Roberto Lopez ndi Kellie Walters, Dipatimenti ya Horticulture, Michigan State University-May 16, 2017
Kutentha kwa mpweya ndi alkalinity ya madzi onyamula panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito zidzakhudza mphamvu ya ethephon plant growth regulator (PGR).
Zowongolera kukula kwa zomera (PGR) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopopera zamasamba, zothira pansi, zothira kapena mababu, ma tubers ndi ma rhizomes infusions/infusions.Kugwiritsira ntchito chibadwa cha zomera pa mbewu zobiriwira kungathandize alimi kupanga zomera zofanana ndi zophatikizana zomwe zingathe kupakidwa mosavuta, kunyamulidwa, ndi kugulitsidwa kwa ogula.Ma PGR ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi alimi a greenhouses (mwachitsanzo, pyrethroid, chlorergot, damazine, fluoxamide, paclobutrazol kapena uniconazole) amaletsa kutalika kwa tsinde poletsa biosynthesis ya gibberellins (GAs) (Kukula) Gibberellin ndi hormone ya kukula yomwe imasintha.Ndipo tsinde lake ndi lalitali.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ethephon (2-chloroethyl; phosphonic acid) ndi PGR yomwe imakhala ndi ntchito zambiri chifukwa imatulutsa ethylene (hormone ya zomera yomwe imayambitsa kusasitsa ndi senescence) ikagwiritsidwa ntchito.Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuletsa kutalika kwa tsinde;kuwonjezera m'mimba mwake;kuchepetsa kulamulira kwa apical, kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa nthambi ndi kukula kwapambuyo;ndi kuchititsa kukhetsa kwa maluwa ndi masamba (kuchotsa mimba) (chithunzi 1).
Mwachitsanzo, ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yobereketsa, akhoza kukhazikitsa "biological clock" ya mbewu zosawerengeka kapena zosafanana zamaluwa (monga Impatiens New Guinea) kukhala ziro poyambitsa kuchotsa mimba ndi maluwa (chithunzi 2).Kuphatikiza apo, alimi ena amachigwiritsa ntchito kukulitsa nthambi ndikuchepetsa kutalika kwa petunia (chithunzi 3).
Chithunzi 2. Kukula msanga komanso kusafanana komanso kubereka kwa Impatiens New Guinea.Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Roberto Lopez, Michigan State University.
Chithunzi 3. Petunia yothandizidwa ndi ethephon idachulukitsa nthambi, idachepetsa kutalika kwa internode ndikuchotsa maluwa.Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Roberto Lopez, Michigan State University.
Ethephon (mwachitsanzo, Florel, 3.9% yogwira ntchito; kapena Collate, 21.7% yogwira ntchito) opopera nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mbewu zobiriwira pakatha sabata imodzi kapena ziwiri mutatha kumuika, ndipo angagwiritsidwenso ntchito patatha sabata imodzi kapena ziwiri.Zinthu zambiri zimakhudza mphamvu yake, kuphatikiza chiŵerengero, voliyumu, kugwiritsa ntchito ma surfactants, pH ya njira yopopera, chinyezi chapansi panthaka ndi chinyezi cha wowonjezera kutentha.
Zomwe zili m'munsizi zikuphunzitsani momwe mungakwaniritsire kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera a ethephon poyang'anira ndikusintha zinthu ziwiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa ndi chikhalidwe ndi chilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu.
Mofanana ndi mankhwala ambiri owonjezera kutentha ndi chibadwa cha zomera, ethephon nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati madzi (kutsitsi).Ethephon ikasinthidwa kukhala ethylene, imasintha kuchoka kumadzi kupita ku gasi.Ngati ethephon yawola kukhala ethylene kunja kwa fakitale, mankhwala ambiri amatayika mumlengalenga.Chifukwa chake, tikufuna kuti amwedwe ndi zomera asanagwetsedwe mu ethylene.Pamene mtengo wa pH ukuwonjezeka, ethephon imawola mofulumira kukhala ethylene.Izi zikutanthauza kuti cholinga ndikusunga pH ya yankho la kutsitsi pakati pa 4 mpaka 5 yovomerezeka mutatha kuwonjezera ethephon kumadzi onyamula.Izi nthawi zambiri sizovuta, chifukwa ethephon ndi acidic mwachilengedwe.Komabe, ngati alkalinity yanu ili yokwera, pH sikhoza kugwera mkati mwazomwe mukuyenera, ndipo mungafunike kuwonjezera chotchinga, monga asidi (sulfuric acid kapena adjuvant, pHase5 kapena indicator 5) kuti muchepetse pH..
Ethephon ndi acidic mwachilengedwe.Pamene ndende ikuwonjezeka, pH ya yankho idzachepa.Pamene alkalinity ya chonyamulira madzi imachepa, pH ya yankho imatsikanso (chithunzi 4).Cholinga chachikulu ndikusunga pH ya njira yopopera pakati pa 4 ndi 5. Komabe, alimi amadzi oyeretsedwa (otsika alkalinity) angafunikire kuwonjezera ma buffers ena kuti pH ya mankhwala opopera ikhale yotsika kwambiri (pH zosakwana 3.0) ).
Chithunzi 4. Zotsatira za madzi amchere ndi ethephon ndende pa pH ya yankho la kutsitsi.Mzere wakuda umasonyeza chonyamulira madzi chovomerezeka pH 4.5.
Mu kafukufuku waposachedwapa wochokera ku Michigan State University, tinagwiritsa ntchito alkalinities atatu onyamula madzi (50, 150 ndi 300 ppm CaCO3) ndi ethephon inayi (Collat ​​e, Fine Americas, Inc., Walnut Creek, CA; 0, 250, 500 ndi 750) adagwiritsa ntchito ethephon (ppm) ku ivy geranium, petunia ndi verbena.Tinapeza kuti pamene alkalinity ya chonyamulira madzi imachepa ndipo kuchuluka kwa ethephon kumawonjezeka, kukula kwa ductility kumachepa (chithunzi 5).
Chithunzi 5. Zotsatira za madzi amchere ndi ethephon ndende pa nthambi ndi maluwa a ivy geranium.Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Kelly Walters.
Chifukwa chake, MSU Extension imalimbikitsa kuti muyang'ane kuchuluka kwa madzi onyamula musanagwiritse ntchito ethephon.Izi zikhoza kuchitika potumiza chitsanzo cha madzi ku labotale yomwe mumakonda, kapena mukhoza kuyesa madzi ndi mita ya alkalinity ya m'manja (Chithunzi 6) ndikusintha zofunikira monga momwe tafotokozera pamwambapa.Kenako, onjezani ethephon ndikuyang'ana pH ya njira yopopera ndi pH mita ya m'manja kuti muwonetsetse kuti ili pakati pa 4 ndi 5.
Chithunzi 6. Kunyamula m'manja alkalinity mita, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito mu greenhouses kudziwa alkalinity madzi.Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Kelly Walters.
Tatsimikizanso kuti kutentha panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kudzakhudzanso mphamvu ya ethephon.Pamene kutentha kwa mpweya kumawonjezeka, mlingo wa ethylene kumasulidwa kwa ethephon ukuwonjezeka, mwachidziwitso kuchepetsa mphamvu yake.Kuchokera pa kafukufuku wathu, tapeza kuti ethephon imakhala ndi mphamvu zokwanira pamene kutentha kwa ntchito kuli pakati pa 57 ndi 73 madigiri Fahrenheit.Komabe, kutentha kukakwera kufika madigiri 79 Fahrenheit, ethephon inalibe mphamvu pakukula kwa elongation, ngakhale kukula kwa nthambi kapena kuchotsa mimba kwa maluwa (chithunzi 7).
Chithunzi 7. Zotsatira za kutentha kwa ntchito pa mphamvu ya 750 ppm ethephon spray pa petunia.Chithunzi chojambulidwa ndi Kelly Walters.
Ngati muli ndi mchere wambiri wamadzi, chonde gwiritsani ntchito buffer kapena adjuvant kuti muchepetse alkalinity yamadzi musanasake njira yopopera ndikufikira pa pH ya yankho la kupopera.Ganizirani kupopera mankhwala a ethephon pamasiku a mitambo, m'mawa kapena madzulo pamene kutentha kwa wowonjezera kutentha kuli pansi pa 79 F.
Zikomo.Izi zimachokera ku ntchito yothandizidwa ndi Fine Americas, Inc., Western Michigan Greenhouse Association, Detroit Metropolitan Flower Growers Association, ndi Ball Horticultural Co.
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