Erin Lizotte, Michigan State University Extension, MSU Department of Entomology Dave Smitley ndi Jill O'Donnell, MSU Extension-April 1, 2015
Spider nthata ndi tizirombo tofunika kwambiri pamitengo ya Khrisimasi yaku Michigan.Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kungathandize alimi kuteteza nthata zolusa, potero zimathandiza kuthana ndi tizilombo tofunika kwambiri.
Ku Michigan, spruce spider mite (Oligonuchus umunguis) ndi tizilombo tofunika kwambiri pamitengo ya coniferous.Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timeneti timawononga mitengo yonse ya Khrisimasi yopangidwa ndi malonda ndipo nthawi zambiri timawononga ndalama zambiri pakulima mitengo ya spruce ndi Fraser fir.M'minda yomwe imasamalidwa kale, kuchuluka kwa nthata zolusa kumakhala kochepa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizirombo, ndiye kuti akangaude nthawi zambiri amakhala owononga.Nthata zolusa zimakhala zothandiza kwa alimi chifukwa zimadya tizirombo komanso zimathandizira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa anthu.Popanda iwo, kangaude wa spruce adzaphulika mwadzidzidzi, ndikuwononga mitengo.
Pamene masika akuyandikira, alimi ayenera kukhala okonzeka kuwonjezera mapulani awo osaka nthata.Kuti muwone akangaude, alimi ayenera kuyesa mitengo ingapo m'munda uliwonse ndikuwonetsetsa kuti asankha mitengo yotalikirapo komanso mizere yosiyana m'nyumba ndi kunja.Zitsanzo zazikulu zamitengo zidzakulitsa kulondola kwa alimi powunika kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kuopsa komwe kungachitike.Kuzindikira kuyenera kuchitidwa nthawi yonseyi, osati zizindikiro zikangowoneka, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala mochedwa kwambiri kuti athandizidwe bwino.Njira yosavuta yodziwira nthata zazikulu ndi zazing'ono ndikugwedeza kapena kumenya nthambi pa bolodi kapena pepala (chithunzi 1).
Dzira la kangaude wa spruce ndi mpira wawung'ono wofiira wofiira wokhala ndi tsitsi pakati.Mazira oswedwa adzawoneka bwino (chithunzi 2).Pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kangaude ndi kakang'ono kwambiri ndipo ali ndi thupi lofewa.Kangaude wamkulu wa spruce ndi olimba mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi tsitsi pamwamba pa mimba.Khungu la khungu limasiyanasiyana, koma Tetranychus spruce nthawi zambiri imakhala yobiriwira, yobiriwira kapena pafupifupi yakuda, ndipo sikhala yoyera, pinki kapena yofiira.Tizilombo tothandiza kwambiri timakhala toyera, zoyera ngati zamkaka, pinki kapena zofiira pang'ono, ndipo zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi nthata powona zomwe akuchita.Zikasokonezedwa, nthata zazikulu zolusa nthawi zambiri zimayenda mwachangu kuposa nthata za tizilombo, ndipo zimatha kuwonedwa kuti zikuyenda mwachangu pa scout board.Akangaude ofiira a spruce amakonda kukwawa pang'onopang'ono.
Chithunzi 2. Akuluakulu a spruce akangaude ndi mazira.Gwero la zithunzi: USDA FS-Northeast Regional Archives, Bugwood.org
Zizindikiro za kuwonongeka kwa spruce spider mite ndi chlorosis, kubala kwa singano ndi kusinthika komanso ngakhale masamba abulauni, omwe amatha kufalikira kumtengo wonse.Mukayang'ana chovulalacho kudzera pagalasi lamanja, zizindikirozo zimawoneka ngati madontho achikasu ozungulira pafupi ndi malo odyetserako chakudya (chithunzi 3).Kupyolera mu kuyang'anira mosamala, kusamalira kukana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sakhala owopsa kwa nthata zachilengedwe, nthata za spruce zingathe kupewedwa kuti zisawonongeke.Njira yosavuta yodziwira zosowa zoyang'anira ndikuwunika ngati kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chikukula kapena chikuwonongeka.Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti kangaude wa spruce spider mite amasinthasintha mofulumira, kotero kungoyang'ana kuwonongeka kwa mtengo sikumawonetsa molondola ngati chithandizo chikufunika, chifukwa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amwalira kuyambira nthawi imeneyo chikhoza kuwononga, kotero kupopera mbewu kulibe tanthauzo. .
Chithunzi 3. Singano yodyetsera akangaude ya spruce yawonongeka.Ngongole ya zithunzi: John A. Weidhass waku Virginia Tech ndi State University Bugwood.org
Gome lotsatirali lili ndi njira zochizira, gulu lawo lamankhwala, gawo la moyo wawo, mphamvu yachibale, nthawi yolamulira komanso kawopsedwe kawo ku nthata zodyera zopindulitsa.Ngati palibe mankhwala ophera tizirombo, akangaude ofiira sakhala vuto, chifukwa nthata zolusa zimawateteza.Yesetsani kupewa kupopera mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti mulimbikitse kuwongolera zachilengedwe.
Chlorpyrifos 4E AG, Government 4E, Hatchet, Lorsban Advanced, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E insecticide, Vulcan (mfuti wapoizoni)
Avid 0.15EC, Ardent 0.15EC, zokongoletsera zowonekera, Nufarm Abamectin, Minx Quali-Pro Abamectin 0.15EC, Timectin 0.15ECT&O (abamectin)
Yamikirani Pro, Couraze 2F, Couraze 4F, Mallet 75WSP, Nuprid 1.6F, Pasada 1.6F, Prey, Provado 1.6F, Sherpa, Widow, Wrangler (imidacloprid)
1 Mitundu yoyenda imaphatikizapo mphutsi za mite, nymphs ndi magawo akuluakulu.2S ndi yotetezeka kwa adani a mite, M ndi poizoni pang'ono, ndipo H ndi poizoni kwambiri.3Avermectin, thiazole ndi tetronic acid acaricides amachedwa, choncho alimi asadabwe ngati nthata zikadali zamoyo zitatha kugwiritsa ntchito.Zitha kutenga masiku 7 mpaka 10 kuti muwone kufa kwathunthu.4 Mafuta olima angayambitse phytotoxicity, makamaka akagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chilimwe, ndipo amatha kuchepetsa mtundu wa buluu mu spruce blue.Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotetezeka kupopera mafuta oyengedwa kwambiri a horticultural ndi kuchuluka kwa 1% nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma ndende ikakhala 2% kapena kupitilira apo, imatha kuwononga maluwa omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makristasi a ayezi a spruce ndikuyambitsa zizindikiro zoyipa. ..5 Zolemba za Apollo ziyenera kuwerengedwa ndikutsatiridwa mosamala kuti zitsimikizire kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa kukana.
Pyrethroids, organophosphates ndi abamectin onse ali ndi ntchito yabwino yogwetsera ndikuwongolera kotsalira kwa akangaude amtundu wa spruce pamlingo wokangalika wamoyo, koma kupha kwawo nsabwe zolusa kumawapangitsa kukhala osachiritsika.Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa adani achilengedwe komanso nthata zolusa, kuchuluka kwa akangaude kuphulika, kugwiritsa ntchito zidazi nthawi zambiri kumafunika kupitiliza kukonzedwa nyengo ino.Neonicotine, yomwe ili ndi imidacloprid monga chopangira chogwira ntchito, ndiyonso yabwino kusankha kangaude wa spruce, ndipo nthawi zina imatha kuyambitsa kangaude.
Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa, carbamates, quinolones, pyridazinones, quinazolines ndi ethoxazole tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timawonetsa zotsatira zabwino pa Tetranychus spruce ndi zochepetsetsa kwa nthata zolusa.kawopsedwe.Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizozi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuphulika kwa mite ndi kupereka milungu itatu kapena inayi yotsalira yotsalira kwa magawo onse a moyo wa spruce akangaude, koma etozol ali ndi ntchito yochepa mwa akuluakulu.
Mafuta a tetronic, thiazole, sulfite ndi horticultural mafuta amawonetsanso zotsatira zabwino pautali wotsalira wa akangaude.Mafuta a horticultural ali ndi chiopsezo cha phytotoxicity ndi chlorosis, kotero alimi ayenera kusamala akamagwiritsa ntchito zatsopano kapena pa mitundu yosatetezedwa.Tetronic acid, thiazole, sulfite ndi horticultural oil alinso ndi maubwino ena owonjezera, ndiko kuti, ndi otetezeka ku nthata zolusa ndipo ali ndi mwayi wochepa woyambitsa miliri.
Olima angapeze kuti chithandizo choposa chimodzi chikufunika, makamaka pamene chiwopsezo cha anthu chikuchulukirachulukira, kapena pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe sagwira ntchito pa moyo wawo wonse.Chonde werengani chizindikirocho mosamala, chifukwa zina zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mumtundu umodzi panyengo iliyonse.Kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, fufuzani singano ndi nthambi za mazira a Tetranychus spruce.Ngati mazira ali ochuluka, perekani mafuta a horticultural pamlingo wa 2% kuti muwaphe asanaswe.Mafuta amtundu wapamwamba kwambiri omwe ali ndi chiwerengero cha 2% ndi otetezeka kwa mitengo yambiri ya Khirisimasi, kupatulapo spruce ya buluu, yomwe imataya kuwala kwa buluu pambuyo popopera mafuta.
Pofuna kuchedwetsa chitukuko cha anti-acaricides, Michigan State University Promotion Department imalimbikitsa alimi kuti azitsatira malangizo a zilembo, kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyengo inayake, ndikusankha ma acaricides kuchokera ku tizilombo tochuluka.Mwachitsanzo, chiŵerengero cha anthu chikayamba kuchulukana, alimi amatha kuthira mafuta osalala m’nyengo ya masika kenako n’kuthira asidi wa tetronic.Ntchito yotsatira iyenera kubwera kuchokera ku gulu lina osati tetrahydroacid.
Malamulo ophera tizilombo akusintha nthawi zonse, ndipo zomwe zaperekedwa m'nkhaniyi sizilowa m'malo mwa malangizo a zilembo.Kuti mudziteteze nokha, ena ndi chilengedwe, chonde onetsetsani kuti mukuwerenga ndikutsatira chizindikirocho.
Izi zimachokera ku ntchito yothandizidwa ndi National Institute of Food and Agriculture ya United States Department of Agriculture pansi pa mgwirizano nambala 2013-41534-21068.Malingaliro aliwonse, zomwe apeza, malingaliro, kapena malingaliro omwe afotokozedwa m'bukuli ndi a wolemba ndipo sizikuwonetsa malingaliro a dipatimenti yaulimi ku United States.
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