Lipoti latsopano likuwonetsa kukhudzika kwa ma vectors awiri ofunika kwambiri a aphid ku pyrethroids.M'nkhaniyi, Sue Cowgill, AHDB Crop Protection Senior Scientist (Pest), adafufuza zotsatira za alimi a mbatata.
Masiku ano, alimi ali ndi njira zochepa zochepetsera tizilombo towononga tizilombo."Draft National Action Plan on Sustainable Use of Pesticides" imazindikira kuti nkhawa zoterezi zidzalimbikitsa anthu kuti ayambe kukana.Ngakhale izi zitha kupereka njira yokwanira yothanirana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo;pakanthawi kochepa, tiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe alipo tsopano.
Pankhani ya kasamalidwe, ndikofunikira kuganizira momveka bwino kachilombo kamene kamayenera kuganiziridwa.Zimasiyana pa liwiro limene zimatengedwa ndi kufalitsidwa ndi nsabwe za m'masamba.Komanso, izi zidzakhudza mphamvu ya mankhwala ndi kuvulaza chandamale nsabwe za m'masamba.Mu mbatata, ma virus ofunika kwambiri azamalonda amagawidwa m'magulu awiri.
Ku UK, kachilombo ka mbatata ya mbatata (PLRV) imafalitsidwa makamaka ndi nsabwe zamtundu wa pichesi, koma nsabwe zina zokhazikika, monga nsabwe za m'mbatata, zithanso kutenga nawo gawo.
Nsabwe za m'masamba zimadyetsa ndi kuyamwa PLRV, koma zimatenga maola angapo kuti zifalitse.Komabe, nsabwe za m'masamba zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka zimatha kupitiliza kufalitsa kachilomboka m'miyoyo yawo yonse (ichi ndi kachilombo "chosakhazikika").
Chifukwa cha kuchedwa kwa nthawi, zitha kuyembekezeka kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo athandizira kusokoneza kayendedwe ka kufalitsa.Chifukwa chake, kukana ndikofunikira pakuwongolera kwa PLRV.
Ma virus osakhazikika a mbatata, monga kachilombo ka mbatata Y (PVY), ndi omwe amavutitsa kwambiri popanga mbatata za GB.
Nsabwe za m'masamba zikatuluka m'masamba, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta kachilomboka timatoledwa m'mphepete mwa mkamwa mwawo.Izi zitha kuperekedwa mumphindi, ngati si masekondi angapo.Ngakhale nsabwe za m'masamba sizikhala nsabwe zamtundu uliwonse, zimatha kutenga kachilomboka pozindikira nsabwe za m'masamba.
Kuthamanga kwa kufalikira kumatanthauza kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuthetsa vutoli.Kuphatikiza pa kudalira kwambiri kuwongolera kosagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, mitundu yambiri ya aphid iyenera kuganiziridwa pa ma virus amenewa.
Malinga ndi ochita kafukufuku, nsabwe za m'mapichesi-mbatata, nsabwe za m'masamba, nsabwe za m'masamba-cherry-oat ndi nsabwe za msondodzi ndi mitundu yofunika kwambiri yokhudzana ndi PVY mu mbatata ya ku Scottish.
Chifukwa cha gawo lake lalikulu pakufalikira kwa PLRV ndi PVY, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa momwe nsabwe za m'madzi zimakanira.Tsoka ilo, zidapezeka kuti zinali zaluso pakukana - pafupifupi 80% ya zitsanzo zaku Britain zidawonetsa kukana pyrethroids - m'mitundu iwiri:
Pali malipoti a neonicotinoid kukana mu pichesi-mbatata nsabwe za m'masamba kunja.Chiwerengero chochepa cha zitsanzo zapamalo chimayesedwa mu GB chaka chilichonse kuti ayang'ane kuchepa kwawo kwa acetamide, fluniamide ndi spirotetramine.Pakalipano, palibe umboni wochepetsera kukhudzidwa kwa zinthu zogwira ntchitozi.
Chodetsa nkhaŵa choyamba chokhudzana ndi kukana kwa nsabwe za m'mapapo ku pyrethroids chikhoza kuyambika ku 2011. Poyerekeza ndi nsabwe zamtundu uliwonse, kukhalapo kwa kdr mutation kunatsimikiziridwa ndipo zinasonyezedwa kuti pafupifupi 40 nthawi zambiri zimafunika kupha kukana.
Njira idapangidwa kuti iwonetsere kusintha kwa kdr mu nsabwe za m'masamba (kuchokera ku netiweki yapadziko lonse yotengera madzi).Mu 2019, zitsanzo zidayesedwa kuchokera ku misampha isanu, ndipo pafupifupi 30% ya nsabwe za m'masamba zili ndi kusinthaku.
Komabe, kuyesa kotereku sikungapereke zambiri za mitundu ina ya kukana.Zotsatira zake, pofika chaka cha 2020, zitsanzo zochepa (5) za nsabwe za m'moyo zasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera m'minda yambewu ndikuyesedwa mu labotale yoyesa bioassay.Kuyambira 2011, izi zikuwonetsa kuti kukana mphamvu sikunachuluke, ndipo pangakhalebe kdr kukana mu nsabwe za m'mbewu.
M'malo mwake, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opopera a pyrethroid pamlingo woyenera kwambiri kuyenera kuwongolera nsabwe za m'masamba.Komabe, kukhudzidwa kwawo pa kufalitsa kwa PVY kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nthawi yowuluka komanso kuchuluka kwa nsabwe za m'mbewu kuposa momwe nsabwe za m'madzi zimakanira.
Ngakhale pali malipoti oti nsabwe zamtundu wa cherry oat kuchokera ku Ireland zachepetsa chidwi cha pyrethroids, ma bioassays pa zitsanzo za GB kuyambira 2020 (21) sanawonetse umboni wa vutoli.
Pakali pano, pyrethroids ayenera kulamulira mbalame chitumbuwa oat nsabwe za m'masamba.Uwu ndi uthenga wabwino kwa alimi ambewu omwe akukhudzidwa ndi BYDV.BYDV ndi kachilombo kosalekeza komwe ndi kosavuta kuwongolera pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuposa PVY.
Chithunzi cha nsabwe za msondodzi karoti sichidziwika bwino.Makamaka, ochita kafukufuku alibe mbiri yakale yokhudza kutengeka kwa tizirombo ku pyrethroids.Popanda deta pa tcheru kwambiri mawonekedwe a nsabwe za m'masamba, n'zosatheka kuwerengera kukana chinthu (monga tirigu nsabwe za m'masamba).Njira ina ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito ma frequency amtundu wofanana kuyesa nsabwe za m'masamba.Pakadali pano, zitsanzo zisanu ndi chimodzi zokha zomwe zidayesedwa mwanjira iyi, ndipo kuchuluka kwakupha kuli pakati pa 30% ndi 70%.Zitsanzo zambiri zimafunika kuti timvetsetse bwino za tizilombo.
Netiweki ya AHDB yellow catchment network imapereka zidziwitso zakomweko za ndege za GB.Zotsatira za 2020 zikuwonetsa kusiyana kwa kuchuluka ndi mitundu ya nsabwe za m'masamba.
Tsamba la Aphid ndi Virus limapereka chidziwitso chachidule kuphatikiza momwe mungakanizire komanso chidziwitso cha pulogalamu yopopera mankhwala.
Pamapeto pake, bizinesi iyenera kupita ku njira yophatikizika.Izi zikuphatikizapo njira za nthawi yaitali, monga kasamalidwe ka magwero a kachilombo ka HIV.Komabe, izi zikutanthauzanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina, monga kubzala mbewu zosiyanasiyana, mulch ndi mafuta amchere.Izi zikufufuzidwa mu network ya AHDB's SPot farm, ndipo tikuyembekeza kuti mayesero ndi zotsatira zidzapezeka mu 2021 (kutengera momwe kuwongolera kachilomboka kosiyana kotheratu).