Centers for Disease Control (CDC) imafalitsa Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) sabata iliyonse.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ndi madokotala, ogwira ntchito zachipatala, akatswiri a miliri ndi asayansi ena.Zimene mumawerenga pa chakudya chamadzulo si zosangalatsa.Pokhapokha ngati ukudziwa, ndiwe wamisala ngati ine.
Zolemba zakumunda: Matenda owopsa okhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamba owononga tizilombo - kuyambira 2000 mpaka 2013, mayiko asanu ndi awiri ku United States ndi Canada.CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), January 17, 2014/63 (02);42-43
Zovala zothiridwa ndi dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate kapena DDVP pest strips) zidalembetsedwa koyamba ndi Shell Chemical Company pansi pa dzina la malonda Vapona™ mu 1954. Malamba owononga tizilombowa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a entomologists, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi zoteteza zina pakufukiza mumyuziyamu. zaka makumi.
DDVP ndiyokhazikika kwambiri, kotero imagwira ntchito yabwino kwambiri yofalitsa m'malo otsekedwa.Ndiroleni ine ndinene izo kachiwiri-zosakhazikika kwambiri.Mpweya wochokera pachidutswa cha DDVP umathamangitsa ndi kupha tizilombo mkati mwa 1,200 kiyubiki mapazi kwa miyezi inayi.Fungo lamphamvu limandipangitsa kukhala wokhumudwa.Uku ndi kununkhira kwa zitsanzo za mumyuziyamu ndi makabati osatsegula osatsegula.Ili ndi fungo lamagulu akale a tizilombo.
Mitsempha imalumikizana ndi mankhwala kudzera m'mipata kapena ma synapses.Organophosphates amalepheretsa ma transmitters ndikuwonjezera ulusi wa mitsempha ndi minofu.
DDVP imapha tizilombo bwino chifukwa ndi imodzi mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo a organophosphate ku United States omwe angagwiritsidwebe ntchito m'nyumba.Ma Organophosphates amatha kukhala owopsa, ndipo kuzunzidwa kungayambitse msana wanu kugwedezeka ngati mphemvu yakufa.
Organophosphate imapha nsikidzi poletsa ma cell a minyewa kuti asazimitse zizindikiro zolimbikitsa.Amaletsa acetylcholinesterase, yomwe imapezeka mu dongosolo lamanjenje la nyama zonse.Kukondoweza kwambiri kwa mitsempha ya mitsempha motere kungayambitse kunjenjemera, kufa ziwalo ndi imfa.Mwamwayi, kuchuluka kwa DVPP kofunikira kupha tizilombo ndi kochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amachititsa zizindikiro mwa anthu.
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mankhwalawa.Lipoti la CDC likuwonetsa kuti ili ndiye vuto.Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2013, National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) fixed-point system inanena za matenda owopsa okhudzana ndi dichlorvos pest zone.Milanduyi ikuwoneka kuti ndi yochepa, koma m’mawu a mlembi wamkulu wa kafukufukuyu, Dr. Rebecca Tsai anati: “Ndithudi uku ndi kupeputsa zimene zikuchitika.”Sentinel System ili ndi mayiko 12 okha aku US omwe akutenga nawo mbali.Muchigawo chaching'ono chaboma, CDC imangodziwa milandu yomwe idanenedwa ku dipatimenti yazaumoyo ya boma.
Milandu makumi awiri mwa 31 (65%) idagwiritsa ntchito DDVP molakwika ndikuphwanya malangizo ndi zolemba zachitetezo.Monga munthu wophunzitsidwa bwino, ngati mutha kugwiritsa ntchito DDVP yokhala ndi magalasi, magolovesi, ndi zopumira pamalo otsekedwa, zimakhala zosangalatsa kuwerenga zotsatirazi:
"Matendawa ambiri amabwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zili m'malo okhala anthu wamba (monga khitchini ndi zipinda zogona) zomwe zimaphwanya malangizo….Kuphatikiza pa kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zolimbana ndi kachilomboka m'malo okhala, zinthu zina zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mopitilira muyeso, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zingwe zolimbana ndi kachilomboka Ikani m'thumba lomata kuti mugwire zinthu zomwe zili ndi kachilombo, kusowa kwa chitetezo cha khungu (mwachitsanzo, magolovesi kapena kulephera). kutsuka khungu nthawi yomweyo), ikani mzerewo m'chipinda chosungiramo ndi pantry, dulani mzerewo m'tizidutswa ting'onoting'ono ndikung'amba, Ndipo gwiritsani ntchito ma heaters ndi mafani kuti muthamangitse kufalikira kwa nthunzi mumzerewu."
CDC imakhulupirira kuti chimodzi mwa zifukwa zogwiritsiridwa ntchito molakwika kwa zingwe za DDVP zimagwirizana ndi chisokonezo chapaketi.Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa ma DDVP awiri ogulitsa omwe ali ndi zinthu zomwe anthu aku America angagule m'masitolo akuluakulu ambiri:
Mtundu woyamba wa kulongedza ndi kulongedza wamba kwa cholinga chachikulu cha pawiri: popachikidwa pamalo opanda anthu kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zipinda zomata.Ili ndi chithunzi kumbuyo, chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo okhala.Kapena osati kuzungulira TV.
Phukusi lachiwiri la pulogalamu likuwonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito kwatsopano kwa DDVP: kuwongolera kwa bug.Kafukufuku waposachedwa pogwiritsa ntchito DDVP ngati chofukiza cha nsikidzi awonetsa zotsatira zolimbikitsa.
Malangizo pa phukusi la DVPP la nsikidzi amanena kuti tizidutswa ta tizirombo ta m'thumba tikuyenera kusindikizidwa ndi matiresi kwa sabata kuti zitsimikizire kuti nsikidzi zatha.Pali malangizo ambiri m'malemba ang'onoang'ono kumbuyo kwa phukusi.“Osagwiritsa ntchito kumene anthu amakhala kwa nthawi yayitali” sikumveka bwino.“Kutalikitsidwa” kwautali wotani?Ngati mukufuna kuyala bedi kapena mipando, mutha kukhala ndi nthawi yochepa kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse m'chipinda chogona.
Nsikidzi ndizomwe zimakulimbikitsani kugwiritsa ntchito DDVP mopanda nzeru.Nditawerenga ndi kukambirana malipoti a milandu ina, ndinadabwa kuti palibe amene anavulala kwambiri.Ndimagwirizana ndi CDC kuti kulongedza bwino ndi kulemba zilembo zidzathandiza kuti anthu agwiritse ntchito DDVP mosamala.
Ngati chiri chosankha changa, ndiikapo mawu akuti “Kwa chikondi cha Mulungu, musakhudze chinthu ichi” pa phukusi.Payenera kukhala njira yowonetsera momveka bwino kuti chigawocho chili ndi mbiri ya kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha ndipo ndizotheka kansajeni yaumunthu mu gulu B2.
Mbali ina ya chizindikirocho iyenera kusinthidwa, ndiko kuti, malangizo amphamvu, gwiritsani ntchito zinthuzo pamalo abwino mpweya wabwino.Chifukwa cha imfa ya DDVP ndi kuwonjezeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa nthunzi, makamaka chifukwa chakuti pali zinthu zambiri zokhumudwitsa mumlengalenga.Mutha kuika DDVP pamalo opapatiza-koma muyenera kuchoka osapuma kalikonse.
Ku United States, DDVP ikhoza kugulidwabe pa kauntala ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunyumba.Kuyambira 2002, DDVP yaletsedwa mu EU.
DDVP yafufuzidwa ndi EPA kwa zaka zambiri.Popeza kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti DDVP ndi carcinogenic ndi neurotoxic, EPA inapereka DDVP ku pulogalamu yapadera yowunikira mu 1980. M'zaka zotsatira za 10, DDVP inachita nawo kafukufuku wapadera, ndipo pafupifupi ntchito zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu chakudya zinathetsedwa.Mu 1995, Amvac, mwiniwake watsopano wa chizindikirocho, adaletsa dala kugwiritsa ntchito Vapona popopera mankhwala, kugwiritsa ntchito ndege komanso kupanga zakudya.Pambuyo pake, zinthu zinakhala zosamveka.Mu 2007, EPA idachotsa DDVP pakuwunika kwapadera.Mabungwe angapo osachita phindu, kuphatikiza American Bird Conservation Association ndi Natural Resources Defense Council, achita ziwonetsero.Mu 2008, kugwiritsa ntchito DDVP mu makola agalu kunathetsedwa mwakufuna kwawo.Tsopano, ntchito zina zatsopano za DDVP zawonjezedwa ngati zofukiza za nsikidzi.
Posachedwapa ndinanena za lipoti lina la CDC la matenda ndi imfa, lomwe linapeza kuti mazana a anthu anavulala chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo kuti athetse nsikidzi.Vuto ili lili pawiri.
Choyamba, nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kupeza zidziwitso zomveka bwino za zomwe zingathe kuwongolera tizilombo.Zilipo-Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zowonjezera za boma ili ndi zofalitsa zambiri zasayansi pankhaniyi.Chitsanzo chabwino ndi makanema awa a Spanish, Hmong, Somali ndi Chingerezi amomwe mungathanirane ndi nsikidzi.Nayi nkhani yabwino kwambiri yamomwe mungagwiritsire ntchito tizidutswa ta tizirombo izi mosamala.Mwanjira ina, chidziwitsochi sichikudziwitsa anthu omwe akuchifuna.
Izi zimanditsogolera ku vuto lachiwiri: ndalama.Ngati ndalama zanu zili zocheperako, mutha kukumana ndi zovuta zowononga tizilombo komanso kuti simungakwanitse kuthana ndi tizirombo.Mwina mulibe foni yamakono kapena kompyuta kuti mupeze kapena kupeza zothandizira zomwe zilipo.Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndalama zothandizira kukulitsa boma ndi kufalitsa uthenga ndi ntchito zachipatala ndizofunikira kwa tonsefe.
Ngakhale bungwe la CDC linanena za vutoli, kwenikweni linali bungwe la US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) lomwe linkayendetsa malonda ndi zilembo za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.Zosintha zilizonse pa lipotili (ndi malipoti am'mbuyomu okhudza nsikidzi) ziyenera kupangidwa kudzera mu EPA.EPA yakhala ikulimbikitsa mapulani atsopano komanso omveka bwino m'mbuyomu, kotero tikuyembekeza kuti apitilizabe kusunga izi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ndi/kapena kulembetsa gawo lililonse latsambali kumatanthauza kuvomereza mgwirizano wathu wa ogwiritsa ntchito (wosinthidwa mpaka 1/1/20) ndi mfundo zachinsinsi komanso mawu akukuke (zasinthidwa mpaka 1/1/20).Ufulu wanu wachinsinsi waku California.Zomwe zili patsambali sizingakoperedwe, kugawidwa, kutumizidwa, kusungidwa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira ina popanda chilolezo cholembedwa ndi CondéNast.Kusankha zotsatsa.