinyamaswa zose.Gukangura cyane ingirabuzimafatizo muri ubu buryo birashobora gutera guhinda umushyitsi, kumugara no gupfa.Kubwamahirwe, umubare wa DVPP usabwa kugirango wice udukoko ni muto cyane ugereranije nudukoko twangiza ibimenyetso bitera abantu.
Ikintu cyingenzi cyumutekano nuburyo bwo gukoresha iyi miti yica udukoko.Raporo ya CDC yerekana ko aricyo kibazo.Hagati ya 2000 na 2013, Ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe umutekano n’ubuzima (NIOSH) cyerekanwe ku ngingo zifatika zagaragaje indwara zikomeye zijyanye n’udukoko twa dichlorvos.Imanza zisa naho ari nke, ariko mu magambo y’umwanditsi mukuru w’ubwo bushakashatsi, Dr. Rebecca Tsai yagize ati: “Mu byukuri ni ugusuzugura ibibera.”Sisitemu ya Sentinel ifite leta 12 gusa zitabira Amerika.Mu ngero ntoya ya leta, CDC izi gusa ibibazo byagejejwe ku ishami ry’ubuzima rusange rya Leta.
20 muri 31 (65%) yakoresheje DDVP nabi kandi yarenze ku mabwiriza n'ibirango by'umutekano.Nkumuntu watojwe, niba ushobora gukoresha DDVP gusa ukoresheje amadarubindi, gants, hamwe nubuhumekero ahantu hafunze, bizaba bikonje gusoma ibi bikurikira:
“Inyinshi muri izo ndwara ziterwa no gukoresha ibicuruzwa ahantu hatuwe (nk'igikoni n'ibyumba byo kuryamo) binyuranyije n'amabwiriza ya label….Usibye gukoresha imirongo irwanya virusi ahantu hatuwe, ibindi bintu birimo gukoresha cyane, no gukoresha imirongo ya anti-virusi Shyira mu gikapu gifunze kugirango ukemure ibintu byanduye, kubura uburinzi bwuruhu (urugero, gants cyangwa kudashobora) koza uruhu ako kanya), shyira umurongo mu kabati no mu ipantaro, gabanya umurongo mo uduce duto hanyuma ucagagurike, Kandi ukoreshe ubushyuhe n'abafana kugirango wihutishe ikwirakwizwa ry'umwuka muri uwo murongo. ”
CDC yizera ko bimwe mubitera gukoresha nabi imirongo ya DDVP bifitanye isano no gupakira ibintu.Iyi foto yerekana DDVPs ebyiri zirenga ibicuruzwa birimo ibicuruzwa Abanyamerika bashobora kugura mububiko bunini bwo kugurisha:
Ubwoko bwa mbere bwo gupakira nuburyo busanzwe bwo gupakira kubwintego nyamukuru yikigo: kumanika ahantu hatari abantu cyangwa gukoreshwa mubice bifunze.Ifite igishushanyo inyuma, cyerekana neza ko itagenewe gukoreshwa ahantu hatuwe.Cyangwa byibuze ntabwo hafi ya TV.
Porogaramu ya kabiri ya software yerekana imikoreshereze mishya ya DDVP: kugenzura amakosa.Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukoresha DDVP nkigitanda cya fumigant cyerekanye ibisubizo bishimishije.
Amabwiriza yerekeranye no gupakira uburiri bwa DVPP avuga ko udukoko twangiza udukoko mu mufuka tugomba gufungwa na matelas icyumweru kugirango tumenye neza ko uburiri bwabuze.Hano hari amabwiriza menshi mugucapisha gato inyuma ya paki."Ntukoreshe aho abantu bamara igihe kinini" ntibisobanutse neza.“Yongerewe” kugeza ryari?Niba ushaka gukora uburiri bwawe cyangwa ibikoresho byawe, urashobora kumara umwanya muto ugereranije nibisanzwe mubyumba.
Ibinyomoro biragaragara ko ari moteri yo gukoresha DDVP mubwenge.Nyuma yo gusoma no kuganira kuri raporo zimwe na zimwe, natangajwe gato nuko nta nkomere zikomeye z'umuntu zabayeho.Ndemeranya na CDC ko gupakira neza no gushyiramo ikimenyetso bizafasha kwemeza ko abantu bakoresha DDVP bitonze.
Niba ari icyemezo cyanjye, byibuze nzashyira amagambo "Kubwurukundo rw'Imana, ntukore kuri iki kintu" kuri paki.Hagomba kubaho uburyo bwo kwerekana neza ko uruganda rufite inyandiko zangiza imitsi kandi ko ishobora kuba kanseri yumuntu mumatsinda B2.
Ikindi gice cyikirango kigomba guhinduka, ni ukuvuga amabwiriza akomeye, gusa koresha ibikoresho ahantu hafite umwuka mwiza.Igitera urupfu rwa DDVP nubwiyongere buhoro buhoro umuvuduko wumwuka wumwuka, ahanini kubera ko hariho umwuka mwinshi wibintu bibabaza mukirere.Urashobora gushira DDVP mumwanya muto ufunze-ariko rero ugomba kugenda nta guhumeka ikintu.
Muri Amerika, DDVP irashobora kugurwa hejuru yumubare hanyuma igakoreshwa murugo.Kuva mu 2002, DDVP yabujijwe gusa muri EU.
DDVP imaze imyaka mirongo ikorwaho iperereza na EPA.Kubera ko ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko DDVP ari kanseri na neurotoxic, EPA yashyikirije DDVP muri gahunda idasanzwe yo gusuzuma mu 1980. Mu myaka 10 yakurikiyeho, DDVP yitabiriye isuzuma ryihariye, kandi hafi ya byose byakoreshejwe mu biribwa byavanyweho.Mu 1995, Amvac, nyir'ikimenyetso gishya, yahagaritse ku bushake ikoreshwa rya Vapona mu gutera imiti, gusaba indege no gukora ibiribwa.Nyuma yibyo, ibintu byabaye akajagari gato.Muri 2007, EPA yakuye DDVP mubisubiramo bidasanzwe.Imiryango myinshi idaharanira inyungu, harimo n’ishyirahamwe ry’abanyamerika ryita ku nyoni n’inama ishinzwe kurengera umutungo kamere, barabyamaganye.Muri 2008, ikoreshwa rya DDVP mu mbwa z'imbwa ryahagaritswe ku bushake.Noneho, bimwe bishya byo gukoresha DDVP byongeweho nkibitanda bya fumigants.
Mperutse gutanga raporo ku yindi raporo y’uburwayi n’impfu za CDC, yasanze abantu babarirwa mu magana bakomeretse kubera ikoreshwa ry’udukoko twangiza udukoko.Ikibazo hano ni bibiri.
Ubwa mbere, rimwe na rimwe biragoye kubona amakuru meza asobanutse neza kubishobora kurwanya udukoko neza.Irahari-buri shami rya leta ryita ku buzima no kwagura serivisi rifite ibitabo byinshi bya siyansi kuriyi ngingo.Urugero rwiza ni uruhererekane rwamashusho yicyesipanyoli, Hmong, Somaliya nicyongereza uburyo bwo guhangana nudukoko.Hano hari ingingo nziza yukuntu wakoresha utwo dukoko twangiza.Nuburyo, aya makuru ntabwo ayageza kubantu babikeneye.
Ibi binyobora kukibazo cya kabiri: kwinjiza.Niba amafaranga winjiza ari make, birashoboka cyane ko uhura nibibazo by udukoko kandi ntushobora kwihanganira kurwanya udukoko twangiza.Ntushobora kuba ufite terefone cyangwa mudasobwa kugirango ubone cyangwa ubone ibikoresho bihari.Niyo mpamvu inkunga yo kwagura leta no kwegera no gutanga serivisi z'ubuzima rusange ari ngombwa kuri twese.
Nubwo CDC yatangaje ikibazo, mubyukuri EPA yo muri Amerika (Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije) niyo yagenzuye kugurisha no gushyira ibimenyetso byica udukoko.Impinduka zose kuri iyi raporo (na raporo zabanjirije ku buriri) zigomba gukorwa binyuze muri EPA.EPA yagiye ishyigikira gahunda nshya yo gupakira kandi isobanutse, bityo twizere ko bashobora gukomeza kugumya iyi nzira rusange.
Gukoresha no / cyangwa kwiyandikisha igice icyo aricyo cyose cyuru rubuga bisobanura kwemera amasezerano yumukoresha (kuvugururwa kugeza 1/1/20) hamwe na politiki yi banga hamwe n’ibisobanuro bya kuki (byavuguruwe kugeza 1/1/20).Uburenganzira bwawe bwite bwa Californiya.Ibikoresho kururu rubuga ntibishobora kwiganwa, gukwirakwizwa, koherezwa, kubikwa cyangwa gukoreshwa ukundi utabanje kubiherwa uruhushya na CondéNast.Guhitamo kwamamaza.