Ihe na-egbu gburugburu ebe obibi Fipronil na-egbu egbu karịa ka echeburu na a na-ahụ ya n'okporo ụzọ mmiri na United States niile Ọktoba 27, 2020
Nnyocha gbasara ala US chọpụtara na ngwakọta ọgwụ pesticide na-agbasa ebe niile na osimiri na iyi US Septemba 24, 2020
Ejiji egbu egbu: Akụkọ ahụ chọpụtara na ụlọ ọrụ uwe bụ isi ihe na-akpata mfu ihe dị iche iche nke ihe dị ndụ na Septemba 17, 2020
Mmiri glaciers Arctic na-ejide ọgwụ nje na ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na mkpagharị zuru ụwa ọnụ, na-ahapụkwa kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ mgbe okpomọkụ ụwa gbazere.Ọgọst 20, 2020
Dolphins ndị tọrọ atọ na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụsọ mmiri na-arịa ọrịa ma jiri ọgwụ pesticide, plastik, ọgwụ nje na ọla dị arọ metọọ August 19, 2020
Mee ihe!Gwa Evian ka ọ kwado mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na organic iji chebe iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke chọrọ ịdị ọcha ya Julaị 27, 2020
Mmetụta ngwakọta nke mkpughe pesticide na mgbanwe ihu igwe mebiri azụ coral reef nke ukwuu July 21, 2020
Dị ka USGS si kwuo, otu ma ọ bụ karịa pesticides na 56% nke mmiri n'ime iyi ndị a tụrụ atụ gafere opekata mpe otu ọkọlọtọ gọọmenti etiti maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na mmiri.Ọtụtụ n'ime ọgwụ ndị a na-ejikọta ya na mmetụta dịgasị iche iche nke ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere ọrịa kansa, ntụpọ ọmụmụ, akwara ozi na ahụike ọmụmụ.Nchọpụta na-esonụ na-egosi mmetụta nke ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na àgwà mmiri, ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.
Ogo Mmiri nke Mba: The Ecological Health of National Rivers, 1993-2005, akụkọ 2013 nke US Geological Survey nyere "dabere na ọnọdụ nke obodo ndụ metụtara ihe dị mkpa anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ (dị ka ogo) Nyochaa mgbanwe mmiri na mmiri. mkpokọta nke nri na ihe ndị ọzọ agbazere mmetọ.Algae, macroinvertebrates na azụ nwere ike tụọ ahụ ike nke osimiri ahụ ozugbo n'ihi na ha na-ebi n'osimiri ahụ ruo ọtụtụ izu ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ya mere, ka oge na-aga, mmetụta nke mgbanwe na gburugburu kemịkal na gburugburu anụ ahụ na-ejikọta ya mgbe niile. "Nkwubi okwu nke akụkọ ahụ bụ: "Mgbe ị na-agbalị ịghọta ihe kpatara ịdalata ahụike nke iyi, na mgbakwunye na mgbanwe nke mmiri na-asọpụta, ekwesịrị ichebara mmetụta ndị nwere ike isi na-edozi ahụ na ọgwụ na-egbu egbu, karịsịa Ọ bụ na gburugburu ebe obibi ugbo na obodo."N'ezie, dị ka onye edemede si kwuo, ọ bụ nanị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke iyi na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo na obodo mepere emepe ka a na-ewere dị mma.Iyi iyi ndị a na-enwekarị mmụba nke eke, ebe okporo ụzọ na ugbo na-emepụta mmiri na-adịghị emetọ.
Ihe omume nke pesticides na mmiri na sediments anakọtara site na ebe obibi amphibian na United States na 2009-2010.Ọmụmụ ihe a nke US Geological Service mere na 2012 nyochara California n'etiti 2009 na 2010 Ozi na saịtị 11 na steeti na saịtị 18 n'ebe ndị ọzọ.Jiri gas chromatography/mass spectrometry iji nyochaa ọgwụ nje 96 na nlele mmiri.N'ime otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime ihe nlele mmiri 54, a chọtara ngụkọta nke pesticides 24, gụnyere 7 fungicides, herbicides 10, pesticides 4, synergist 1 na ngwaahịa mmebi pesticide 2.Site n'iji mmịpụta ihe mgbaze agbaze agbaze, gel permeation chromatography iji wepụ sọlfọ na mkpokọta carbon / alumina siri ike na kọlụm mmịpụta oge iji wepụ sedimenti sedimenti na-etinye aka, 94 pesticides n'ime ihe nlele sediment bed ka nyochara.Na sedimenti dị n'osimiri, achọpụtara pesticides 22 n'otu nlele ma ọ bụ karịa, gụnyere 9 fungicides, 3 pyrethroid insecticides, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) na isi ihe na-emebi emebi na ọtụtụ ahịhịa ahịhịa.Akuko a sitere na United States Geological Service nyere "Mmemme nke pesticides na mmiri na sediments anakọtara site na ebe obibi amphibian na United States niile site na 2009 ruo 2010."
Ịdozi nsogbu nke nitrates na mmiri ọṅụṅụ California Akụkọ nke e bipụtara na 2012 site na Mahadum California Davis (UC Davis) mụrụ na mpaghara anọ nke Lake Tulare Basin na mpaghara Monterey County na Salinas Valley.Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara: “Nsogbu nitrate nwere ike ịdịru ọtụtụ iri afọ.Ka ọ dị ugbu a, fatịlaịza ndị ọrụ ugbo na mkpofu anụmanụ ndị a na-etinye n'ubi bụ isi mmalite nitrate mpaghara kachasị na mmiri dị n'ime ala;ibelata ibu nitrate ga-ekwe omume, ụfọdụ adịghịkwa ọnụ Mbelata ibu nitrate n'ime mmiri dị n'ime ala ga-enwe nnukwu ụgwọ akụ na ụba;Ndozi ozugbo nke iwepụ nitrate site na nnukwu mmiri mmiri dị n'ime ala dị ọnụ ahịa na teknụzụ agaghị ekwe omume.N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, "ịgbapụta na fatịlaịza" na mmezi mmezi nke mmiri dị n'ime ala Ọ bụ ihe ọzọ dị ogologo oge dị ọnụ ala;Omume mbelata mmiri (dị ka ịgwakọta, ọgwụgwọ na mmiri ọzọ) bụ nke kachasị ọnụ ahịa.Ka mmetọ nitrate na-aga n'ihu na-agbasa, n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ngwakọta ga-adị ntakịrị ma dị ntakịrị.Ọtụtụ obere obodo enweghị ike ị nweta ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọñụñụ dị mma na ọrụ inyefe.Ọnụ ego a na-akwụ ụgwọ dị elu ga-emetụta obere usoro.Ebe kacha na-atụ anya inweta ego bụ ụgwọ iji fatịlaịza nitrogen n'ime mmiri ndị a;Ụgwọ ojiji fatịlaịza nitrogen nwere ike ịkwụghachi obere obodo emetụtara Mbelata ọnụ ahịa na mmetụta mmetọ nitrate;enweghị nkwekọrịta na enweghị ike ịnweta data na-egbochi nyocha dị irè na na-aga n'ihu.Mwekota steeti niile dị mkpa iji jikọta nchịkọta data dị iche iche metụtara mmiri nke ọtụtụ steeti na ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara mere.
Nlereanya nlọghachi azụ maka ịkọ mkpokọta atrazine na desethylatrazine na mmiri ala na-emighị emi na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo na United States.Ọmụmụ ihe a nke e bipụtara na Journal of Environmental Quality na 2012 jiri ihe atụ mee ka mmiri na-emighị eme ihe na gburugburu ebe obibi ọrụ ugbo Ngụkọta mkpokọta atrazine na degraded deethylatrazine (DEA).Na United States niile.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka 5% nke mpaghara ọrụ ugbo nwere ike karịa 10% ịgafe oke mmetọ USEPA nke 3.0 μgL.
Algae na-ama ifuru n'Ọdọ Mmiri Erie, nke usoro ọrụ ugbo na ọnọdụ ihu igwe kpatara, na-edekọ ndekọ ma kwekọọ na ọnọdụ ọdịnihu a na-atụ anya ya.Ọmụmụ ihe e bipụtara na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences na 2012 kwubiri na: "Mgbatị ogologo oge na ọrụ ugbo na ibu phosphorus dị n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Mmụba na-agbanwe agbanwe.Ọdọ mmiri ọdọ mmiri, usoro ndị a, yana ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2011, butere nnukwu ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ."Na nkenke, nsogbu algae dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Erie bụ ọrụ ugbo, karịsịa fatịlaịza.A na-eji ya eme ihe, nke a na-enye nri maka uto nke nnukwu okooko osisi.Igwe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka ọnọdụ a dịkwuo njọ, na-eme ka cyanobacteria ma ọ bụ cyanobacteria na-eto eto ma na-amụba, si otú ahụ na-emepụta mmetụta nsị.Ebipụtara isiokwu ya bụ "Ọmụmụ ihe ndekọ ndekọ nke ọdọ mmiri Erie algae na-adaba adaba n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-atụ anya n'ọdịnihu kpatara site na usoro ọrụ ugbo na meteorological" na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.Gụọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị nke “Mwepụ ọgwụ ahụhụ” kemgbe Eprel 2013.
Akara aka na Ụgbọ njem nke Glyphosate na Aminomethylphosphonic Acid na Surface Water of Agricultural Basins Otu isiokwu dị na "Pest Management Science" na 2012 kpebisiri ike na "glyphosate na AMPA na-ahụkarị na mmiri dị n'elu mmiri nke mmiri anọ nke ugbo."Ugboro nchọpụta na njupụta nke basin ọ bụla dị iche, na ibu (dị ka pasent nke ojiji) dị n'etiti 0.009 na 0.86%, nke nwere ike jikọta ya na njirimara izugbe atọ: ike isi iyi, mmiri ozuzo na ụzọ eruba.”
A na-ekesa Glyphosate na ngwaahịa mmebi ya (AMPA) na ala, mmiri dị n'elu, mmiri ala na oke mmiri na United States.Ọmụmụ 2011 nke USGS wepụtara site na 2001 ruo 2009 na-achịkọta mmiri na sediment sample anakọtara site na 2001 ruo 2009 Ntụle nke glyphosate.Nsonaazụ nke gburugburu 3,606.1,008 ihe nlele mmesi obi ike nke anakọtara site na steeti 38 na District nke Columbia gosiri na glyphosate bụ ekwentị mkpanaaka karịa ka e chere na mbụ ma na-ekesa karịa na gburugburu ebe obibi.A na-achọpụta Glyphosate ugboro ugboro na ala na sedimenti (91% nke sample), ọwa mmiri na mmiri (71%), mmiri ozuzo (71%), iyi (51%) na nnukwu osimiri (46%) Ka;na ala mmiri (38%), mmiri ala (34%), ọdọ mmiri (22%), ebe a na-ahụ maka mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri (WWTP) (9%) na mmiri ala (6%) na-apụta obere oge.The American Geophysical Union bipụtara ọmụmụ na "Gbasa nkesa Glyphosate na ngwaahịa mmebi ya (AMPA) na ala, mmiri dị n'elu, mmiri ala na ọdịda na United States, 2001-2009".
Ihe omume na akara aka nke glyphosate na aminomethylphosphonic acid na-emebi emebi na ikuku.Na 2011, isiokwu a e bipụtara na "Environmental Toxins na Chemicals" bụ banyere glyphosate, nke a na-ejikarị ahịhịa ahịhịa na akụkọ mbụ ya banyere ọkwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke nnukwu mmebi.Ngwaahịa ahụ na-emepụta aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) na mmiri ozuzo na ụbọchị mmiri ozuzo ... N'oge mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo, oge nchọpụta nke glyphosate sitere na 60% ruo 100%.N'ihe nlele ikuku na mmiri ozuzo, ntinye nke glyphosate dị na nso nke <0.01 ka 9.1 ng / m (3) na <0.1 ka 2.5 µg / L. , ma a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru 0.7% nke ngwa na-ewepụ na ikuku n'oge mmiri ozuzo.Enwere ike iwepụ Glyphosate nke ọma na ikuku;A na-eme atụmatụ na mmiri ozuzo kwa izu nke ≥30 mm nwere ike wepụ nkezi nke 97% nke glyphosate na ikuku"
Ndị na-arụ ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na Hexavalent Chromium na Tap Water dị na United States hụrụ na akụkọ e wepụtara na 2011 na, dị ka nyocha ụlọ nyocha si kwuo, "mmiri mgbata nke 31 n'ime obodo 35 dị na United States nwere chromium hexavalent (ma ọ bụ hexavalent chromium) .Nke a bụ carcinogenic "Eileen Brokovic Chemical."Achọpụtara ọkwa kachasị elu na Norman, Oklahoma.Honolulu, Hawaii;Obodo 25 nke EWG nwalere nwere ọkwa dị elu nke carcinogens karịa California Ebumnuche ahụike ọha na-atụ aro.Ọdịnaya nke mmiri mgbata (ọnụọgụ mmadụ 90,000) sitere na Norman, Oklahoma karịrị 200 ugboro oke nchekwa nke California tụrụ aro."
Site na 2005 ruo 2006, azoxystrobin, propiconazole na ọgwụ fungicides ndị ọzọ ahọpụtara mere na osimiri America.Akụkọ 2011 nke e bipụtara na "Mmiri, Ikuku na Mmetọ Ala" chọpụtara: "E nwere ihe nlele 103 Ma ọ dịkarịa ala, ahụrụ otu nje bacteria na 56%, na ihe ruru 5 n'ime ha bụ nje bacteria.Achọpụtara ya n'otu nlele, a na-ahụkarị ngwakọta nke nje bacteria.Nke kachasị achọpụtara bụ azoazolone (45 n'ime 103 sample).%), metalaxyl (27%) sochiri, propiconazole (17%), mycotin (9%) na tebuconazole (6%).Usoro nchọpụta nke fungicides bụ 0.002 ruo 1.15μg / L.Ee E nwere ihe na-egosi na ihe omume nke fungicides bụ nke oge, na ọnụọgụ nchọpụta dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ na n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ karịa n'oge opupu ihe ubi, na ọnụọgụ nchọpụta dị elu.N'ebe ụfọdụ, achọpụtara fungicides n'ụdị niile anakọtara, nke na-egosi na ụfọdụ iyi nwere ike ịpụta n'oge niile…"
Mgbanwe na ojiji na ọnọdụ nke ọgwụ pesticides na mmiri dị n'elu na mpaghara California na-akụ osikapa.Ọmụmụ ihe a nke USGS wepụtara na 2011 "chọpụtara mgbanwe na mmiri dị mma nke ubi osikapa California, nke dị oke mkpa na Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta, Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta bụ ebe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eyi egwu.A na-enyocha ihe ọkụkụ pesticide 92 na ngwaahịa mmebi pesticide n'ime nlele mmiri akọrọ site na chromatography/mass spectrometry gas.Achọpụtara Azoxystrobin na azoxystrobin na ngwaahịa na-emebi ọgwụ pesticide na nlele nke ọ bụla.3,4-DCA (nke bụ isi decomposition ngwaahịa nke propane), ihe ndị dị na ya bụ 136 na 128μg, n'otu n'otu./L, clomazone na thiobencarb achọpụtara na ihe karịrị 93% nke ihe atụ mmiri, ihe kachasị elu bụ 19.4 na 12.4μg. /L.Propylene glycol dị na 60% nke ihe nlele nwere oke kachasị nke 6.5μg / L.
Quantitative Analysis of Organic Phosphate Pesticides in Urban Drinking Water Ọmụmụ ihe a, nke e bipụtara na International Journal of Mass Spectrometry na 2011, jiri usoro dị nro wee chọpụta ogige organic asatọ n'ime ihe nlele mmiri na ntinye ngL-1.Phosphate pesticides.Ndị nchọpụta chọtara monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, na methazine na organic phosphates na mmiri ọṅụṅụ na nsị nke anakọtara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke obodo ahụ.
Ntụle nke ogbunigwe na-agbapụta ahịhịa ahịhịa na mfu volatilization: nyocha ubi afọ asatọ.Edemede 2010 nke e bipụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ "Environmental Quality" na-amụ ihe na-agba ọsọ na volatilization nke diazepam na metapropamide.Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ọ bụrụgodị na nrụgide vapor nke herbicides abụọ dị ntakịrị, mfu volatilization ha dị ukwuu karịa nkwụsị ọsọ ọsọ (<0.007).Oke mfu nke alachlor kwa afọ agafebeghị 2.5%, na mpụ atrition agafebeghị 3% nke ngwa ahụ.N'aka nke ọzọ, mkpọkọta mbelata nke ahịhịa ahịhịa mgbe ụbọchị ise gachara sitere na 5-63% nke metolachlor yana ihe dịka 2-12% nke dezine.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mfu nke mkpụrụ osisi herbicides n'oge ehihie dị nnọọ ukwuu karịa mfu vepo n'abalị (<0.05).Ọmụmụ ihe a kwadoro na uzuoku nke ụfọdụ ọgwụ ahịhịa a na-ejikarị eme ihe na-akakarị mfu nke mfu.N'otu ebe na iji otu usoro nlekọta ahụ, mfu nke ahịhịa ahịhịa ga-adịgasị iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ n'ihi ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi.”
Ọdịmma na mkpokọta ọgwụ pesticide na osimiri ndị mepere emepe na United States.Site na 1992 ruo 2008, ọmụmụ 2010 nke United States Geological Survey wepụtara chịkọtara ihe atụ sitere na osimiri ndị mepere emepe na United States wee lelee ọnụnọ nke "mgbochi ahịhịa asatọ na otu ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi."(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol na dakota, na ụmụ ahụhụ ise na ngwaahịa mmebi abụọ (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulfoxyfipronil herbarcides na carbaride analysis). Nsonaazụ na-egosi Ọtụtụ usoro dị mkpa, ma elu ma ọ bụ ala, dịgasị iche n'ụzọ ha si agbanwe dabere na oge, mpaghara, na ọgwụ ahịhịa.
N'afọ 2002-05, e wepụrụ ogige ndị dị n'ime mmiri nke obodo itoolu na iyi.Nnyocha e mere nke United States Geological Survey (USGS) bipụtara na 2008 chọpụtara na "ihe dị ka ọkara (134) nke ogige ndị ahụ ka achọpụtara ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ugboro na mmiri mmiri.Achọpụtara ogige 47 (na 10% ma ọ bụ karịa) Samples), na ogige 6 (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine na hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) n'ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe atụ HHCB.bụ ogige a na-achọpụtakarị na ebe ise nke saịtị ọ bụla (afọ niile).Nchọpụta nke chloroform, aromatic hydrocarbon HHCB na acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) na-egosi mwepu mmiri mkpofu na mgbago elu nke basin Enwere njikọ n'etiti ihe omume na ịdị adị nke ahịhịa ahịhịa.Ọgwụ herbicides attriazine, simazine na metolachlor bụkwa ogige ndị a na-ahụkarị.Ọgwụ ahịhịa ndị a na ngwaahịa mbelata nke ọtụtụ ahịhịa ahịhịa ndị ọzọ na-ejikọkarị ya na ogige nne na nna Nnwale n'otu oge ahụ ma ọ bụ karịa.Ọ na-enwekarị ngwakọta nke ogige abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa.Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ogige na mkpokọta ha c Ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obodo mepere emepe na ala ubi na basin na-abawanye, ntinye nke nlele ahụ na-abawanye."
Site na 1991 ruo 2004, ogo mmiri nke olulu mmiri ụlọ na nnukwu aquifers na United States.Nke a bụ akụkọ 2008 nke United States Geological Survey (USGS) bipụtara dị ka akụkụ nke Mmemme Nleba Ọdịmma Mmiri nke Mba."E weere ihe nlele mmiri ahụ n'oge 1991-2004.Anakọtara site na olulu mmiri ụlọ (mmiri a na-aṅụ site na olulu mmiri ndị mmadụ na-eji eme ihe n'ụlọ) iji nyochaa ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na mmiri ọṅụṅụ.Dị ka nkọwa nke Iwu Ịṅụ mmanya na-adịghị mma, a na-ahụta mmetọ dị ka ihe niile dị na mmiri ... Enwere ihe dịka 23 na mkpokọta.% N'ime olulu mmiri nwere opekata mpe otu mmetọ nke itinye uche ya karịrị MCL ma ọ bụ HBSL.Dabere na nyocha nke ihe nlele sitere na olulu mmiri 1389, a tụlere ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na nlele ndị a…”
Nlebanya sayensị nke nyocha ala ala nke Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem na United States na mkpa ọ dị maka njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi.Achịkọtara akụkọ a nke USGS bipụtara na 2007 dị ka ndị a: "Mgbanwe iji ala mee ihe, àgwà mmiri dị na basin, gụnyere nri, sediments na mmetọ;N'ihe banyere mgbanwe ogologo oge na ogo mmiri nke estuary, ebe obibi estuary na-elekwasị anya na osisi mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri na ala mmiri mmiri, yana ihe ndị na-emetụta azụ na nnụnụ mmiri."… “Ihe na-egbu nje ndị sịntetik na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi anọwo na mmiri dị n'ime ala na iyi nke Ọwara Oké Osimiri Gulf A na-achọpụta ya nke ọma.Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-ahụkarị bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa a na-eji ọka, soybean na obere ọka.A na-ahụkwa ọgwụ ahụhụ n'obodo ukwu.Ọgwụ nje na-adị n'afọ niile, mana mgbanwe na ntinye uche ha na-egosipụta ọnụego ngwa na njirimara ndị na-emetụta njem ha;A hụkwara ihe mmetọ na-apụta dị ka ọgwụ na homonụ na mpaghara Ọwara Oké Osimiri Gulf, nke nwere oke mmiri dị n'ime obodo.
Ọgwụ nje na-egbu ndị ọrụ ugbo na ụfọdụ ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi na mpaghara mmiri mmiri ise na ogwe Chesapeake Bay dị na United States.Isiokwu e bipụtara na "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" na 2007 mụrụ banyere ọgwụ pesticide ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ise tidal: "N'oge mmalite oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2000, a na-anakọta ihe nlele mmiri n'elu site na saịtị 18 na Chesapeake Bay.Nyocha ọgwụ pesticide.N'afọ 2004, ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe 61 dị n'ọtụtụ ebe a na-amata dị ka ọgwụ pesticides 21 na ngwaahịa mmebi 11, atọ n'ime ha dị na Agricultural Del Mar Peninsula: Osimiri Chester, Osimiri Nantic na Osimiri Pocomok, mpaghara abụọ dị na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ. obodo.Oke osimiri: Rhode River, Procyon na Lower Mobok Bay, gụnyere Hou River na Pokson River.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe abụọ a, a na-ahụkarị ahịhịa ahịhịa na ngwaahịa mmebi ha na 2000, pyrazine na alachlor dị na saịtị 18 niile na 2000. N'afọ 2004, a chọtara ebe kachasị elu nke nne na nna herbicide na mpaghara Chester River.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ndị a, nyocha ọ bụla Nchịkọta ihe ndị ahụ bụ ethane sulfonic acid nke 2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) na Osimiri Nanticoke.A na-ahụ ngwaahịa MESA mebiri emebi na Osimiri Pocomoke (2,100 ng/L) na Osimiri Chester (1,200 ng/L).Ọnụ ọgụgụ nyocha na L) bụkwa nke kachasị elu. "
Ọdịmma Mmiri nke Mba - Ọgwụ nje na iyi mba na mmiri dị n'ime ala.Edemede 2006 nke USGS bipụtara site na 1992 ruo 2001 bu n'obi ịza: “Gịnị bụ ogo iyi na mmiri ala na mba anyị?Kedu ka àgwà si agbanwe ka oge na-aga?Kedu ihe bụ njirimara okike na ọrụ mmadụ?Na-emetụta àgwà osimiri na mmiri ala.Ebee ka mmetụta ndị a kacha pụta ìhè?Site na ijikọta ozi gbasara kemịkalụ mmiri, njirimara anụ ahụ, ebe obibi osimiri na ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri, mmemme NAWQA na-achọ ịnye usoro dabere na sayensị maka okwu mmiri dị ugbu a na nke na-ebute ụzọ na nghọta nke NAWQA.Nsonaazụ nke NAWQA na-enyere aka mee mkpebi ndị a maara nke ọma iji mee nhazi mmiri dị irè na nchedo mma mmiri na atụmatụ mweghachi."
E bipụtara ihe nlereanya nsí mmiri nke mmiri mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-achị na California na 1999 na Agriculture, Ecosystem and Environment.“Ebumnobi ya bụ inyocha ihe mere, ịdị njọ, isi mmalite na ihe kpatara nsi mmiri na-ebute mmetọ na-abụghị isi n'osimiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.Ntinye mmetọ sitere na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo na obodo mepere emepe nke dị nso na sistemu mmiri Pajaro, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahọpụtara, osimiri ndị dị n'elu, sludges na ebe asaa dị n'ọwa mmiri na-agbapụta ugbo iji chọpụta ebe mmiri nwere ike ibute mmiri na-asọpụta n'akụkụ mmiri.Achọpụtara ọgwụ pesticide atọ (toxaphene, DDT na diazinon dị elu karịa ọnụ ụzọ nsibi ebipụtara maka ndụ mmiri dị n'ime mpaghara, toxicity estuary) metụtara mmụba nke mmiri na-asọ.
Nnyocha mmiri na ahụike mmadụ chọpụtara na triclosan na ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi na-egbu egbu metọọ ọdọ mmiri dị ọcha.Ọmụmụ ihe e bipụtara na 2013 site na Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na teknụzụ gosipụtara sedimenti nke ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ na Minnesota, gụnyere Ọdọ Elu.Dọkịta Bill Arnold, bụ́ onye so dee ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, bụ́ prọfesọ na Mahadum Minnesota, kwuru, sị: “Anyị chọpụtara na n’ime ọdọ mmiri nile, e nwere triclosan n’ime mmiri, ebe ọ bụ na e mepụtara triclosan n’afọ 1964, a na-etinye uche n’ozuzu ya. anọwo na-abawanye.Ruo taa.Anyị achọpụtala na e nwere ogige asaa ndị ọzọ bụ ihe nrụpụta ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa na-emebi emebi nke triclosan, nke dịkwa na sedimenti, na mkpokọta ha na-abawanye ka oge na-aga.Ụfọdụ ngwaahịa ire ere nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụtara Ha bụ polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), otu kemịkalụ mara na ọ na-egbu mmadụ na anụ ọhịa.Gụọ ntinye "Mwepụ Anụmanụ kwa ụbọchị," Jenụarị 2013.
Ihe omume na ebe enwere ike ịnweta ụmụ ahụhụ pyrethroid na sedimenti osimiri nke mpaghara asaa mepere emepe na United States.Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2012 nke e bipụtara na Environmental Science and Technology tụlere data mba na ụmụ ahụhụ pyrethroid., Achọpụtara na “ahụrụ otu pyrethroid ma ọ bụ karịa n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara nke ihe nlele ahụ, n'ime nke bifenthrin nwere ọnụọgụ nchọpụta kacha elu.Ugboro (41%), wee hụ na mpaghara mepere emepe ọ bụla.Achọpụtara ugboro ole cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin na permethrin dị obere.Nleta pyrethroid na ọnwụ hyaluronic acid n'ime ule ụbọchị iri abụọ na asatọ dị ala karịa ọtụtụ ọmụmụ osimiri mepere emepe.Ntugharị Logarithmic nke ngụkọta pyrethroid nkeji nsi (TU) nwere njikọ chiri anya na ọnụego nlanarị, na bifenthrin nwere ike bụrụ ihe kpatara ọtụtụ nsí a hụrụ.Ọmụmụ ihe a na-egosi na a na-ahụkarị pyrethroid na mmiri mmiri nke obodo mepere emepe na enwere ike idobe ya na osimiri niile Ihe na-egbu egbu.Obodo."
Ndị na-ahụ maka urinary biomarkers nke mkpughe Atrazine nke afọ ime na nsonaazụ ọmụmụ adịghị mma na otu ọmụmụ PELAGIE.E bipụtara ọmụmụ a na "Enyocha ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi" na "enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nsonaazụ ọmụmụ na-adịghị mma na urinary biomarkers nke prenatal atrazine ikpughe.Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọgwụ mgbochi abụọ a na ikpughe nke ahịhịa ahịhịa ndị ọzọ a na-eji na ọka ọka (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor na acetochlor)… Ọmụmụ ihe a na-eji usoro nhazi otu ikpe, na ikpe ahụ bụ n'afọ 2002 na ndị na-atụ anya ịmụ nwa na-eduzi na Brittany. France ruo n'afọ 2006. Anyị nakọtara ihe nlele mmamịrị n'aka ụmụ nwanyị dị ime iji nyochaa biomarkers nke ikpughe pesticide tupu 19th.Ọmụmụ ihe a bụ nke mbụ nyochara njikọ dị n'etiti nsonaazụ ọmụmụ na triazines na triazines.Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara njikọ nke ọtụtụ biomarkers mmamịrị nke mkpughe ahịhịa chloroacetanilide.Maka mba ndị a ka na-eji atrazine eme ihe, ihe akaebe metụtara ajọ ọmụmụ ọmụmụ adọtala nlebara anya pụrụ iche.”
Ntụle ikike mmadụ nke ahịhịa ahịhịa na gburugburu Delta Lake dị na Oregon, akụkọ 2011 nke Kọmitii Ndụmọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ nyere nyochara mkpughe nke herbicides ikuku n'ọhịa dị nso na ezinụlọ yana mmetụta ahụike ha na ezinụlọ ndị a.Mgbe Weyerhaeuser mechara ịgbasa ikuku na Eprel 8 na Eprel 19, n'otu n'otu, a na-enye ihe nlele mmamịrị sitere na ndị bi na 34, gụnyere ndị bi na ụlọ nyocha Mahadum Emory wee nwalee na 2, ọnụnọ nke 4-D.Ihe nlele urea iri atọ na anọ nwalere ihe dị mma maka ọgwụ ahịhịa abụọ.Ihe atụ abụọ: mpụta mmamịrị nke atrazin nke okenye mụbara site na 129 n'ime mmamịrị mgbe ngwa ikuku gasịrị %, mmụba nke 31% na mmamịrị 2,4-D, mmụba 163% na oke mmamịrị nke atrazine na mmamịrị nwanyị toro eto. bi, na 54 na ọnwa ole na ole gara aga Tụnyere ọkwa ntọala, pasentị 2,4-D na mmamịrị mgbe ngwa ikuku abawanyela.Site n'echiche nke ụkpụrụ ikike mmadụ, nke a nwere ike bute ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ."
Ọrịa na-egbu egbu na-egbu egbu na-ebute site na ngwa ọrụ ugbo kpatara: mba 11, 1998-2006, e bipụtara ihe ọmụmụ ahụ na "Environmental Health Perspective", "na-atụle ọnọdụ nke nnukwu ọrịa na-akpata site na pesticide drift na n'èzí ngwa ọrụ ugbo ọnụego. , ma kọwapụta mkpughe mkpagharị na ọrịa.”Ihe si na ya pụta gosiri: “Site na 1998 ruo 2006, anyị hụrụ ikpe 2945 metụtara mfu nke ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu n’ugbo sitere na steeti 11.Ihe nchoputa anyi gosiputara na 47% nke ndi mmadu bu Exposure na-arụ ọrụ, 92% nke ndị mmadụ na-arịa ọrịa na-adịchaghị njọ, na 14% nke ụmụaka (<15 afọ).N'ime afọ 9 ndị a, ihe omume kwa afọ sitere na 1.39 ruo 5.32 kwa nde mmadụ.Na California N'ime mpaghara ise na-arụ ọrụ ugbo, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ugbo (nde mmadụ-afọ) bụ 114.3, ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ bụ 0.79, ndị na-abụghị ọrụ bụ 1.56, na ndị bi na 42.2.Ngwa nke fumigants n'ime ala na-akpata oke kachasị (45%) Ngwa ụgbọ elu ruru 24% nke ikpe.Ihe ndị na-emekarị ka ndị mmadụ na-akpagharị agụnye ọnọdụ ihu igwe, akara na-adịghị mma nke ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, na enweghị mmasị nke ndị na-achọ ihe n'akụkụ ebe ndị na-adịghị echere."Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kwubiri, sị: “N’ihi ikpughe ndị na-akpagharị akpafu, ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị bi n’ebe a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na-enwe ọnụ ọgụgụ kasịnụ nke nsi na-egbu nje ndị na-egbu nje, na nsị ala bụ isi ihe ize ndụ, na-akpata nnukwu ihe mberede.Nsonaazụ nyocha anyị gosipụtara ebe enwere ike ibelata ntinye aka site na ntụgharị.
Ọgwụ mgbochi ọnụ na-enye aka dị mkpa na estrogenicity nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ?Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2011 tụlere akwụkwọ dị iche iche nke estrogen dị n'elu, mmiri na mmiri ọṅụṅụ iji chọpụta ma OC bụ isi iyi nke estrogen na mmiri mmiri, na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ irighiri ihe na-arụ ọrụ sitere na OC.Onye edemede ahụ chọpụtara na akụrụngwa mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ugbo ọ bụghị nanị na-ahapụ estrogen, kamakwa hapụkwa kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ nke nwere ike iṅomi estrogen.Ogige ndị a na-abawanye mmetọ estrogen nke mmiri anyị.Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ chọpụtara ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka ihe na-enye aka na estrogen na mmiri.A na-akpọ ọtụtụ ọgwụ pesticides xenoestrogens.Ha na-eṅomi estrogen ma na-ebibi usoro endocrine.Ọmụmụ ihe "Ọgwụ mgbochi ọnụ ọ na-enye aka dị mkpa na estrogen na mmiri ọṅụṅụ?"E bipụtara ya na Science Environmental Science and Technology.Gụọ ndenye “Mwepụ Akuko Ubọchị Ahụ” kemgbe Disemba 2010.
Ihe njiri mara okirikiri nsọ na ọkwa homonụ ịmụ nwa nke ụmụ nwanyị kpughere azine na mmiri ọñụ "Environmental Research" Akụkọ nke e bipụtara na 2011 "chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ikpughe azine na mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ọrụ okirikiri ịhụ nsọ (gụnyere ọkwa hormone ịmụ nwa).Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị dị afọ 18 ruo 40 bi na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo zara ajụjụ a (n = 102) n'ihe gbasara iji atrazine (Illinois) na obere ojiji nke atrazine (Vermont).A na-enye akwụkwọ edetu okirikiri nsọ nsọ (n=67), na ihe nlele mmamịrị kwa ụbọchị maka nyocha nke homonụ luteinizing (LH), estradiol na progesterone metabolites (n=35).Akara ngosi agụnyere ọnọdụ obibi, mmiri mgbata, mmiri ime obodo na ntinye nke atrazine na chlorotriazine na mmamịrị, na nha nha nha nke mmiri.Ụmụ nwanyị bi na Illinois na-enwekarị ịkọ akụkọ oge ịhụ nsọ oge niile (ọdịdị (OR) = 4.69; Oge ntụkwasị obi 95% (CI)): 1.58-13.95), na etiti etiti ọnwa abụọ karịrị izu isii (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Iri kwa ụbọchị> iko 2 nke mmiri Illinois a na-agbasaghị ga-abawanye oge ihe egwu (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77).Atụle “dose” nke r na chlorotriazine n'ime mmiri pọmpụ dabara na nkezi metabolites nke estradiol na etiti luteal.The "dose" nke ime obodo itinye uche nke dezine Ọ na-metụtara kpọmkwem ogologo nke follicular oge, na inversely metụtara nkezi metabolite larịị nke progesterone na nke abụọ luteal na-adọ.Ihe akaebe mbụ anyị na-enye na-egosi na ọkwa nke atrazine dị ala karịa nke US EPA MCL, nke metụtara mmụba na-adịghị mma nke oge ịhụ nsọ.Mgbatị ahụ metụtara mbelata nke ọkwa endocrin biomarkers na okirikiri ịhụ nsọ nke enweghị ọmụmụ.”
Ntụle ihe egwu nke ahịhịa ahịhịa ahịhịa ahịhịa na-agbapụta na mmiri ọñụñụ.Mahadum Cornell (Mahadum Cornell) ewepụtara na 2011 mere nyocha ihe egwu ahụike mmadụ gbasara mpụta pesticide sitere na ahịhịa ahịhịa na gọọlfụ na mpaghara mmadụ 9 site na iji Destiny na mmemme ụdị njem.Atụnyere mkpokọta pesticides nke ahịhịa ahịhịa ahịhịa iri atọ na asaa edebara aha maka iji na gọọlfụ na ụkpụrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ… Maka ụzọ ziri ezi, ma isoproturon na 24-D mepụtara nnukwu ihe egwu na-adịghị ala ala karịa ebe atọ.Naanị ihe egwu nwere ike iji chlorobutanil na elu na T-shirt ka achọpụtara.MCPA, ahịhịa dione na 24-D etinyere na ahịhịa nwere ike bute nnukwu ihe egwu na-adịghị ala ala.Ntinye nke acephate etinyere n'okporo ụzọ dị mma nwere nnukwu RQ≥0.01 na ebe anọ kachasị elu, yana ntinye oxadiazon etinyere na ahịhịa nwere RQ≥0.01 na-adịghị ala ala na Houston bụ nke kachasị elu.Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pesticides n'okporo ụzọ dị mma bụ nke kachasị elu, na ntinye pesticide na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ bụ nke kasị ala.A hụrụ mmetụta kachasị na mpaghara nwere oke mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ na ogologo oge na-eto eto, ebe mmetụta kachasị dị ntakịrị na-ahụ na mpaghara ndị nwere obere mmiri ozuzo.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi n'ebe oke mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịnwe nnukwu mkpughe na ahịhịa ahịhịa na mmiri ọñụụ karịa ka ntụle ihe egwu nke US Environmental Protection Agency buru amụma ya.”
Nri nitrate na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa cancer thyroid na ọrịa thyroid.Otu nnyocha e bipụtara na Epidemiology na 2010 nyochara oriri nke nitrate na mmiri ọha na eze na nri n'ime otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị 21977 mere agadi na Iowa.Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ntinye na ọrịa cancer thyroid na ihe ize ndụ nke hypothyroidism nke onwe ya na hyperthyroidism.Ha debanyere aha na 1986 wee jiri otu mmiri ahụ mee ihe karịrị afọ 10.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ndị inyom na-eji mmiri ọha na eze nwere ọkwa nitrate nke 5 milligrams kwa liter (mg/liter) ma ọ bụ karịa ihe karịrị afọ ise nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu atọ na-abawanye na ọrịa cancer thyroid.A na-ejikọta oriri nitrate nri na-eri nri na ụbara ihe ize ndụ thyroid na ụbara nke hypothyroidism, ma ọ bụghị na hyperthyroidism.Ndị nchọpụta na-atụ aro na nitrates na-egbochi ikike thyroid iji iodide, nke dị mkpa maka ọrụ thyroid.“Ihe ọmụmụ banyere nri nitrate na ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa kansa thyroid na ọrịa thyroid” ka e bipụtara na ọrịa na-efe efe.Gụọ ndenye “Mwepụ Akuko Ubọchị Ahụ” kemgbe Julaị 2010.
Ọgwụ nje na mmebi ọmụmụ ọmụmụ na mmiri dị n'elu mmiri dị na United States Nnyocha a, nke e bipụtara na Acta Paediatrica na 2009, nyochara "ma ọ bụrụ na ihe ize ndụ nke nkwarụ ọmụmụ n'ime ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ na-atụ anya n'ime ọnwa ndị nwere ọgwụ pesticide mmiri kachasị elu ka ukwuu..." ọmụmụ ahụ. kwubiri Nkwubi okwu a bụ na “mmụba nke ọgwụ pesticide n'etiti ụmụ ọhụrụ a mụrụ site na Eprel ruo Julaị nwere nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nke nkwarụ ọmụmụ na ụmụ ọhụrụ na mmiri dị n'elu.Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe a enweghị ike igosi njikọ na-akpata n'etiti ọgwụ pesticides na ntụpọ ọmụmụ, mkpakọrịta a nwere ike inye nkọwa na ihe ndị na-emekarị mgbanwe abụọ a na-ekekọrịta. "Gụọ ndenye “Mwepụ Akuko Ugbo Ubochi” kemgbe Eprel 2009.
Dioxins na triclosan na-esiwanye ike na mmiri.Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2010 nke Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na teknụzụ nyochara ihe nlele sedimenti nke nwere ndekọ mmetọ sitere na ọdọ mmiri Pepin n'ime afọ 50 gara aga.Ọdọ mmiri Ping bụ akụkụ nke Osimiri Mississippi 120 kilomita mgbada site na Minneapolis-St.Paul Metropolitan Mpaghara.A na-enyocha ihe nlele sedimenti maka triclosan, triclosan na dioxins anọ n'ime ezinụlọ kemịkalụ dioxin dum.Ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara na n'agbanyeghị na ọkwa nke dioxins ndị ọzọ adaala site na 73-90% n'ime iri afọ atọ gara aga, ọkwa nke dioxins anọ dị iche iche sitere na triclosan bilitere site na 200-300%.Gụọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị na-agafe ọgwụ nje, Mee 2010.
Iri mmiri nke ọma na ọrịa Parkinson n'ime ime obodo California.E bipụtara ọmụmụ 2009 na "Eleba anya ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi" wee mụọ ọgwụ 26 pesticides, karịsịa 6 pesticides.Họrọ ha n'ihi na ha nwere ike imetọ mmiri ala ma ọ bụ n'ihi na ha na-emerụ PD.A họpụtara ya, ma ọ dịkarịa ala 10% nke ndị bi na anyị ekpughere. "Ha bụ: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate na metomyl.Ngosipụta na proppropgite nwere njikọ chiri anya na ihe omume PD, yana mmụba 90% n'ihe ize ndụ.A ka na-eji ya na California, tumadi maka mkpụrụ, ọka na mkpụrụ vaịn.Rief na-egbu egbu bụbu kemịkalụ a na-ahụkarị kwa ụbọchị, nke metụtara 87% ihe egwu dị elu nke PD.Ọ bụ ezie na amachibidoro ya maka iji ebe obibi na 2001, a ka na-ejikarị ya eme ihe na ihe ọkụkụ na California.Methomyl gbakwara ohere nke ọrịa site na 67%.Gụọ ntinye "Mwepụ Anụmanụ kwa ụbọchị," Ọgọst 2009.
Mpụga ebe obibi bụ isi iyi ọgwụ pesticides pyrethroid na-aga na iyi ndị mepere emepe.Otu nnyocha e bipụtara na "Environmental Pollution" na 2009 nyochara "mmiri mmiri na ebe obibi dị nso na Sacramento, California ... maka otu afọ.Pyrethroid dị n'ụdị ọ bụla.Bifenthrin dị na mmiri Ihe kachasị elu bụ 73 ng / L, na ntinye kachasị elu na sedimenti kwụsịtụrụ bụ 1211 ng / g.Pyrethroids bụ ihe nyocha toxicological kachasị mkpa, cypermethrin na cyfluthrin sochiri ya.Bifenthrin nwere ike na-abịa site na oriri n'agbanyeghị na usoro oge nke mwepu site na drains na-adaba adaba na iji ọkachamara eme ihe dị ka isi ebe ndị ọrụ ma ọ bụ ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka pests na-eji.N'ịkwaga pyrethroid na iyi ndị mepere emepe, mmiri ozuzo dị mkpa karịa mmiri mmiri mmiri nke oge ọkọchị.Oké ifufe nwere ike ibuga ihe ruru akụkụ 250 nke mmiri bifenthrin n'osimiri ndị mepere emepe n'ime awa 3, nke a bụkwa eziokwu n'ime ọnwa 6 nke mmiri na-agbapụta mmiri."
E bipụtara nsi nke pyrethroids na organophosphate pesticides na mmiri mmiri abụọ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri (California, USA) na "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" na 2012, bụ nke mụtara mgbanwe na ntinye uche na nsị nke organophosphates na pyrethroids.“Edepụtara saịtị iri n'ebe anọ ọmụmụ ihe.Otu mpaghara metụtara obodo ebe ndị ọzọ dị na mpaghara mmepụta ihe ubi.A na-eji flea mmiri flea (Ceriodaphnia dubia) iji chọpụta nsí mmiri, na amphibian Hyalella Azteca jiri chọpụta nsí sedimenti.Nyocha njirimara nke Chemistry gosiri na ihe ka ukwuu n'ime mmiri na-egbu egbu a hụrụ bụ ihe sitere na pesticides organophosphate, karịsịa rif na-egbu egbu, ebe nsị sedimenti sitere na ngwakọta nke pesticides pyrethroid kpatara.Nsonaazụ gosiri na ma ọrụ ugbo na obodo mepere emepe na-eji ihe na-eme ka nsị nsị nke ọgwụ ndị a na-egbu egbu na mpaghara mmiri dị n'akụkụ..."
Almọnd na-eji organophosphates na pyrethroids na ndagwurugwu San Joaquin na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi ha metụtara.Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ 2012 a nke e bipụtara na Journal of Soils and Sediments jiri California Pesticide Use Reports database iji chọpụta ihe eji eme ihe nke organic phosphorus (OP) na pyrethroids na almọnd site na 1992 ruo 2005. Ojiji nke OP pesticides na ego ọ bụla na almọnd nwere. e belatara.Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtara na pyrethroid pesticides pụta dị iche.N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, pyrethroids adịghị emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi karịa OP.Nsonaazụ na-egosi na "iji ọgwụ na-egbu egbu eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo siri ike na ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche."
Nchọpụta nke neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid na elu mmiri nke atọ ugbo ebe na California, USA, 2010-2011, na 2012 ọmụmụ e bipụtara na 2012 Environmental Mmetọ na Toxicology Bulletin anakọtara atọ ugbo ebe na California 75 elu mmiri samples na district, na Achọpụtara "neonicotinoids" imidacloprid ụmụ ahụhụ.A na-anakọta ihe nlele n'oge oge ịgba mmiri na California na 2010 na 2011. Achọpụtara Imidacloprid na 67 sample (89%).Nleta ahụ gafere ọkọlọtọ 1.05μg/L (19%) nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịghị ala ala mmiri na-adịghị ala ala n'ụdị 14 nke US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).Ntụnye uche na-adịkarị karịa ụkpụrụ ntụzịaka nsi nke akwadoro maka Europe na Canada.Nsonaazụ na-egosi na imidacloprid na-akwaga n'ebe ndị ọzọ ma na-emetọ mmiri dị n'elu, na itinye uche ya nwere ike imerụ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe n'okpuru ọnọdụ ugbo mmiri na California.”
Ọkwa nke chlorthalidone fungicides na corticosterone na amphibians, mgbochi na ọnwụ abụghị nke ahịrị.Otu nnyocha e bipụtara na "Environmental Health View" na 2011 gosiri na ọgwụ fungicides kasị eji na United States, chlorothalonil Low doses nwekwara ike igbu frogs.Dị ka ndị nchọpụta si kwuo, a na-ewere mmetọ kemịkal dị ka ihe iyi egwu nke abụọ na-eyi ụdị mmiri mmiri na amphibian na United States.N'ihi na ọtụtụ usoro amphibian dị mkpa yiri ụmụ mmadụ, ndị nchọpụta kwenyere na ndị amphibians nwere ike ịbụ ihe atụ ejighi ya eme ihe maka nyocha mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma malite ịkọwa nzaghachi nke amphibians na chlorothalonil.Gụọ ntinye "Mwepụ Anụmanụ kwa ụbọchị," Eprel 2011.
Mmetụta nke nkà na ụzụ na-achịkwa ndanda na nkwụsị nke pesticide na ịdị irè nke nchọpụta 2010 nke e bipụtara na Pest Management Science nyochara mpụta nke ndanda gburugburu ebe obibi (karịsịa bifenthrin ma ọ bụ fipronil sprays)."N'ime 2007, nkezi ntinye nke bifenthrin na-agba na mmiri ogbugba mmiri n'ubi bụ 14.9 microg L (-1) 1 izu mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị, na 2.5 microg L (-1) na 8 izu, dị elu zuru oke.Na-egbu egbu nye anụ ahụ dị n'ime mmiri nwere mmetụta.N'ụzọ dị iche, mgbe izu 8 gasịrị ọgwụgwọ na bifenthrin granules, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla a chọpụtara na mmiri na-agbapụ.Nkezi ntinye nke fipronil eji dị ka ihe na-efe efe mgbe ọgwụgwọ gasịrị 4.2 micrograms L (-1) maka otu izu yana 0.01 micrograms L (-1) na izu 8.Uru nke mbụ na-egosikwa na ọ nwere ike na-enwe mmetụta maka ntule.N'afọ 2008, iji mpaghara ndị na-enweghị ịgba mmiri na ngwa ndị dị n'akụkụ nke agịga na-asọba na-ebelata nkwụsị nke ọgwụ pesticides."
Ụgbọ njem pesticide na elu mmiri nke ahịhịa ahịhịa: mmekọrịta dị n'etiti njirimara pesticide na njem ọha.The ọmụmụ e bipụtara na magazin Environmental Toxicology na Chemistry na 2010. The nnwale e mere ka "atụ turf dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke pesticides na runoff si golf N'ezie fairways" ka mma ghọta ihe ndị na-emetụta nnweta kemịkalụ na uka njem.Mgbe azụrụ ya n'ahịa, rif na-egbu egbu etinyere, fluoroacetonitrile, methacrylic acid (MCPP), nnu dimethylamine nke 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) ma ọ bụ 1% ruo 23% nke dicamba tupu mmiri ozuzo simulated (62 + /- 13 mm), a na-etinye usoro ọgwụ pesticide na ọnụego akara nke 23 +/- 9 awa.Ọdịiche oge dị n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ nke oghere oghere na mpụta adịghị emetụta oke mpụta ma ọ bụ pasentị kemịkalụ etinyere n'ime mmiri.Ewezuga rif na-egbu egbu, ahụrụ kemịkalụ niile nke mmasị na nlele mbụ na-agbapụta na ihe niile na-agbapụta.Maapụ kemịkalụ nke ọgwụ pesticide ise a na-agbaso usoro nhazi ngagharị nke metụtara ala organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC)).Ihe data anakọtara site na ọmụmụ ihe a na-enye ozi gbasara ibufe ihe kemịkalụ n'ime mmiri na-agbapụta mmiri, nke enwere ike iji mee ihe nlegharị anya iji kọwaa ihe nwere ike ime mmetọ na-enweghị isi na atụmatụ ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi.”
Atrazine na-ebute mmekọ nwanyị zuru oke na nkedo kemịkalụ na frogs nwoke Afrika (Xenopus laevis).Ọmụmụ ihe a, nke e bipụtara na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences na 2010, "gosipụtara nsonaazụ ọmụmụ nke atrazine na ndị amphibian toro eto.A na-agbajikwa ụmụ nwoke na rdesine (nkedo kemịkalụ) E mekwara ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị toro eto.10% nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ekpughere etolite ghọọ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, bụ ndị na-ejikọta ụmụ nwoke na-adịghị ahụ anya ma mepụta akwa nwere akwa.Ndị nwoke na-ekpughere radixine na-ata ahụhụ site na testosterone belatara, ogo nke glands ọmụmụ na-ebelata, mmepe nke larynx bụ demasculine / feminized, a na-egbochi omume mating, spermatogenesis na-ebelata, na ọmụmụ na-ebelata."Ọmụmụ ihe a "Atrazine mere ka ụmụ nwanyị zuru oke na frogs nwoke Afrika (Xenopus laevis) bipụtara na "Chemistry na Chemical Castration".Gụọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị gafere ọgwụ ahụhụ, Maachị 2010.
Nkwụsi ike nke triclosan n'ụlọ ọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri na-ekpofu ahịhịa na mmetụta ọ nwere na-egbu egbu na biofilms nke osimiri.Ọmụmụ ihe a nke e bipụtara na Aquatic Toxicology na 2010 nyochara mmetụta nke triclosan na-esi na mmiri na-edozi mmiri Mediterranean na algae na nje bacteria.."A na-eji otu ọwa nnwale iji nwalee mmetụta dị mkpirikpi nke triclosan na biofilm algae na nje bacteria (site na 0.05 ruo 500 μgL-1).Ntinye uche nke triclosan metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na-eduga n'ịbawanye ọnwụ nke nje bacteria, na mmetụta enweghị mmetụta (NEC) bụ 0.21 μgL-1.N'ebe kachasị elu nwalere, nje bacteria nwụrụ anwụ ruru 85% nke ọnụọgụ nje bacteria.Triclosan na-egbu nje bacteria karịa algae.Ka ntinye nke triclosan na-abawanye (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), arụ ọrụ photosynthesis na-egbochi ya, na-ebelata usoro nkwụsị foto nke na-abụghị foto.Mmụba nke mkpokọta triclosan na-emetụtakwa ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ diatom.Algae toxicity nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta na-apụtaghị ìhè na biofilm toxicity, ma a na-ahụ ya na njedebe niile metụtara algae Mbelata doro anya na nke nta nke nta nke nsonaazụ na-egosi mmetụta kpọmkwem nke fungicides.Nsi nke achọpụtara na ihe ndị na-abụghị ebumnuche nke dị na biofilm, ikike nke triclosan na-adị ndụ site na usoro ọgwụgwọ mmiri mmiri na ikike dilution dị ala pụrụ iche nke usoro Mediterranean ga-adị mkpa nke triclosan toxicity gafere karịa nje bacteria na ebe obibi mmiri. "
E bipụtara ụmụ ahụhụ Pyrethroid na mmiri iyi salmon na obodo ndị dị na Pacific Northwest na "Environmental Pollution" na 2010, "Sediments na Oregon na Washington State… mkpokọta ha na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu” maka invertebrates nwere mmetụta.Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe nlele sedimenti iri atọ na ise nwere pyrethroids a na-atụtu ihe.N'ihe metụtara nsị nke ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri, bifenthrin bụ pyrethroid kachasị emetụ n'ahụ, kwekọrọ na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga n'ebe ndị ọzọ.”
Atrazine na-ebelata mmepụta nke azụ abụba (Pimephales promelas).Ọmụmụ ihe a nke e bipụtara na 2010 na toxicology aquatic ekpughere abụba abụba na atrazine wee hụ mmetụta dị na mmepụta akwa, mmebi anụ ahụ na ọkwa hormone.N'okpuru ọnọdụ dị n'okpuru ntuziaka ịdịmma mmiri EPA, a na-ekpughe azụ̀ n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị iche iche sitere na 0 ruo 50 micrograms kwa liter nke desin ruo ụbọchị 30.Ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala na atrazine na-akpaghasị usoro ọmụmụ ọmụmụ, na azụ agaghị etinye ọtụtụ nsen mgbe ekpughere ya na atrazine.E jiri ya tụnyere azụ a na-ekpugheghị, ngụkọta nsen azụ nke ekpughere na atrazine dị ala n'ime ụbọchị 17 ruo 20 ka ekpughere ya.Azụ ndị a na-etinye na atrazine na-adị obere nsen, anụ ahụ ọmụmụ nke nwoke na nwanyị adịghịkwa mma.Gụọ "Akụkọ kwa ụbọchị na-agafe ọgwụ nje", June 2010.
Mmetụta nke nanoparticles na embrayo nke azụ abụba nwere isi ojii.Ọmụmụ ihe a nke e bipụtara na Ecotoxicology na 2010 kpughere azụ ndị nwere isi ojii n'ọtụtụ dị iche iche nke kwụsịtụrụ ma ọ bụ kpalitere nanoparticle ngwọta maka awa 96 n'oge ọtụtụ ọkwa nke mmepe ya.Mgbe a na-ahapụ nanosilver ka ọ dozie, a na-ebelata nsị nke ngwọta ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro, ma ọ ka na-akpata nrụrụ nke obere azụ.N'agbanyeghị ọgwụgwọ ultrasound, nano-silver nwere ike ịkpata mmebi iwu, gụnyere ọbara ọgbụgba na edema, na n'ikpeazụ ọnwụ.Ndị nchọpụta achọpụtala na nanosilver nke akpọtụrụla ma ọ bụ kwụsịtụrụ na ngwọta bụ ihe na-egbu egbu na ọbụna na-egbu egbu nye obere minnows na-egbu egbu.Azụ nwere abụba bụ ụdị ntule a na-ejikarị atụta nsí na ndụ mmiri.Gụọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị gafere ọgwụ ahụhụ, Maachị 2010.
Meta-analysis qualitative na-ekpughe mmetụta radix na-agbanwe agbanwe na azụ mmiri dị ọcha na ndị amphibians.Ọmụmụ 2009 e bipụtara na "Enyocha ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi" nyochara ihe karịrị 100 nchọpụta sayensị mere na 100 radix.Ndị nchọpụta ahụ chọpụtara na Tianjin nwere mmetụta na-apụtachaghị ìhè na azụ na ndị amphibians, karịsịa mbibi nke ihe nchebe., Hormones na usoro ọmụmụ."Atrazine belatara nha nke metamorphosis ma ọ bụ nso metamorphosis na 15 nke ọmụmụ 17 na 14 nke ụdị 14.Atrazine kwalitere amphibians na azụ na 12 nke 13 ọmụmụ.N'ime 6 n'ime ọmụmụ 7, a na-ebelata omume mgbochi ndị na-eri anụ na 6 n'ime ihe ọmụmụ 7, na ike ísì ụtọ nke azụ na amphibians belatara.Mbelata nke njedebe ọrụ mgbochi 13 na njedebe ọrịa 16 jikọtara ya na mbelata Na 7 nke ọmụmụ 10, deflux gbanwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu akụkụ nke morphology gonadal ma nọgide na-emetụta ọrụ gonadal.Na 2 nke 2 ọmụmụ, spermatogenesis gbanwere na 7 ọmụmụ.A gbanwere ntinye nke homonụ mmekọahụ na 6 nke ọmụmụ.Atrazine emetụtaghị vitelogenin na ọmụmụ 5, a gbakwunyekwara aromatase na naanị 1 nke ọmụmụ 6."Gụọ akụkọ agrochemical kwa ụbọchị, Ọktoba 2009.
Organohalogen mmetọ na metabolites na ụbụrụ dolphins na ọdịda anyanwụ North Atlantic.Otu akụkọ nyocha nke e bipụtara na "Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi" na 2009 chọpụtara ọtụtụ mmetọ, gụnyere organochlorine pesticides (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), Hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether) flame (Pime). A na-achọta retardants na OH-PBDE n'ime mmiri cerebrospinal na ihe isi awọ nke ọtụtụ mammals nke mmiri, gụnyere dolphin na-acha ọcha nke Atlantic na akàrà isi awọ Ntinye uche nke PCB n'ime mmiri cerebrospinal grey akara bụ otu akụkụ kwa nde.
Site na 1995 ruo 2004, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị zuru ebe niile na bass osimiri America (Micropterus spp.).Ọmụmụ 2009, nke e bipụtara na Aquatic Toxicology, enyochala nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti azụ mmiri dị ọcha na mmiri itoolu na United States.“Testicular oocytes (karịsịa testes nwoke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị) bụ ụdị mmekọahụ a na-ahụkarị nke a na-ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na a na-enyocha ọnụ ọgụgụ nwoke (n = 1477) na nwanyị (n = 1633) azụ.Achọpụtara nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na 3% nke azụ.N'ime ụdị iri na isii a nyochara, ụdị 4 (25%) na azụ 34 (31%) na ebe 111 ka hụrụ ọnọdụ mmekọahụ.Achọghị nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ọtụtụ ụdị n'otu ebe, mana ọ na-adịkarị na nnukwu bass (Micropterus salmoides; nwoke 18%) na smallmouth bass (M. dolomieu; ụmụ nwoke 33%).Oke azụ bisexual n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke bass bigmouth bụ 8-91%, yana obere bass bụ 14-73%.N'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ United States, ihe omume nke nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ kachasị elu, na Apalachicola, Sa Bisexual bigmouth bass dị na ebe niile na Fanner na Xiaojian River basins.N'agbanyeghị ma nwoke na nwanyị, ngụkọta mercury, trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD na PCBs ka a na-ahụ na ọ bụ mmetọ kemịkalụ a na-ahụkarị na ebe niile.
Usoro mmetọ: Kedu ka ngwakọta pesticide na-etinye obere uche na-emetụta obodo ndị dị n'ime mmiri.Akụkọ nyocha a nke e bipụtara na Oecologia na 2009 "na-amụ ka esi etinye ọgwụ pesticide ise (malathion, carbaryl, nsị rif, Diazinon na endosulfan) na herbicides ise (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), ntinye uche dị ala (2-16 ppb) nke alachlor, alachlor na 2,4-D) Ọ ga-emetụta obodo mmiri nke mejupụtara zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphytes na larval amphibians (frog osisi isi awọ, frog osisi, variegated leopard na agụ agụ, Rana pipiens).M na-eji mgbasa ozi dị n'èzí wee lelee ọgwụ pesticide ọ bụla iche iche, ngwakọta nke pesticides, ngwakọta nke herbicides na ngwakọta nke ọgwụ nje iri niile."
Nsi nke ụmụ ahụhụ abụọ ahụ na ihe ndị na-abụghị nke nuklia na California, USA, na mmekọrịta ya na mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị amphibians.Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2009 na "Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry" nyochara ọgwụ ahụhụ abụọ a na-ejikarị na Central California.Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ ahụhụ - nsi na-adịghị ala ala nke rif na endosulfan.Larvae Pacific osisi frog (Pseudacris regilla) na frog nwere ụkwụ na-acha odo odo (Rana boylii), amphibians, ajụla ndị mmadụ ma bie ndụ ma mụta nwa n'ala ahịhịa dị na gburugburu Sierra Nevada.Ndị nyocha ahụ kpughere larvae ahụ na ọgwụ pesticides sitere na Gosner ogbo 25 ruo 26 site na metamorphosis.Nleba anya nke etiti egbu egbu (LC50) nke rif na-egbu egbu bụ 365 ″ g/L na regilla, yana 66.5″ g/L maka R. boylii.Ndị nchọpụta chọpụtara na endosulfan bụ ihe na-egbu egbu maka nsị abụọ karịa ka ọ na-egbu egbu, na mgbe ekpughere ya na nnukwu endosulfan, mmepe nke ụdị abụọ ahụ adịghị mma.Endosulfan metụtakwara uto na mmepe mmepe nke ụdị abụọ.Gụọ akụkọ agrochemical kwa ụbọchị, Julaị 2009.
Nbufe nne nke xenobiotics na mmetụta ya na bass nke larval nke San Francisco estuary.Ihe ọmụmụ 2008 a nke e bipụtara na PNAS chọpụtara na "afọ 8 nke ubi na nchọpụta nyocha ụlọ nyocha na-egosi na bass na-adịghị mma mere na mmalite ndụ nke San Francisco estuary.Ihe mmetọ na-egbu egbu ekpughere ebe ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ anọgidewokwa na-agbada kemgbe mmalite ọdịda na 1970s.PCB ndị dị ndụ, polybrominated diphenyl ethers na ọgwụ pesticide eji eme ihe ugbu a/ụkwụ ka ahụrụ n'omume akwa niile sitere na azụ ndị anakọtara n'osimiri.Nkà na ụzụ na-eji ụkpụrụ nke stereology enweghị mmasị nwere ike ịchọpụta mgbanwe mmepe nke a na-adịghị ahụ anya na mbụ na usoro ọkọlọtọ.Eji nkochi ime akwa eme ihe n’ụzọ na-adịghị mma, ụbụrụ na-adịghị ahụkebe na mmepe imeju, na uto n’ozuzu ya ka a hụrụ n’ime larvae nke azụ̀ ndị a na-anakọta n’osimiri.”
Nzaghachi nke obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi kpalitere ọgbaghara pesticide na sistemu mmiri dị ọhụrụ.Ọmụmụ ihe e bipụtara na Ecotoxicology na 2008 jiri mgbasa ozi mmiri dị n'èzí chọpụta mmetụta nke ọgwụ pesticide Sevin na-arụ ọrụ na carbaryl na-arụ ọrụ na plankton mmiri ọhụrụ Mmetụta nke webụ nri."Anyị na-enyocha nzaghachi nke microorganisms, phytoplankton na zooplankton obodo na mgbakwunye na ntinye oxygen.N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntinye nke Sevin gasịrị, ntinye uche nke carbaryl ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, ọ dịghịkwa ihe dị iche iche nke ọgwụgwọ achọpụtara mgbe ụbọchị 30 gasịrị.Na ọgwụgwọ pulse, planktonic N'ụba, ụdị dị iche iche, ụbara, na ikuku oxygen nke ụmụ anụmanụ belatara, ebe ụbara phytoplankton na microorganisms mụbara.E jiri ya tụnyere uru nke copods na ọgwụgwọ atọ ndị ọzọ, zooplankton na ọgwụgwọ pesticide dị elu bụ ihe mejupụtara ya bụ rotifers.Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ njirimara obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi na-egosi akara mgbake n'ime ụbọchị 40 ka e kpochapụrụ ya site na pesticides pulsed, a ka nwere ọdịiche dị mkpa na nnukwu ọdịiche dị na microbes, phytoplankton na zooplankton obodo mgbe mmebi pesticide gasịrị. "
Usoro ihe omume a na-atụghị anya ya: mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke ọgwụ pesticides na frogs na mkpokọta dị nro.Ọmụmụ ihe a nke e bipụtara na "Ecology Applications" na 2008 "mụtara otu esi eji obere mkpokọta dị iche iche, oge na doses (10- 250 micrograms/liter) nke nje ụmụ ahụhụ na-emekarị n'ụwa (malathion).Ugboro ugboro na-emetụta obodo mmiri nwere zooplankton, phytoplankton, osisi mmiri na ndị amphibian larval (breed na njupụta abụọ) maka ụbọchị 79.Ụzọ ngwa niile na-eduga n'ibelata zooplankton, nke na-akpalite trophic cascade nke phytoplankton na-amụba na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu.N'ọgwụgwọ ụfọdụ, epiphytes na-asọmpi na-agbada.Mbelata osisi mmiri na-emetụta frogs (frogs) Oge metamorphosis nke Rana pipiens enwechaghị mmetụta.Otú ọ dị, frog agụ owuru (Rana pipiens) metamorphoses ogologo oge, na uto na mmepe ha na-ebelata nke ukwuu.Ka gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpọnwụ, ọ na-eduga na ọnwụ na-esote.Ya mere, malathion (Rapid decomposition) egbughị ndị amphibians ozugbo, kama ọ kpalitere mmeghachi omume trophic cascade, nke butere ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ ndị amphibians n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya.Ọ dị mkpa ịmegharị ngwa ahụ na ntinye uche kacha nta (oge 7 n'izu, 10 µg / L oge ọ bụla) "Ngwọta squeeze") nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu nke okpukpu 25 na ọtụtụ mgbanwe nzaghachi karịa otu ngwa "pulse".Nsonaazụ ndị a abụghị naanị ihe dị mkpa, n'ihi na malathion bụ ọgwụ pesticide a na-ejikarị eme ihe, mana a na-ahụkwa ya na ala mmiri.Na n'ihi na usoro bụ isi nke trophic cascade bụ ihe na-emekarị n'ọtụtụ ọgwụ na-egbu egbu, ọ na-enye ohere maka ndị mmadụ ịkọ ọtụtụ ọgwụ nje.Ọgwụ nje na-emetụta obodo mmiri na ndị amphibian larval.
Chọpụta ihe isi ike na-emetụta macroinvertebrates na Salinas River (California, USA): mmetụta mmetụta nke pesticides na nke kwụsịtụrụ.E bipụtara ọmụmụ 2006 a na Environmental Pollution on amphibians, beetles na et al.Emere nnyocha iji chọpụta ihe ndị na-akpata nchekasị nwere ike ịkpata nsí ma dị na Osimiri California."Nnyocha ndị a na-eme ugbu a na-egosi na e jiri ya tụnyere sedimenti a kwụsịrị na Osimiri Salinas, ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu bụ isi ihe dị mkpa na-akpata nrụgide siri ike maka macroinvertebrates."
Mgbe ekpughere ya na obere ecologically mkpa doses nke herbicide atrazine, a na-ebipụta hermaphrodite, frogs demasculine na Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences na 2002. Nnyocha a nyochara mmetụta nke atrazine na frog clawed Africa (Xenopus laevis).) Mmetụta nke mmepe mmekọahụ.A na-emikpu larvae na atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) n'oge mmepe nke nwa ahuhu.Anyị nyochara histology gonadal na nha nkọlọ n'oge metamorphosis.Atrazine (> ma ọ bụ = 0.1 ppb) na-akpata hermaphrodite ma mee ka akpịrị ndị ikom gba ọtọ sie ike (> ma ọ bụ = 1.0 ppb).Na mgbakwunye, anyị na-enyocha ọkwa testosterone plasma nke ndị ikom tozuru okè.Mgbe ekpughere ya na 25 ppb atrazine, ọkwa testosterone nke nwoke X. laevis belatara ugboro 10.Anyị na-eche na atrazine ga-ebute aromatase ma kwalite ntụgharị nke testosterone na estrogen.Nbibi a nke mmepụta steroid nwere ike ịkọwa demasculinization nke larynx nwoke na mmepụta nke hermaphroditism.Dị irè dị ka a kọrọ na ọmụmụ ihe ugbu a Ọkwa ahụ bụ ikpughe n'ezie, na-egosi na ndị amphibians ndị ọzọ ekpughere na atrazine n'ime ọhịa nwere ike ịnọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke mmepe mmekọahụ.Ihe dị iche iche nke ogige a na ndị ọzọ na-akpaghasị endocrine gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị amphibians n'ụwa nile.”
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