Imiti yica udukoko mu migezi iragenda ihinduka impungenge ku isi yose, ariko hari amakuru make ku bijyanye no kwibumbira hamwe kw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi.Mu bushakashatsi bwiminsi 30 ya mesocosmic, inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima zo mu mazi ya bentique kavukire zahuye na fipronil yica udukoko hamwe nubwoko bune bwibicuruzwa.Ifumbire ya fipronil yateje impinduka mugaragara no muri tropique cascade.Kwibanda neza (EC50) aho fipronil hamwe na sulfide yayo, sulfone na desulfinyl bitesha agaciro bitera igisubizo cya 50%.Amatagisi ntabwo yumva fipronil.Ubwiyongere bwa hazard bwa 5% yubwoko bwanduye buva kuri 15 mesocosmic EC50 indangagaciro zikoreshwa muguhindura ubunini bwa fipronil murugero rwumurima mukigereranyo cyibice byuburozi (∑TUFipronils).Muri 16% yinzuzi zavuye mubushakashatsi butanu bwakarere, impuzandengo ∑TUFipronil yarenze 1 (byerekana uburozi).Ibipimo bidafite ubuzima bwibinyabuzima byugarijwe bifitanye isano na TUTUipronil mubice bine kuri bitanu byatoranijwe.Iri suzuma ry’ingaruka ku bidukikije ryerekana ko kwibumbira hamwe kwa fipronil bizagabanya abaturage b’imigezi mu bice byinshi by’Amerika.
Nubwo umusaruro wimiti yubukorikori wiyongereye cyane mumyaka mirongo ishize, ingaruka ziyi miti ku bidukikije zidafite intego ntizisobanutse neza (1).Mu mazi yo hejuru aho 90% yubutaka bwubuhinzi bwatakaye, nta makuru yerekeye imiti yica udukoko twangiza ubuhinzi, ariko aho hari amakuru, igihe imiti yica udukoko irenga igipimo cyagenwe ni kimwe cya kabiri (2).Isesengura ryakozwe n’imiti yica udukoko twangiza ubuhinzi mu mazi y’ubutaka muri Amerika ryerekanye ko muri 70% by’ahantu hatoranijwe, byibuze umuti wica udukoko urenze urugero (3).Nyamara, izi meta-isesengura (2, 3) zibanda gusa kumazi yo hejuru yibasiwe nimikoreshereze yubutaka bwubuhinzi, kandi ni incamake yubushakashatsi bwihariye.Imiti yica udukoko, cyane cyane udukoko twica udukoko, nayo ibaho cyane cyane mumazi yo mumijyi (4).Ntibisanzwe gukora isuzuma ryimbitse ryimiti yica udukoko mumazi yo hejuru asohoka mubuhinzi nubutaka bwimijyi;kubwibyo rero, ntibizwi niba imiti yica udukoko ibangamira cyane umutungo w’amazi yo hejuru n’ubusugire bw’ibidukikije.
Benzopyrazoles na neonicotinoide bagize kimwe cya gatatu cy’isoko ry’imiti yica udukoko ku isi mu 2010 (5).Mu mazi yo hejuru muri Reta zunzubumwe za Amerika, fipronil hamwe nibicuruzwa byayo byangirika (phenylpyrazoles) nibintu byica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko, kandi ubunini bwabyo burenze ibipimo byamazi (6-8).Nubwo neonicotinoide yakunze kwitabwaho kubera ingaruka zayo ku nzuki n’inyoni no ku bwinshi bwazo (9), fipronil ni uburozi bw’amafi n’inyoni (10), mu gihe ibindi bikoresho bya fenilpyrazoles byo mu cyiciro bigira ingaruka z’ibyatsi (5).Fipronil ni umuti wica udukoko ukoreshwa mu kurwanya udukoko mu mijyi no mu buhinzi.Kuva fipronil yinjira ku isoko ryisi mu 1993, ikoreshwa rya fipronil muri Amerika, Ubuyapani nu Bwongereza ryiyongereye cyane (5).Muri Amerika, fipronil ikoreshwa mu kugenzura ibimonyo na terite, kandi ikoreshwa mu bihingwa birimo ibigori (harimo no kuvura imbuto), ibirayi n'imboga (11, 12).Gukoresha ubuhinzi bwa fipronil muri Amerika byageze mu 2002 (13).Nubwo nta makuru yo gukoresha imijyi yigihugu aboneka, imikoreshereze yimijyi muri Californiya yageze hejuru muri 2006 na 2015 (https://calpip.cdpr.ca) .gov / nyamukuru .cfm, yageze ku ya 2 Ukuboza 2019).Nubwo fipronil nyinshi (6.41μg / L) iboneka mumigezi yo mubice bimwe na bimwe byubuhinzi bifite igipimo kinini cyo gusaba (14), ugereranije ninzuzi zubuhinzi, imigezi yo mumijyi muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika muri rusange ifite ubushakashatsi bwinshi hamwe nubushakashatsi bwinshi cyane, bwiza kuri kubaho kwumuyaga bifitanye isano nikizamini (6, 7, 14-17).
Fipronil yinjira mu bidukikije byo mu mazi bitemba cyangwa biva mu butaka bikinjira mu mugezi (7, 14, 18).Fipronil ifite ihindagurika rike (amategeko ya Henry ahoraho 2.31 × 10-4 Pa m3 mol-1), amazi make kandi aringaniye (3.78 mg / l kuri 20 ° C), hamwe na hydrophobicite igereranije (log Kow ni 3.9 kugeza 4.1)), kugendagenda mubutaka ni bito cyane (log Koc ni 2,6 kugeza 3.1) (12, 19), kandi irerekana gutsimbarara kurwego rwo hagati (20).Finazepril yangijwe na Photolysis, okiside, hydrolysis iterwa na pH no kugabanuka, ikora ibicuruzwa bine byingenzi byangirika: dessulfoxyphenapril (cyangwa sulfoxide), phenaprenip sulfone (sulfone), Filofenamide (amide) na filofenib sulfide (sulfide).Ibicuruzwa bitesha agaciro Fipronil bikunda kuba bihamye kandi biramba kuruta ibice byababyeyi (21, 22).
Uburozi bwa fipronil no kwangirika kwayo mu moko adafite intego (nk'inyamaswa zo mu mazi zo mu mazi) byanditswe neza (14, 15).Fipronil ni urugingo rwa neurotoxique rubangamira inzira ya chloride ion inyura mu muyoboro wa chloride ugengwa na acide gamma-aminobutyric mu dukoko, bikavamo kwibanda bihagije bitera umunezero mwinshi n'urupfu (20).Fipronil ihitamo uburozi, bityo ifite reseptor nini ihuza udukoko kuruta inyamaswa z’inyamabere (23).Igikorwa cyica udukoko cyibicuruzwa bya fipronil biratandukanye.Uburozi bwa sulfone na sulfide ku binyabuzima by’amazi meza birasa cyangwa birenze iby'ababyeyi.Desulfinyl ifite uburozi buringaniye ariko ntabwo ari uburozi burenze ubw'ababyeyi.Ugereranije ntabwo ari uburozi (23, 24).Kwangirika kwinyamaswa zo mu mazi kwangirika kwa fipronil na fipronil biratandukanye cyane muri tagisi no hagati ya tagisi (15), ndetse rimwe na rimwe bikarenza urugero rwubunini (25).Hanyuma, hari ibimenyetso byerekana ko fenylpyrazoles ari uburozi kubidukikije kuruta uko twabitekerezaga (3).
Ibipimo by’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi bishingiye ku gupima uburozi bwa laboratoire bishobora gupfobya ingaruka z’abaturage bo mu murima (26-28).Ubusanzwe amazi yo mu mazi ashyirwaho nubwoko bumwe bwo gupima uburozi bwa laboratoire ukoresheje ubwoko bumwe cyangwa bwinshi butagira ubuzima bw’amazi (urugero, Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomus na Crustacea: Daphnia magna na Hyalella azteca).Ibi binyabuzima bipimisha muri rusange byoroshye guhinga kurusha izindi macroinvertebrates (urugero, ubwoko bwa phe: :), kandi rimwe na rimwe usanga bitumva neza umwanda.Kurugero, D. Magna ntiyumva neza ibyuma byinshi kuruta udukoko tumwe na tumwe, mugihe A. zteca itumva neza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza pyrethroid kuruta kumva ibyinyo (29, 30).Indi mbogamizi y'ibipimo biriho ni impera zikoreshwa mukubara.Ibipimo bikaze bishingiye ku rupfu (cyangwa rushyizweho na crustaceans), mugihe ibipimo byigihe kirekire bishingiye kumpera yanyuma (nko gukura no kubyara) (niba bihari).Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, hari ingaruka zidasanzwe, nko gukura, kugaragara, kumugara, no gutinda kwiterambere, bishobora kugira ingaruka kumatagisi ya dinamike.Nkigisubizo, nubwo igipimo gitanga amateka yingirakamaro yibinyabuzima byingaruka, akamaro k’ibidukikije nkurugero rwuburozi ntibizwi.
Kugirango twumve neza ingaruka ziterwa na fipronil ku binyabuzima byo mu mazi ya bentique (inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima na algae), abaturage ba bentique karemano binjijwe muri laboratoire kandi bahura na gradients yibitekerezo mugihe cyiminsi 30 Fipronil cyangwa kimwe mubigeragezo bine byangiza fipronil.Intego yubushakashatsi nugukora ubwoko bwihariye bwa 50% yibitekerezo (agaciro ka EC50) kuri buri kigo cya fipronil kigereranya tagisi yagutse yumuryango winzuzi, no kumenya ingaruka zanduye kumiterere yabaturage no mumikorere [ni ukuvuga kwibanda ku byago] 5 % Byubwoko bwanduye (HC5) ningaruka zitaziguye nko guhinduka kugaragara hamwe na tropique dinamike].Hanyuma inzitizi (agaciro kihariye ka HC5) yakuwe mu bushakashatsi bwa mesoskopique yakoreshejwe mu murima wakusanyijwe n’ubushakashatsi bw’ibinyabuzima muri Amerika (USGS) buturutse mu turere dutanu two muri Amerika (Amajyaruguru y’Amajyaruguru, Amajyepfo y’Amajyepfo, Midwest, Amajyaruguru y’Amajyaruguru, na Californiya yo hagati) Zone y'Inyanja) Amakuru) mu rwego rwo gusuzuma ubuziranenge bw'akarere ka USGS (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/).Nkuko tubizi, iyi niyo isuzuma ryambere ryibidukikije.Irakora ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku ngaruka ziterwa na fipronil ku binyabuzima bya bentique mu bidukikije bigenzurwa na meso-ibidukikije, hanyuma bigashyira mu bikorwa ibisubizo ku isuzuma ry’imigabane yo ku mugabane.
Igeragezwa ryiminsi 30 ryakorewe muri Laboratwari y’amazi ya USGS (AXL) i Fort Collins, muri leta ya Colorado, muri Amerika kuva ku ya 18 Ukwakira kugeza ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 2017, umunsi umwe wo gutunga n’iminsi 30 y’ubushakashatsi.Uburyo bwasobanuwe mbere (29, 31) kandi burambuye mubikoresho byiyongera.Umwanya wa meso urimo ibintu 36 bizenguruka mumigezi ine ikora (ikigega cyamazi kizenguruka).Buri mugezi muzima ufite icyuma gikonjesha kugirango ubushyuhe bwamazi bugabanuke kandi bumurikirwa numuzingi wa 16: 8.Urwego rwa meso rutemba ni ibyuma bitagira umwanda, bikwiranye na hydrophobicity ya fipronil (log Kow = 4.0) kandi ibereye kumashanyarazi asukura (Ishusho S1).Amazi yakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi bwa meso yakusanyirijwe mu ruzi rwa Cache La Poudre (amasoko yo hejuru arimo Parike ya Gisozi ya Gisozi, Ishyamba ry’igihugu ndetse n’umugabane wa Divide) hanyuma abikwa mu bigega bine bya polyethylene bya AXL.Isuzumabumenyi ryakozwe mbere y’imyanda n’amazi yakusanyirijwe ku rubuga ntabwo yasanze imiti yica udukoko (29).
Igishushanyo mbonera cya meso kigizwe ninzira 30 zo gutunganya ninzira 6 zo kugenzura.Umugezi wo kuvura wakira amazi yatunganijwe, buriwese urimo ubunini budasubirwaho bwibintu bya fipronil: fipronil (fipronil (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-3), amide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 205650-69-7), itsinda rya desulfurisation Ikigo cy’Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije (EPA) Isomero ry’imiti yica udukoko, CAS 205650-65-3], sulfone (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-2) na sulfide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120067-83-6); ubuziranenge bwose ≥ 97.8%. Ukurikije indangagaciro zashubijwe zashyizwe ahagaragara (7, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 25, 32, 33). hamwe n'amazi ya deionioni mubunini busabwa kugirango hategurwe igisubizo kibitse. Kubera ko ingano ya methanol mu kigero itandukanye, ni ngombwa kongeramo methanol mumigezi yose yo kuvura nkuko bikenewe. Muri ubwo bugenzuzi butatu, kugirango habeho methanol imwe ( 0,05 ml / L) mumigezi.Icyerekezo cyo hagati yizindi nzuzi eshatu zagenzuye zabonye amazi yinzuzi nta methanol, naho ubundi zafatwaga nkizindi nzuzi zose.
Ku munsi wa 8, umunsi wa 16 nu munsi wa 26, ubushyuhe, agaciro ka pH, imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi no kwangirika kwa fipronil na fipronil byapimwe muri membrane.Mu rwego rwo gukurikirana iyangirika rya fipronil y’ababyeyi mu gihe cyo kwipimisha itangazamakuru, fipronil (ababyeyi) yakoreshejwe mu kuvura mucosa yo mu mara y’indi minsi itatu [iminsi 5, 12 na 21 (n = 6)] kugirango ubushyuhe, pH, Imyitwarire, fipronil na fipronil itesha agaciro icyitegererezo.Ingero zisesengura imiti yica udukoko zegeranijwe mukuyungurura ml 10 yamazi atemba mumashanyarazi ya ml 20 ya amber binyuze mumashanyarazi ya Whatman 0.7-μm GF / F ya siringi ifite urushinge runini rwa diameter.Izi ngero zahise zikonjeshwa zoherezwa muri Laboratwari y’amazi meza ya USGS (NWQL) i Lakewood, muri Kolorado, muri Amerika kugira ngo isesengurwe.Hifashishijwe uburyo bunoze bwuburyo bwatangajwe mbere, Fipronil nibicuruzwa 4 byangirika mubitegererezo byamazi byagenwe no guterwa amazi ataziguye (DAI) ya chromatografiya-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS; Agilent 6495).Urwego rwo kumenya ibikoresho (IDL) ruteganijwe kuba igipimo ntarengwa cyo guhuza ibipimo byujuje ubuziranenge;IDL ya fipronil ni 0.005 μg / L, na IDL yandi fipronil ni 0.001 μg / L.Ibikoresho byinyongera bitanga ibisobanuro byuzuye byuburyo bukoreshwa mugupima fipronil, harimo kugenzura ubuziranenge hamwe nubwishingizi (urugero, kugarura icyitegererezo, imitoma, ubugenzuzi bwabandi, nubusa).
Igeragezwa ryiminsi 30 ya Mesocosmic irangiye, kubara no kumenyekanisha inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima n’inyamanswa zararangiye (intego nyamukuru yo gukusanya amakuru).Abantu bakuze bakura bakusanyirizwa murushundura burimunsi hanyuma bagakonjeshwa muri ml 15 isukuye ya Falcon centrifuge.Iperereza rirangiye (umunsi wa 30), ibiri muri membrane muri buri mugezi byapimwe kugirango bikureho inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima, hanyuma zishongeshejwe (250 mkm) zibikwa muri 80% Ethanol.Ibiti byo mu bwoko bwa Timberline (Fort Collins, CO) byarangije kumenyekanisha amatagisi ya liswi n’inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima zikuze kugeza ku rwego rwo hasi rwa tagisi rushoboka, ubusanzwe ni amoko.Ku munsi wa 9, 19 na 29, chlorophyll a yapimwe muri bitatu muri mesoscopique membrane ya buri mugezi.Imibare yose yimiti nibinyabuzima mubice byubushakashatsi bwa mesoskopique itangwa mugusohora amakuru aherekejwe (35).
Ubushakashatsi ku bidukikije bwakorewe mu nzuzi nto (wading) mu turere dutanu twinshi two muri Amerika, kandi imiti yica udukoko yakurikiranwe mu gihe cyabanjirije iki.Muri make, hashingiwe ku mikoreshereze yubutaka n’ubuhinzi n’imijyi (36-40), ahantu 77 kugeza 100 hatoranijwe muri buri karere (ahantu 444 muri rusange).Mu gihe cy'impeshyi n'izuba by'umwaka umwe (2013-2017), icyitegererezo cy'amazi gikusanywa rimwe mu cyumweru muri buri karere mu byumweru 4 kugeza 12.Igihe cyihariye giterwa nakarere nimbaraga ziterambere.Nyamara, sitasiyo 11 zo mu karere k'amajyaruguru y'uburasirazuba ziri hafi y’amazi.Nta terambere, usibye ko icyitegererezo kimwe gusa cyakusanyijwe.Kubera ko ibihe byo gukurikirana imiti yica udukoko mubushakashatsi bwakarere bitandukanye, kubigereranya, ingero enye zanyuma zegeranijwe kuri buri rubuga zirasuzumwa hano.Bikekwa ko icyitegererezo kimwe cyegeranijwe kurubuga rwamajyaruguru yuburasirazuba butaratera imbere (n = 11) rushobora kugereranya ibyumweru 4 byo gutoranya.Ubu buryo buganisha ku mubare umwe wo kureba imiti yica udukoko (usibye ahantu 11 mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba) kandi igihe kimwe cyo kwitegereza;byizerwa ko ibyumweru 4 ari birebire bihagije kugirango bimare igihe kirekire biota, ariko bigufi bihagije kuburyo umuryango wibidukikije udakwiye gukira muriyi mibonano.
Mugihe cyo gutemba bihagije, icyitegererezo cyamazi cyegeranijwe hakoreshejwe umuvuduko uhoraho hamwe nubugari buhoraho (41).Mugihe imigezi idahagije kugirango ukoreshe ubu buryo, urashobora gukusanya ingero muguhuza byimbitse byintangarugero cyangwa ufata hagati yuburemere bwamazi.Koresha inshinge nini ya binge na filteri ya disiki (0,7 mm) kugirango ukusanye ml 10 yicyitegererezo (42).Binyuze muri DAI LC-MS / MS / MS / MS, isesengura ry’amazi ryasesenguwe kuri NWQL ku miti yica udukoko 225 n’ibicuruzwa byangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko, harimo fipronil n’ibicuruzwa 7 byangiza (dessulfinyl fipronil, fipronil) Sulfide, fipronil sulfone, deschlorofipronil, desthiol fipronil, amide, amide, fipronil na fipronil).).Urwego rusanzwe rwo gutanga raporo kubushakashatsi bwakozwe ni: fipronil, desmethylthio fluorobenzonitrile, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone, na deschlorofipronil 0.004 μg / L;desertulfinyl fluorfenamide hamwe nubunini bwa fipronil amide ni 0.009 μg / litiro;ubunini bwa fipronil sulfonate ni 0.096 μg / litiro.
Imiryango idafite ubuzima bwintangarugero iratangwa nyuma yo kwiga buri gace (impeshyi / icyi), mubisanzwe mugihe kimwe nicyanyuma cyo gupima imiti yica udukoko.Nyuma yigihe cyihinga no gukoresha cyane imiti yica udukoko, igihe cyo gutoranya kigomba kuba gihuye n’imiterere mike y’imigezi, kandi kigomba guhura n’igihe umuganda utagira ubuzima bw’umugezi ukuze kandi ukaba uri mu mibereho y’ubuzima.Gukoresha icyitegererezo cya Surber gifite mesh 500m cyangwa inshundura ya D-frame, icyitegererezo cyabaturage kidafite ubuzima cyarangiye muri 437 kuri 444.Uburyo bwo gutoranya bwasobanuwe muburyo burambuye mubikoresho byiyongera.Kuri NWQL, inyamaswa zose zidafite ubuzima ziramenyekana kandi zigashyirwa kurutonde rwubwoko cyangwa ubwoko.Amakuru yimiti n’ibinyabuzima yakusanyirijwe muri uyu murima kandi akoreshwa muri iyi nyandiko yandikishijwe intoki murayasanga mu makuru aherekejwe (35).
Kubintu bitanu bya fipronil bikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwa mesoscopique, kwibumbira hamwe kwinyamanswa zidafite ubuzima byagabanutseho 20% cyangwa 50% byabazwe ugereranije no kugenzura (ni ukuvuga EC20 na EC50).Ibyatanzwe [x = uburemere bwa fipronil yibihe (reba ibikoresho byongeweho kubisobanuro birambuye), y = ubwinshi bwubwinshi cyangwa ibindi bipimo] byashyizwe mumapaki yagutse ya R (43) akoresheje uburyo butatu bwa logarithmic regression regression "drc".Umurongo uhuza amoko yose (livre) nubwinshi buhagije kandi uhura nibindi bipimo byinyungu (urugero, ubukire bwa tagisi, ubwinshi bwa mayfly ubwinshi, nubwinshi bwuzuye) kugirango urusheho gusobanukirwa ningaruka zabaturage.Coefficient ya Nash-Sutcliff (45) ikoreshwa mugusuzuma icyitegererezo gikwiye, aho icyitegererezo kibi gishobora kwakira indangagaciro zitagira umupaka, kandi agaciro keza neza ni 1.
Kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka ziterwa na fipronil ku kugaragara kw'udukoko mu bushakashatsi, amakuru yasuzumwe mu buryo bubiri.Ubwa mbere, mugukuramo impuzandengo yimpuzandengo yubugenzuzi bwa meso uhereye kumiterere ya buri miti ivura meso, cumulative ya buri munsi ibaho yudukoko muri buri mezi (umubare rusange wabantu bose) byari bisanzwe kugirango bigenzurwe.Tegura indangagaciro zigihe kugirango wumve gutandukana kwumuhuza wamazi wumuvuzi uva mugenzuzi wamazi mugenzuzi wiminsi 30.Icya kabiri, ubare ijanisha ryibintu byose bibaho kuri buri kintu cya mesophyll, bisobanurwa nkikigereranyo cyumubare rusange wa mesofyll mumigezi yatanzwe kumubare mpuzandengo wa livre hamwe nabakuze mumatsinda yo kugenzura, kandi birakwiriye kubintu bitatu bya logarithmic regression. .Udukoko twose twakuze twakusanyirijwe mu miryango ibiri yo mu muryango wa Chironomidae, bityo hakorwa isesengura rihuriweho.
Imihindagurikire yimiterere yabaturage, nko gutakaza tagisi, amaherezo irashobora guterwa ningaruka zitaziguye kandi zitaziguye ziterwa nuburozi, kandi birashobora gutuma habaho impinduka mumikorere yabaturage (urugero, casique tropique).Kugirango ugerageze tropique cascade, umuyoboro woroshye wimpamvu wasuzumwe ukoresheje uburyo bwo gusesengura inzira (R pack “piecewiseSEM”) (46).Kubushakashatsi bwa mesoscopique, hafatwa ko fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide na sulfone (itageragejwe amide) mumazi kugirango igabanye biomass ya scraper, itaziguye ituma kwiyongera kwa biomass ya chlorophyll a (47).Kwibumbira hamwe nibihinduka byahanuwe, hamwe na scraper na chlorophyll biomass nibisubizo bihinduka.Ibarurishamibare C rya Fisher rikoreshwa mugusuzuma icyitegererezo gikwiye, kugirango P agaciro <0.05 yerekana icyitegererezo cyiza (46).
Mu rwego rwo guteza imbere ingaruka zishingiye ku bidukikije zishingiye ku bidukikije, buri ruganda rwabonye 95% by’ibinyabuzima byanduye (HC5) bikwirakwiza amoko y’indwara zidakira (SSD) no kurinda ingaruka ziterwa n’ibiza.Ibice bitatu bya SSD byakozwe: Ku ya 14 Werurwe 2019), igihe cyo kwiga ni iminsi 4 cyangwa irenga, kandi (iii) amakuru yashyizweho akubiyemo amakuru yose ya mesoskopi na data ya ECOTOX, aho amakuru ya ECOTOX (acute exposure) yagabanijwe na acute na Ikigereranyo cya D. magna idakira ( 19.39) gusobanura itandukaniro mugihe cyo kwerekana no kugereranya agaciro karande EC50 (12).Intego yacu yo kubyara moderi nyinshi za SSD nugukora (i) guteza imbere indangagaciro za HC5 kugirango tugereranye namakuru yo mu murima (gusa kuri SSDs kubitangazamakuru), kandi (ii) gusuzuma ko amakuru yibitangazamakuru yemerwa cyane kuruta ibigo bishinzwe kugenzura kwinjiza mu bworozi bw'amafi The imbaraga zubuzima bwibipimo byubuzima hamwe nuburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha amakuru, bityo rero birashoboka gukoresha ubushakashatsi bwa mesoskopique mugikorwa cyo guhindura.
SSD yatunganijwe kuri buri data yashizweho ikoresheje R ya “ssdtools” (48).Koresha bootstrap (n = 10,000) kugirango ugereranye impuzandengo ya HC5 nicyizere (CI) uhereye kuri SSD.Ibisubizo bya tagisi 49 (tagisi zose zamenyekanye nkubwoko cyangwa ubwoko) byakozwe binyuze muri ubu bushakashatsi byahujwe n’ibisubizo 32 bya tagisi byakuwe mu bushakashatsi butandatu bwatangajwe mu bubiko bwa ECOTOX, ku bisubizo 81 bya Tagisi birashobora gukoreshwa mu iterambere rya SSD .Kubera ko nta makuru yabonetse muri base ya ECOTOX ya amide, nta SSD yakozwe kuri amide kandi igisubizo kimwe gusa EC50 cyabonetse mubushakashatsi burimo.Nubwo agaciro ka EC50 k'itsinda rimwe gusa sulfide ryabonetse muri base ya ECOTOX, umunyeshuri urangije ubu afite indangagaciro 12 EC50.Kubwibyo, SSDs kumatsinda ya sulfinyl yatejwe imbere.
Indangagaciro zihariye za HC5 zivanze na fipronil zabonetse mu makuru ya SSD ya Mesocosmos zahujwe gusa n’amakuru yo mu murima kugira ngo hamenyekane ingaruka n’uburozi bw’imiti ya fipronil mu migezi 444 ituruka mu turere dutanu two muri Amerika.Mu idirishya ryibyumweru 4 bishize, buri cyegeranyo cyibintu bya fipronil byagaragaye (intumbero itamenyekanye ni zeru) bigabanijwe na HC5 yabyo, kandi igipimo cy’ibigereranyo cya buri cyitegererezo cyegeranijwe kugirango kibone Uburozi bwuzuye bwa fipronil (ΣTUFipronils), aho ΣTUFipronils> 1 bisobanura uburozi.
Mugereranije kwibanda ku byago bya 50% by’ibinyabuzima byanduye (HC50) n’agaciro ka EC50 k'ubutunzi bwa tagisi bukomoka ku bushakashatsi bwakozwe na membrane yo hagati, SSD yakuwe mu mibare yo hagati yarasuzumwe kugira ngo hagaragazwe imyumvire y’umuryango mugari w’ibidukikije kuri fipronil impamyabumenyi..Binyuze muri uku kugereranya, guhuza hagati yuburyo bwa SSD (harimo gusa tagisi ifitanye isano nogusubiza) hamwe nuburyo bwa EC50 (harimo na tagisi yose idasanzwe igaragara mumwanya wo hagati) ukoresheje uburyo bwa EC50 bwo gupima ubukire bwa tagisi bushobora gusuzumwa Igitsina.Igipimo cyo gusubiza.
Ibipimo by’udukoko twangiza udukoko (SPEARpesticide) byabazwe kugira ngo hakorwe ubushakashatsi ku isano iri hagati y’ubuzima bw’abaturage badafite ubuzima na ΣTUFipronil mu migezi 437 ikusanya inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima.Ibipimo bya SPEARpesticide bihindura ibinyabuzima bidafite ubuzima mu bipimo byinshi bya tagisi y’ibinyabuzima bifite imiterere y’imiterere n’ibidukikije, bityo bigatanga ibyiyumvo byica udukoko.Ikimenyetso cya SPEARpesticide ntabwo cyumva covariates (49, 50), nubwo imikorere yacyo izagerwaho no kwangirika gukabije (51).Amakuru menshi yakusanyirijwe kurubuga kuri buri tagisi ahujwe nagaciro kingenzi ka tagisi ijyanye na software ya ASTERICS kugirango isuzume ubwiza bwibidukikije bwuruzi (https://gewaesser-bewertung-berechnung.de/index.php/home . html).Noneho winjize amakuru muri Kwerekana (http://systemecology.eu/indicate/) software (verisiyo 18.05).Muri iyi software, ububiko bw’ibiranga Uburayi hamwe n’ububikoshingiro hamwe n’imiterere y’imiti yica udukoko byifashishwa mu guhindura amakuru ya buri rubuga mu cyerekezo cya SPEARpesticide.Buri bushakashatsi butanu bwakarere bwakoresheje icyitegererezo rusange cyongeweho (GAM) ["mgcv" pake muri R (52)) kugirango hamenyekane isano iri hagati yubushakashatsi bwa SPEARpesticide na ΣTUFipronils [log10 (X + 1) ihinduka] Associated.Kubindi bisobanuro birambuye kubipimo bya SPEARpesticide no kubisesengura ryamakuru, nyamuneka reba Ibikoresho by'inyongera.
Igipimo cy’amazi meza gihoraho muri buri cyerekezo cya mesoskopi nigihe cyose cyo kugerageza mesoskopi.Ikigereranyo cy'ubushyuhe, pH hamwe n'ubukonje byari 13.1 ° C (± 0.27 ° C), 7.8 (± 0.12) na 54.1 (± 2.1) μS / cm (35).Ibipimo bya karuboni byapimwe byashizwe mumazi meza ni 3.1 mg / L.Muri meso-reba uruzi aho MiniDOT yandika ikoherezwa, ogisijeni yashonze yegereye kwiyuzuzamo (ugereranije> 8.0 mg / L), byerekana ko umugezi wuzuye.
Kugenzura ubuziranenge hamwe namakuru yizeza ubuziranenge kuri fipronil atangwa mugusohora amakuru aherekejwe (35).Muri make, igipimo cyo gukira cya laboratoire ya laboratoire hamwe na mesoskopi ntangarugero mubisanzwe biri mubipimo byemewe (kugarura 70% kugeza 130%), ibipimo bya IDL byemeza uburyo bwo kubara, kandi laboratoire nibikoresho byambaye ubusa mubisanzwe bifite isuku Hariho bike cyane usibye usibye ibi rusange byaganiriweho mubikoresho byinyongera..
Bitewe nigishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu, ibipimo byapimwe bya fipronil mubisanzwe biri munsi yagaciro kateganijwe (Igicapo S2) (kuko bifata iminsi 4 kugeza 10 kugirango ugere kumurongo uhamye mubihe byiza) (30).Ugereranije n’ibindi bivangwa na fipronil, kwibumbira hamwe kwa desulfinyl na amide bihinduka bike mugihe, kandi guhinduka kwimyitozo ngororamubiri ni ntoya kuruta itandukaniro riri hagati yubuvuzi usibye kuvura sulfone na sulfide nkeya.Ikigereranyo kiremereye cyagereranijwe cyapimwe murwego rwo kuvura ni buri gikurikira: Fipronil, IDL kugeza 9.07μg / L;Desulfinyl, IDL kugeza kuri 2,15μg / L;Hagati, IDL kugeza kuri 4.17μg / L;Sulfide, IDL Kuri 0.57μg / litiro;na sulfone, IDL ni 1.13μg / litiro (35).Mu migezi imwe n'imwe, hagaragaye fipronil idafite intego, ni ukuvuga ibice bitigeze bivurwa mu buryo bwihariye, ariko byari bizwi ko ari ibicuruzwa bitesha agaciro ikigo cy’ubuvuzi.Ibibyimba bya mesoskopique bivurwa hamwe na fipronil yababyeyi bifite umubare munini wibicuruzwa bitagabanijwe byamenyekanye (iyo bidakoreshejwe nkibikoresho bitunganyirizwa, ni sulfinyl, amide, sulfide na sulfone);ibi birashobora guterwa nuburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro Kwivanga kwanduye hamwe na / cyangwa gutesha agaciro bibaho mugihe cyo kubika igisubizo cyimigabane na (cyangwa) mubigeragezo bya mesoskopi aho kuba ibisubizo byanduye.Nta cyerekezo cyo gutesha agaciro cyagaragaye mu kuvura fipronil.Ibintu bitagamije kwangirika bikunze kugaragara cyane mumubiri hamwe nubuvuzi bwinshi, ariko kwibumbira hamwe ntabwo biri munsi yibitekerezo byibi bikoresho (reba igice gikurikira cyo kwibandaho).Kubwibyo, kubera ko ibiterwa bitagabanijwe bitagaragaye mubisanzwe bitavurwa mubuvuzi buke bwa fipronil, kandi kubera ko kwibumbira hamwe byagaragaye ko biri munsi yingaruka ziterwa no kuvura cyane, hanzuwe ko ibyo bikoresho bitagamije kugira ingaruka nke kubisesengura.
Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n’itangazamakuru, macroinvertebrates yunvikana kuri fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, na sulfide [Imbonerahamwe S1;amakuru yumwimerere yatanzwe muguherekeza amakuru (35)].Fipronil amide ni isazi gusa Rhithrogena sp.Uburozi (bwica), EC50 ni 2.05μg / L [± 10.8 (SE)].Dose-gusubiza umurongo wa tagisi 15 idasanzwe yarakozwe.Iyi tagisi yerekanaga impfu ziri murwego rwageragejwe (Imbonerahamwe S1), hamwe na tagisi yibumbiye hamwe (nk'isazi) (Igicapo S3) hamwe na tagisi ikungahaye (Ishusho 1) Hakozwe umurongo wo gusubiza.Ubwinshi (EC50) bwa fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone na sulfide kuri tagisi idasanzwe ya tagisi yunvikana cyane kuva 0.005-0.364, 0.002-0.252, 0.002-0.061 na 0.005-0.043μg / L.Rhithrogena sp.Na Sweltsa sp.;Igicapo S4) kiri munsi ya tagisi yihanganira cyane (nka Micropsectra / Tanytarsus na Lepidostoma sp.) (Imbonerahamwe S1).Ukurikije impuzandengo ya EC50 ya buri ruganda ruri mu mbonerahamwe ya S1, sulfone na sulfide n’ibintu bifatika cyane, mu gihe inyamaswa zidafite ubuzima zidafite ubushobozi buke kuri desulfinyl (ukuyemo amide).Ibipimo byimiterere yibidukikije muri rusange, nkubukire bwa tagisi, ubwinshi bwuzuye, pentaploide yose hamwe nisazi yamabuye yose, harimo tagisi nubwinshi bwa tagisi, ibi ntibisanzwe cyane muri meso kandi ntibishobora kubarwa Shushanya umurongo utandukanye wo gusubiza.Kubwibyo, ibi bipimo byibidukikije birimo ibisubizo bya tagisi bitashyizwe muri SSD.
Ubutunzi bwa tagisi (larva) hamwe ninzego eshatu zo gukora ibikorwa bya (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, na (D) sulfide yibanze.Buri data point yerekana lisige kuva kumugezi umwe urangije igeragezwa ryiminsi 30.Ubutunzi bwa tagisi nibara rya tagisi idasanzwe muri buri mugezi.Agaciro ko kwibandaho ni igihe kiremereye cyo kugereranya ubunini bwa buri mugezi wapimwe nyuma yubushakashatsi bwiminsi 30.Fipronil amide (iterekanwa) ntaho ihuriye na tagisi ikungahaye.Nyamuneka menya ko x-axis iri murwego rwa logarithmic.EC20 na EC50 hamwe na SE bivugwa mu mbonerahamwe S1.
Mugihe kinini cyibintu bitanu bya fipronil, igipimo cyo kugaragara cya Uetridae cyaragabanutse.Ijanisha ryo kumera (EC50) rya sulfide, sulfone, fipronil, amide na desulfinyl byagaragaye ko ryagabanutseho 50% ku gipimo cya 0.03, 0.06, 0.11, 0.78 na 0.97μg / L (Ishusho 2 n’ishusho S5).Mubyinshi mubigeragezo byiminsi 30, kuvura fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone na sulfide byatinze, usibye kubuvuzi buke buke (Ishusho 2), kandi isura yabo yarabujijwe.Mu kuvura amide, imyanda yegeranijwe mugihe cyubushakashatsi bwose yari hejuru kurenza iyigenzura, hamwe na litiro 0.286μg / litiro.Kwibanda cyane (4.164μg / litiro) mugihe cyubushakashatsi bwose bwabujije imyanda, kandi igipimo cyimyanda yo kuvura hagati cyari gisa nicy'itsinda rishinzwe kugenzura.(ishusho 2).
Kugaragara kwa Cumulative ni impuzandengo ya buri munsi igaragara ya buri miti ivuyemo gukuramo (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, (D) sulfide na (E) hagati yumugenzuzi Kugereranya impuzandengo ya buri munsi igaragara ya membrane.Usibye kugenzura (n = 6), n = 1. Agaciro ko kwibandaho nigihe cyo kugereranya uburemere bwikigereranyo cyagaragaye muri buri rugendo.
Igipimo cyibisubizo byerekana ko, usibye igihombo cya tagisi, impinduka zimiterere kurwego rwabaturage.By'umwihariko, murwego rwo kwibandaho rwibizamini, ubwinshi bwa may (Igicapo S3) hamwe nubwinshi bwa tagisi (Igicapo 1) bwerekanye isano ikomeye yo gusubiza hamwe na fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, na sulfide.Kubwibyo, twasuzumye uburyo izi mpinduka zimiterere ziganisha kumpinduka mumikorere yabaturage mugupima kasike yintungamubiri.Guhura n’inyamaswa z’inyamaswa zo mu mazi kuri fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide na sulfone bigira ingaruka mbi ku binyabuzima bya scraper (Ishusho 3).Mu rwego rwo kugenzura ingaruka mbi za fipronil kuri biomass ya scraper, scraper nayo yagize ingaruka mbi kuri chlorophyll biomass (Ishusho 3).Igisubizo cyiyi nzira mbi yinzira ni kwiyongera kwa chlorophyll a uko kwibanda kwa fipronil na degradants byiyongera.Izi nzira zuzuye zahujwe zerekana ko kwiyongera kwangirika kwa fipronil cyangwa fipronil biganisha ku kwiyongera kwa chlorophyll a (Ishusho 3).Bifatwa hakiri kare ko ingaruka itaziguye hagati ya fipronil cyangwa degradation hamwe na chlorophyll biomass ari zeru, kubera ko ibibyimba bya fipronil ari imiti yica udukoko kandi bifite uburozi buke butaziguye kuri algae (urugero, EPA yibanze cyane yibimera byibanze ni 100μg / L. fipronil, disulfoxide, sulfone na sulfide; hypothesis.
Fipronil irashobora kugabanya cyane biomass (ingaruka itaziguye) yo kurisha (groupe scraper ni larvae), ariko nta ngaruka itaziguye kuri biomass ya chlorophyll a.Nyamara, ingaruka zikomeye zitaziguye za fipronil ni ukongera biomass ya chlorophyll a mugusubiza kurisha gake.Umwambi werekana coefficient yinzira isanzwe, naho ikimenyetso cyo gukuramo (-) cyerekana icyerekezo cyishyirahamwe.* Yerekana urwego rw'akamaro.
SSDs eshatu (urwego rwagati gusa, urwego rwagati hiyongereyeho amakuru ya ECOTOX, hamwe nu gice cyo hagati hiyongereyeho amakuru ya ECOTOX yakosowe kubitandukanya mugihe cyo kwerekana) byatanze amazina atandukanye ya HC5 (Imbonerahamwe S3), ariko ibisubizo byari murwego rwa SE.Mubindi bisigaye byubushakashatsi, tuzibanda kumibare SSD hamwe na meso isanzure gusa nagaciro ka HC5 bijyanye.Kubisobanuro birambuye byibi bisobanuro bitatu bya SSD, nyamuneka reba ibikoresho byiyongera (Imbonerahamwe S2 kugeza S5 nishusho S6 na S7).Ikwirakwizwa ryiza ryamakuru (amanota yo hasi ya Akaike yamakuru asanzwe) yibice bine bya fipronil (Igicapo 4) gikoreshwa gusa mukarita ya meso-ikomeye ya SSD ni log-gumbel ya fipronil na sulfone, hamwe na weibull ya sulfide Kandi yangiza γ ( Imbonerahamwe S3).Indangagaciro za HC5 zabonetse kuri buri ruganda zivugwa mu gishushanyo cya 4 ku isanzure rya meso gusa, no mu mbonerahamwe ya S3 indangagaciro za HC5 ziva mu bice bitatu bya SSD.Indangagaciro za HC50 za fipronil, sulfide, sulfone na desulfinyl [22.1 ± 8.78 ng / L (95% CI, 11.4 kugeza 46.2), 16.9 ± 3.38 ng / L (95% CI, 11.2 kugeza 24.0), 8 80 ± 2.66 ng / L (95% CI, 5.44 kugeza 15.8) na 83.4 ± 32.9 ng / L (95% CI, 36.4 kugeza 163) ; inoti ziri mumeza yinyongera ni micrograms kuri litiro).
Mu igeragezwa rya meso-nini, iyo ihuye na (A) fipronil, (B) desertulfinyl fipronil, (C) fipronil sulfone, (D) fipronil sulfide muminsi 30, ibyiyumvo byubwoko bisobanurwa Nagaciro ka EC50 ya tagisi.Umurongo ucagaguye ubururu ugereranya 95% CI.Umurongo ucagaguye utambitse ugereranya HC5.Agaciro ka HC5 (ng / L) ya buri kigo ni ibi bikurikira: Fipronil, 4.56 ng / L (95% CI, 2.59 kugeza 10.2);Sulfide, 3.52 ng / L (1.36 kugeza 9.20);Sulfone, 2.86 ng / litiro (1.93 kugeza 5.29);na sulfinyl, 3.55 ng / litiro (0.35 kugeza 28.4).Nyamuneka menya ko x-axis iri murwego rwa logarithmic.
Mu bushakashatsi butanu bwo mu karere, Fipronil (ababyeyi) yagaragaye muri 22% by'amanota 444 yatanzwe (Imbonerahamwe 1).Inshuro yo gutahura florfenib, sulfone na amide irasa (18% kugeza 22% by'icyitegererezo), inshuro yo kumenya sulfide na desulfinyl iri hasi (11% kugeza 13%), mugihe ibicuruzwa bisigaye ari byinshi cyane.Bake (1% cyangwa munsi) cyangwa ntibigeze bamenyekana (Imbonerahamwe 1)..Fipronil ikunze kugaragara cyane mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba (52% byimbuga) kandi cyane cyane mumajyaruguru yuburengerazuba (9% byimbuga), ibyo bikaba bigaragaza itandukaniro ryimikoreshereze ya benzopyrazole hamwe n’ingaruka zishobora gutemba mu gihugu hose.Abatesha agaciro ubusanzwe berekana imiterere isa mukarere, hamwe ninshuro nyinshi zo gutahura mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba ndetse no hasi cyane mumajyaruguru yuburengerazuba cyangwa Californiya.Ibipimo byapimwe bya fipronil nibyo byari hejuru, bikurikirwa na fipronil yababyeyi (90% kwijana rya 10.8 na 6.3 ng / L) (Imbonerahamwe 1) (35).Ubwinshi bwa fipronil (61.4 ng / L), disulfinyl (10,6 ng / L) na sulfide (8.0 ng / L) byagenwe mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba (mu byumweru bine bishize by'icyitegererezo).Ubwinshi bwa sulfone bwagenwe muburengerazuba.(15.7 ng / L.Florfenide sulfone nicyo kigo cyonyine cyagaragaye kurenga HC5 (Imbonerahamwe 1).Impuzandengo ΣTUFipronile hagati y'uturere dutandukanye iratandukanye cyane (Imbonerahamwe 1).Impuzandengo yigihugu ΣTUFipronil ni 0,62 (ahantu hose, uturere twose), naho ibibanza 71 (16%) bifite ΣTUFipronile> 1, byerekana ko bishobora kuba uburozi kuri macroinvertebrates.Muri bine mu turere dutanu twize (usibye Midwest), hari umubano ukomeye hagati ya SPEARpesticide na ΣTUFipronil, hamwe na R2 yahinduwe kuva 0.07 ku nkombe za Californiya kugeza 0.34 mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba (Ishusho 5).
* Imvange ikoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwa mesoscopique.. ibyumweru by'udukoko twica udukoko twakusanyirijwe kuri buri rubuga twabazwe.‡ Umubare waho bapima imiti yica udukoko.§Icyiciro cya 90 ku ijana gishingiye ku kwibandaho kwinshi kugaragara kurubuga mu byumweru 4 bishize byo gupima imiti yica udukoko.hamwe nijanisha ryintangarugero zapimwe.¶ Koresha 95% CI yagaciro ka HC5 (Igicapo 4 na Imbonerahamwe S3, meso gusa) kugirango ubare CI.Dechloroflupinib yasesenguwe mu turere twose kandi ntabwo yigeze iboneka.ND, ntabwo yamenyekanye.
Igice cy’uburozi cya Fipronil nicyo gipima ubunini bwa fipronil bugabanijwe nigiciro cyihariye cya HC5, kigenwa na SSD yakuwe mubushakashatsi bwitangazamakuru (reba Ishusho 4).Umurongo wumukara, rusange wongeyeho moderi (GAM).Umurongo ucagaguye umutuku ufite CI ya 95% kuri GAM.ΣTUFipronil ihindurwa kuri log10 (ΣTUFipronils + 1).
Ingaruka mbi za fipronil ku bwoko bw’amazi adafite intego zanditswe neza (15, 21, 24, 25, 32, 33), ariko ubu ni bwo bushakashatsi bwa mbere aho bwumva neza muri laboratoire igenzurwa.Abaturage ba tagisi bahuye na fipronil, kandi ibisubizo byajyanywe hanze kumugabane wumugabane.Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bwiminsi 30 ya mesocosmic birashobora kubyara amatsinda 15 y’udukoko two mu mazi yihariye (Imbonerahamwe S1) yibanda cyane mu bitabo, aho udukoko two mu mazi two mu bubiko bw’ubumara butagaragara (53, 54).Amatagisi yihariye ya dose-gusubiza umurongo (nka EC50) bigaragarira mubihinduka kurwego rwabaturage (nkubukire bwa tagisi kandi bishobora kuguruka igihombo kinini) hamwe nimpinduka zikorwa (nka casade yintungamubiri nimpinduka mumiterere).Ingaruka yisi ya mesoskopique yoherejwe mumurima.Mu bice bine kuri bitanu by’ubushakashatsi muri Amerika, ubunini bwa fipronil bwapimwe mu murima bwari bufitanye isano no kugabanuka kw'ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi mu mazi atemba.
Agaciro ka HC5 kangana na 95% yubwoko mu igeragezwa ryo hagati ya membrane igira ingaruka zo gukingira, byerekana ko muri rusange abaturage badafite ubuzima bw’amazi bo mu mazi bumva neza ibibyimba bya fipronil kuruta uko byari byumvikanye mbere.Agaciro HC5 yabonye (florfenib, 4.56 ng / litiro; desulfoxirane, 3.55 ng / litiro; sulfone, 2,86 ng / litiro; sulfide, 3.52 ng / litiro) ni inshuro nyinshi (florfenib) kugeza ku nshuro eshatu Kurenza gahunda y'ubunini (desulfinyl ) munsi yubushakashatsi bwa EPA budakira bwinyamanswa [fipronil, 11 ng / litiro;desulfinyl, 10.310 ng / litiro;sulfone, 37 ng / litiro;na sulfide, kuri 110 ng / litiro (8)].Ubushakashatsi bwa Mesoscopique bwerekanye amatsinda menshi yunvikana na fipronil aho kugaragazwa nigipimo cya EPA kidakira kidafite ubuzima (amatsinda 4 yunvikana cyane kuri fipronil, ibice 13 bya desulfinyl, ibice 11 bya sulfone na 13 byombi) Sulfide sensitivite) (Ishusho ya 4 na imbonerahamwe) S1).Ibi byerekana ko ibipimo bidashobora kurinda amoko menshi nayo agaragara ku isi yo hagati, nayo akwirakwizwa mu bidukikije byo mu mazi.Itandukaniro riri hagati y'ibisubizo byacu n'ibipimo biriho ubu biterwa ahanini no kubura amakuru yipimisha uburozi bwa fipronil akoreshwa kuri tagisi y’udukoko two mu mazi, cyane cyane iyo igihe cyo kumurika kirenze iminsi 4 no kwangirika kwa fipronil.Mugihe cyiminsi 30 yubushakashatsi bwa mesocosmic, udukoko twinshi mumiryango idafite ubuzima bwumvaga fipronil kuruta ibinyabuzima bisanzwe bipima Aztec (crustacean), ndetse na nyuma yo gukosora Aztec EC50 ya Teike ibikora kimwe nyuma yo guhinduka gukabije.(Mubisanzwe amasaha 96) kumwanya wo kwerekana igihe kirekire (Igicapo S7).Ubwumvikane bwiza bwumvikanyweho hagati yubushakashatsi buciriritse hamwe nubushakashatsi bwatanzwe muri ECOTOX ukoresheje ibinyabuzima bisanzwe bipima Chironomus dilutus (udukoko).Ntabwo bitangaje kuba udukoko two mu mazi twumva cyane imiti yica udukoko.Tutabanje guhindura igihe cyo kumurika, ubushakashatsi bwa meso-nini hamwe namakuru yuzuye yububiko bwa ECOTOX bwerekanye ko tagisi nyinshi zagaragaye ko zumva neza ibivangwa na fipronil kuruta Clostridium ivanze (Igicapo S6).Ariko, muguhindura igihe cyo kwerekana, Dilution Clostridium nikinyabuzima cyumva cyane fipronil (umubyeyi) na sulfide, nubwo itumva sulfone (Igicapo S7).Ibisubizo byerekana akamaro ko gushyiramo ubwoko bwinshi bwibinyabuzima byo mu mazi (harimo nudukoko twinshi) kugirango tubyare imiti yica udukoko ishobora kurinda ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi.
Uburyo bwa SSD burashobora kurinda tagisi idasanzwe cyangwa itumva EC50 idashobora kugenwa, nka Cinygmula sp., Isoperla fulva na Brachycentrus amerika.Indangagaciro za EC50 ubwinshi bwa tagisi kandi zishobora kuguruka nyinshi zigaragaza impinduka mumiterere yabaturage zihuye nagaciro ka HC50 ya SSD ya fipronil, sulfone na sulfide.Porotokole ishyigikira igitekerezo gikurikira: Uburyo bwa SSD bukoreshwa mugukuramo imipaka irashobora kurinda abaturage bose, harimo tagisi idasanzwe cyangwa itumva mu baturage.Imipaka y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi yagenwe na SSDs ishingiye kuri tagisi nkeya cyangwa tagisi itumva irashobora kuba idahagije cyane mu kurinda urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi.Nibibazo bya desulfinyl (Igicapo S6B).Bitewe no kubura amakuru mububiko bwa ECOTOX, EPA yibanze yibidafite ubuzima bwibanze ni 10.310 ng / L, ibyo bikaba ari bine byerekana ubunini burenze 3.55 ng / L ya HC5.Ibisubizo by'ibisubizo bitandukanye bya tagisi byakozwe mubushakashatsi bwa mesoscopique.Kubura amakuru yuburozi bitera ikibazo cyane cyane kubintu byangirika (Igicapo S6), gishobora gusobanura impamvu ibipimo ngenderwaho by’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi biriho bya sulfone na sulfide bitagabanuka inshuro 15 kugeza kuri 30 ugereranije n’agaciro ka SSD HC5 gashingiye ku Bushinwa.Ibyiza byuburyo buciriritse ni uko indangagaciro nyinshi za EC50 zishobora kugenwa mubushakashatsi bumwe, burahagije kugirango habeho SSD yuzuye (urugero, desulfinyl; Ishusho 4B nishusho S6B na S7B), kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye kuri tagisi isanzwe ya ecosystem irinzwe Ibisubizo byinshi.
Ubushakashatsi bwa Mesoscopique bwerekana ko fipronil n'ibicuruzwa byayo bitesha agaciro bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi zidasanzwe kandi zitaziguye ku mikorere y'abaturage.Mu bushakashatsi bwa mesoskopi, ibice bitanu byose bya fipronil byagaragaye ko bigira ingaruka ku kuvuka kw’udukoko.Ibisubizo byo kugereranya hagati yibitekerezo byo hejuru kandi biri hasi cyane (kubuza no gukangurira abantu kugaragara cyangwa guhinduka mugihe cyo kuvuka) bihuye nibyavuzwe mbere mubushakashatsi bwa meso hakoreshejwe udukoko twica udukoko (29).Kugaragara kwabantu bakuru bitanga ibikorwa byingenzi byibidukikije kandi birashobora guhindurwa n umwanda nka fipronil (55, 56).Kugaragara icyarimwe ntabwo ari ingenzi cyane kubyara udukoko no gutsimbarara ku baturage, ahubwo ni no gutanga udukoko dukuze, dushobora gukoreshwa nk'ibiryo ku nyamaswa zo mu mazi no ku isi (56).Kwirinda ko ingemwe zibaho bishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku guhanahana ibiryo hagati y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi n’ibinyabuzima byo ku nkombe, kandi bigakwirakwiza ingaruka z’imyanda ihumanya amazi mu bidukikije ku isi (55, 56).Kugabanuka kwinshi kwabashwanyaguza (udukoko turya algae) byagaragaye mubushakashatsi bwakozwe na meso byatumye igabanuka ry’imiti ya algae, bituma kwiyongera kwa chlorophyll a (Ishusho 3).Cascade tropique ihindura imyuka ya karubone na azote kurubuga rwibiryo byamazi, bisa nubushakashatsi bwasuzumye ingaruka za pyrethroid bifenthrin kumiryango ya bentique (29).Kubwibyo, fenylpyrazoles, nka fipronil nibicuruzwa byayo byangirika, pyrethroide, ndetse wenda nubundi bwoko bw’udukoko twica udukoko, birashobora guteza imbere mu buryo butaziguye kwiyongera kwa biomass ya algal no guhagarika karubone na azote mu migezi mito.Izindi ngaruka zishobora kugera no kurimbuka kwa karubone na azote hagati y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi no ku isi.
Amakuru yakuwe mu kizamini giciriritse yadushoboje gusuzuma akamaro k’ibidukikije by’imiterere ya fipronil yapimwe mu bushakashatsi bunini bwakorewe mu turere dutanu two muri Amerika.Mu migezi mito 444, 17% yikigereranyo cya fipronil imwe cyangwa nyinshi (ugereranije mugihe cyibyumweru 4) yarenze agaciro ka HC5 yakuwe mubizamini byitangazamakuru.Koresha SSD uhereye kubigeragezo bya meso kugirango uhindure ibipimo bya fipronil byapimwe mubipimo bifitanye isano n'uburozi, ni ukuvuga igiteranyo cyuburozi (ΣTUFipronils).Agaciro ka 1 kerekana uburozi cyangwa guhuriza hamwe kwifumbire ya fipronil irenze Ubwoko buzwi bwo kurinda bufite agaciro ka 95%.Umubano ukomeye uri hagati ya ΣTUFipronil mu turere tune muri tanu dutanu n’ikimenyetso cya SPEARpesticide cyerekana ubuzima bw’abaturage badafite ubuzima bw’inyamaswa zerekana ko fipronil ishobora kugira ingaruka mbi ku baturage badafite ubuzima bw’inzoka mu nzuzi zo mu turere twinshi two muri Amerika.Ibisubizo bishyigikira hypothesis ya Wolfram nabandi..
Imigezi myinshi irimo fipronil iri hejuru yurwego rwuburozi iherereye mukarere ka majyepfo yuburasirazuba bwumujyi (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/region/SESQA).Isuzuma ryabanje kuri kariya gace ntabwo ryanzuye gusa ko fipronil ari yo mpungenge nyamukuru zigira ingaruka ku miterere y’abaturage badafite ubuzima mu mugezi, ariko kandi ko ogisijeni nkeya yashonze, intungamubiri ziyongera, ihinduka ry’imigezi, iyangirika ry’imiturire, hamwe n’indi miti yica udukoko kandi icyiciro cyangiza ni ngombwa isoko yo guhangayika (57).Uru ruvangitirane rw'imihangayiko ruhuye na “syndrome de santrale yo mu mijyi”, ari yo kwangirika kw'ibinyabuzima by’inzuzi bikunze kugaragara bijyanye no gukoresha ubutaka bwo mu mijyi (58, 59).Ibimenyetso by'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu mijyi mu karere k'amajyepfo y'iburasirazuba biriyongera kandi biteganijwe ko byiyongera uko abaturage bo muri ako karere biyongera.Ingaruka ziterambere ryimijyi hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza imijyi biteganijwe kwiyongera (4).Niba imijyi nogukoresha fipronil bikomeje kwiyongera, ikoreshwa ryiyi miti yica udukoko mumijyi rishobora kurushaho kugira ingaruka kumiryango.Nubwo meta-isesengura ryanzuye ivuga ko ikoreshwa ry’imiti yica udukoko twangiza ubuhinzi ibangamira urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ku isi (2, 60), twibwira ko iri suzuma ridaha agaciro ingaruka rusange z’imiti yica udukoko twangiza imikoreshereze y’imijyi.
Imyitwarire itandukanye, harimo imiti yica udukoko, irashobora kugira ingaruka ku baturage ba macroinvertebrate mu masoko y’amazi yateye imbere (imijyi, ubuhinzi n’imvange y’ubutaka) kandi birashobora kuba bifitanye isano n’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka (58, 59, 61).Nubwo ubu bushakashatsi bwakoresheje icyerekezo cya SPEARpesticide hamwe n’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi byihariye biranga ubumara bwa fipronil kugira ngo hagabanuke ingaruka ziterwa n’urujijo, imikorere y’ikimenyetso cya SPEARpesticide irashobora guterwa no kwangirika kw’imiturire, kandi fipronil irashobora kugereranywa n’indi miti yica udukoko (4, 17, 51, 57).Nyamara, uburyo bwinshi bwo guhangayikishwa bwakozwe hifashishijwe ibipimo byo mu murima bivuye mu bushakashatsi bubiri bwa mbere bwo mu karere (Midwestern na South-Eastern) bwerekanye ko imiti yica udukoko ari ikintu cy’ingutu cyo mu rwego rwo hejuru cy’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’imiterere y’imigezi mu ruzi rutemba.Muri ubu buryo, impinduka zingenzi zisobanura zirimo imiti yica udukoko (cyane cyane bifenthrine), intungamubiri nibiranga aho bituye mumigezi myinshi yubuhinzi yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati, hamwe nudukoko twangiza udukoko (cyane cyane fipronil) mumijyi myinshi yo mu majyepfo yuburasirazuba.Guhinduka kwa ogisijeni, intungamubiri no gutemba (61, 62).Kubwibyo, nubwo ubushakashatsi bwakarere bugerageza gukemura ingaruka ziterwa nudukoko twangiza udukoko twica udukoko twica udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko twangiza udukoko.) Bikwiye gufatwa nkimwe mu masoko akomeye y’umuvuduko mu nzuzi z’Amerika, cyane cyane mu majyepfo y’Amerika.
Ikibazo cyo kwangiza imiti yica udukoko mu bidukikije ntikunze kwandikwa, ariko iterabwoba ry’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi rishobora kwangiza kurusha umubiri w’ababyeyi.Ku bijyanye na fipronil, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu murima hamwe n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na meso bwerekanye ko ibicuruzwa bitesha agaciro bisanzwe nkumubiri w’ababyeyi mu migezi yatoranijwe kandi bifite uburozi bumwe cyangwa burenze (Imbonerahamwe 1).Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe hagati ya membrane, fluorobenzonitrile sulfone niyo yari uburozi cyane mubicuruzwa byangiza udukoko twangiza, kandi byari uburozi kurenza urugo rwababyeyi, kandi byanagaragaye kuri frequence isa niy'ababyeyi.Niba gusa imiti yica udukoko twababyeyi yapimwe, ibintu bishobora kuba uburozi ntibishobora kuboneka, kandi ugereranije no kubura amakuru yuburozi mugihe cyo kwangiza imiti yica udukoko bivuze ko ibibaho n'ingaruka zabo bishobora kwirengagizwa.Kurugero, kubera kubura amakuru yuburozi bwibicuruzwa byangirika, hakozwe isuzuma ryimbitse ry’imiti yica udukoko mu migezi y’Ubusuwisi, harimo n’ibicuruzwa 134 byangiza imiti yica udukoko, kandi ikigo cy’ababyeyi cyonyine cyafatwaga nk’ikigo cy’ababyeyi mu gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibidukikije.
Ibyavuye muri iri suzuma ry’ibidukikije byerekana ko ibibyimba bya fipronil bigira ingaruka mbi ku buzima bw’inzuzi, bityo rero bikaba byavugwa ko ingaruka mbi zishobora kugaragara ahantu hose aho fipronil irenze urwego rwa HC5.Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bwa mesoskopique ntibigenga aho biherereye, byerekana ko kwibumbira hamwe kwa fipronil nibicuruzwa byayo byangirika muri tagisi nyinshi yimigezi biri hasi cyane ugereranije nibyanditswe mbere.Twizera ko uku kuvumbura gushobora kwaguka kuri protobiota mumigezi yera ahantu hose.Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa meso bwakoreshejwe mubushakashatsi bunini bwo mu murima (imigezi mito 444 igizwe n’imikoreshereze y’imijyi, ubuhinzi, n’ubutaka bivangwa mu turere dutanu twinshi muri Amerika), kandi byagaragaye ko kwibanda ku migezi myinshi. aho fipronil yamenyekanye biteganijwe kuba Uburozi bwavuyemo bwerekana ko ibisubizo bishobora kugera no mubindi bihugu aho fipronil ikoreshwa.Nk’uko amakuru abitangaza, umubare w’abantu bakoresha Fipronil uragenda wiyongera mu Buyapani, mu Bwongereza no muri Amerika (7).Fipronil irahari kumugabane wose, harimo Australiya, Amerika yepfo na Afrika (https://coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/fipronil-market-2208).Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bwa meso-kumurima byerekanwe hano byerekana ko ikoreshwa rya fipronil rishobora kuba rifite ibidukikije mubidukikije.
Kubikoresho byinyongera kuriyi ngingo, nyamuneka reba http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/43/eabc1299/DC1
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Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Meter, Barbara Mahler (Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko imiti yica udukoko ikunze kugaragara mu migezi ya Amerika ari uburozi kuruta uko wabitekerezaga.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Meter, Barbara Mahler (Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko imiti yica udukoko ikunze kugaragara mu migezi ya Amerika ari uburozi kuruta uko wabitekerezaga.
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