Mankhwala ophera tizilombondi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupha kapena kuwononga tizilombo towononga.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paulimi, thanzi ndi ulimi wamaluwa kuti ateteze mbewu, malo okhala kunyumba komanso thanzi la anthu.Mankhwala ophera tizirombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri paulimi ndi thanzi.Sikuti amangowonjezera zokolola komanso amateteza bwino kufalikira kwa matenda.

 

Kodi mankhwala ophera tizirombo ndi ati?

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kugawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana monga organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids,neonicotinoids, ndi organochlorines, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi mankhwala ake enieni komanso momwe amachitira, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana komanso kuteteza mbewu ndi thanzi la anthu.Kenako, tiwona magulu ndi zinthu zomwe zilipo.

 

Gulu molingana ndi kapangidwe kake

Organophosphorus Insecticides

Organophosphorus insecticides ndi gulu la tizilombo tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri lomwe limalepheretsa enzyme acetylcholinesterase mu tizirombo, zomwe zimatsogolera kusokoneza dongosolo lamanjenje ndi kufa kwa tizilombo.

Dichlorvos (DDVP)

 

Malathion

Carbamate Insecticides

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Carbamate amasokoneza kayendedwe ka mitsempha mu tizilombo poletsa enzyme acetylcholinesterase.Mankhwalawa ndi othandiza kwambiri komanso othamanga.

Methomyl

 

Pyrethroid Insecticides

Pyrethroid insecticides ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi pyrethroid omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Iwo yodziwika ndi otsika kawopsedwe, mkulu dzuwa ndi chilengedwe ubwenzi.

Cypermetrin

 

Neonicotinoid Insecticides

Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a Neonicotinoid ndi mbadwo watsopano wa tizilombo tomwe timapha tizilombo pomangiriza ku nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuwonjezereka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje ndi imfa.

Imidacloprid

Clothianidin

 

Organochlorine Insecticides

Organochlorine insecticides ndi gulu la tizirombo tachikhalidwe tomwe timakhala totalika komanso tambiri, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha kulimbikira kwawo kwa chilengedwe komanso kuchulukirachulukira kwachilengedwe.Mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organochlorine amaphatikizapo DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) ndi chlordane.

 

Kugawikana motengera kachitidwe

Gwirani mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Mankhwala ophera tizirombo amtundu wa touch-type amagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi epidermis ya tizilombo.Mtundu uwu wa tizilombo umaphatikizapo mankhwala ambiri a organophosphorus ndi pyrethroid.

Mankhwala Ophera Tizilombo Toxicant
M'mimba Toxicant amalowetsedwa ndi tizilombo ndikuchita poizoni m'thupi.Mankhwala opha tizirombo am'mimba amaphatikizapo carbamates ndi mankhwala ena a organophosphorus.

Systemic Insecticides
Mankhwala ophera tizilomboimatha kuyamwa ndi mbewu ndikuyendetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za mbewu, motero kuteteza mbewu yonse ku tizirombo.Mtundu uwu wa tizilombo umaphatikizapo imidacloprid ndi furosemide.

 

Gulu malinga ndi ntchito

Agricultural Insecticides
Mankhwala ophera tizirombo aulimi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuteteza mbewu ku tizirombo komanso kukonza zokolola komanso zabwino.Izi zimaphatikizapo mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus, pyrethroid ndi neonicotinoid omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Ukhondo Tizilombo
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda monga udzudzu, ntchentche ndi mphemvu pofuna kupewa kufalikira kwa matenda.Tizilombo totere timaphatikizapo deltamethrin ndi cypermethrin.

Horticultural Insecticides
Mankhwala ophera tizirombo a horticultural amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kuteteza maluwa, zokongoletsera ndi mitengo yazipatso ku tizirombo.Mankhwala ophera tizirombowa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kawopsedwe kochepa, ma pyrethroids ogwira mtima kwambiri ndi neonicotinoids.

 

Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo

Zotsatira za dongosolo lamanjenje la tizilombo
Mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo amagwira ntchito mwa kusokoneza dongosolo lamanjenje la tizilombo, mwachitsanzo, organophosphorus ndi carbamate insecticides amalepheretsa enzyme acetylcholinesterase, zomwe zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa mitsempha ndi kufa kwa tizilombo.

Zotsatira pa dongosolo la endocrine la tizilombo
Mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo amalepheretsa kukula ndi kubereka kwa tizilombo posokoneza dongosolo lawo la endocrine, mwachitsanzo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (IGRs), zomwe zimalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe kapena zochita za timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi.

Mmene tizilombo tizilombo
Mankhwala ena amapha tizilombo mwa kuwononga dongosolo lawo la kupuma, kuwalepheretsa kupuma bwino.Mwachitsanzo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalowa m'thupi la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndipo timasokoneza kupuma kwake.

 

Njira zogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo

Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa
Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi njira yodziwika kwambiri yophatikizira mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Imakhudza mwachindunji ndi kupha tizirombo popopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamwamba pa mbewu kapena pomwe tizirombo tasonkhana.

Kuzula
Njira yothirira mizu imaphatikizapo kuthira mankhwala ophera tizilombo mwachindunji mumizu ya mmera, kuti itengedwe ndi mmera ndikuyendetsa mbali zonse za mbewu kuti ziteteze.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Fumigation
Njira yofukizira imagwiritsa ntchito mpweya wa mankhwala ophera tizilombo, omwe amatulutsidwa pamalo otsekedwa kuti akwaniritse kupha kwathunthu kwa tizirombo.Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri m'malo otsekeka monga kusungirako mbewu, malo osungiramo zinthu komanso malo obiriwira.

Njira yofalitsira
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kumalo omwe tizilombo towononga kapena pamwamba pa mbewu, ndi yoyenera kupha tizirombo m'deralo ndi kuwononga tizirombo.

 

Mankhwala ophera tizilombondi zinthu zofunika kwambiri paulimi ndi thanzi, ndipo zitha kugawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kachitidwe, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito.Kuchokera ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphorus kupita ku neonicotinoids okonda zachilengedwe, chilichonse chili ndi zabwino zake.Kusankha mankhwala oyenera kumatha kuteteza mbewu ku tizirombo ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zaulimi zili bwino komanso zokolola.Osati zokhazo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazaumoyo, kuthandiza kuthana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso kuteteza thanzi la anthu.Chifukwa chake, kumvetsetsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndikofunikira pakupanga ulimi komanso kupewa thanzi.