Kuti apange udzu, alimi amagwiritsa ntchito zida ndi njira zosiyanasiyana.Pomvetsetsa mphamvu ndi zofooka za chida chilichonse, alimi akhoza kupanga zisankho zabwino kwambiri pa ntchito yawo kuti ateteze udzu woyipa.
Chida chimodzi chomwe alimi angagwiritse ntchito pothana ndi udzu ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera udzu.Kafukufuku watsopano akutithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino mankhwala a herbicide: r-toluene.
Ruridane ndi mmodzi wa ambiri ntchito herbicides mu United States.Atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza udzu ku mbewu monga chimanga, manyuchi, nzimbe ndi turf.Mankhwalawa amapha udzu poletsa photosynthesis m'zomera.
Mofanana ndi mankhwala a herbicides omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku dejin, ubwino wake ndi woti ukhoza kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kulima.Kuphatikiza pa kusokoneza thanzi la nthaka, ulimi ukhozanso kuonjezera kukokoloka kwa nthaka yamtengo wapatali.Kuchepetsa ulimi kumateteza kukokoloka kwa nthaka ndikusunga nthaka yabwino, potero kumateteza nthaka yathu.
Mankhwalawa akagwiritsidwa ntchito kumunda, atrazine amawola m’nthaka n’kukhala pagulu lina lotchedwa desethylatrazine (DEA).Ichi ndi chinthu chabwino chifukwa DEA ilibe poizoni kwa zamoyo zam'madzi kuposa atrazine.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa at ku Tianjin kwacheperachepera.Komabe, ngakhale kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa atrazine kwachepa, chiwerengero cha wothandizira wothandizira DEA chikuwonjezeka.
Ryberg, yemwe amagwira ntchito ku US Geological Survey, akufuna kudziwa zinthu zina kusiyapo kagwiritsidwe ntchito kamene kamakhudza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala a udzu m'mitsinje.
Kusandulika kofala kwa atrazine kukhala DEA kumachitika kudzera muzochita zazing'ono zam'nthaka-monga mafangasi ndi mabakiteriya.Choncho, pamene atrazine imakhudzana kwambiri ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda m'nthaka, m'pamenenso amawola mofulumira.
"Kutengera kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu, tidaneneratu zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mitsinje," adatero Ryberg.Izi zikuphatikizapo madera a madzi, nyengo, nyengo ndi madera odzala chimanga pa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
"Pakafukufuku wathu, tidagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zidapezeka kale m'madera ambiri a dzikolo kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2012," adatero Ryberg.Kenako, gwiritsani ntchito chitsanzo kusanthula deta ndikuyesa zolosera za gulu zomwe zimayambitsa zomwe zikuchitika mu r ndi DEA.
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, malamulo atsopano adathetsa vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa madzi pamtunda.Malamulowa achepetsa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka chakudya pa mbewu, ndipo aletsanso kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chapafupi ndi zitsime.Cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa chisokonezo m'madzi.
Ryberg adati: "Kukhazikika komanso momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito kukuwonetsa kuti malamulo am'mbuyomu ochotsa mpweya, makamaka ku Midwest, akuyenda bwino.""Kuchotsa mafuta ambiri kumaphwanyidwa mu DEA isanalowe mumtsinje."
Ngakhale kuti madera obzala chimanga anakula pakati pa 2002 ndi 2012, kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito atrazine kwachepa m'madera ambiri a United States.
Kafukufuku wa Ryberg adapezanso kuti m'madera ouma omwe mulibe ngalande ya matayala, kutembenuka kwa atrazine kumathamanga.Mapaipi otulutsa matayala amatha kuyikidwa pansi pa nthaka m'minda kuti madzi azitha kuyenda komanso kupewa kusefukira.Ngalande za matailosi zili ngati ngalande za mvula paminda.
Chifukwa madontho a matailosi amatha kuthandizira madzi akumunda kuyenda mwachangu kudzera m'mipope yapansi panthaka, madzi amakhala ndi nthawi yochepa yolumikizana ndi nthaka.Choncho, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timafunikira nthawi yochepa kuti titenge madzi kuchokera ku DEA kupita ku mitsinje yapafupi madzi asanawole atrazine kukhala DEA.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mulingo wa ku Tianjin ukhoza kukumana ndi zovuta zambiri mtsogolo.Pamene alimi amayembekezera kusintha kwa nyengo ndi nyengo yamvula, kuti athe kulima mbewu pansi pa nthaka yoyenera, zipangizo zambiri zochotsera matayala zingafunike.
Poyang'ana zam'tsogolo, Ryberg ikuyembekeza kuyang'anira mankhwala ophera tizilombo pamaziko awa.Ryberg anafotokoza kuti: “Kuyang’anira mosalekeza n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse mmene mankhwala ophera tizilombo amawonongedwera komanso mmene amasamutsidwira.”
Alimi apitilizabe kutengera malo omwe akusintha, kuphatikiza madera a udzu.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo kudzasintha, ndipo kuyang’anira mankhwala atsopano kapena kusakaniza kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m’chilengedwe n’kovuta nthaŵi zonse.
Zida zoperekedwa ndi American Academy of Agronomy.Chidziwitso: Mutha kusintha mawonekedwe ndi kutalika kwa zomwe zili.
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