Cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov kwj deg tau dhau los ua qhov kev txhawj xeeb thoob ntiaj teb, tab sis muaj cov ntaub ntawv me me ntawm kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov dej hauv dej.Hauv kev sim mesocosmic 30-hnub, cov haiv neeg benthic aquatic invertebrates tau raug cov tshuaj tua kab ntau hom fipronil thiab plaub yam khoom degradation.Lub fipronil compound ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv qhov tshwm sim thiab trophic cascade.Qhov zoo concentration (EC50) uas fipronil thiab nws cov sulfide, sulfone thiab desulfinyl degradation khoom ua rau 50% teb tau tsim.Taxanes tsis rhiab rau fipronil.Kev phom sij ntawm 5% ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam los ntawm 15 mesocosmic EC50 qhov tseem ceeb yog siv los hloov cov concentration ntawm fipronil hauv cov qauv hauv teb rau hauv cov lej ntawm cov tshuaj lom (∑TUFipronils).Hauv 16% ntawm cov kwj deg tau kos los ntawm tsib qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam, qhov nruab nrab ∑TUFipronil tshaj 1 (xws li toxicity).Invertebrate indicators of species at risk are negatively correlated with TUTUipronil nyob rau hauv plaub ntawm tsib qhov chaw sampling.Qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm ecological no qhia tau hais tias tsis tshua muaj siab ntawm fipronil compounds yuav txo cov kwj hauv zej zog hauv ntau qhov chaw hauv Tebchaws Meskas.
Txawm hais tias kev tsim cov tshuaj hluavtaws tau nce ntau hauv xyoo kaum xyoo tsis ntev los no, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj no rau cov ecosystems uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj tseem tsis tau nkag siab tag nrho (1).Hauv cov dej saum npoo av qhov twg 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua liaj ua teb poob, tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ua liaj ua teb, tab sis qhov twg muaj cov ntaub ntawv, lub sij hawm rau cov tshuaj tua kab kom tshaj qhov kev tswj hwm yog ib nrab (2).Ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab ua liaj ua teb hauv cov dej saum npoo av hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau pom tias hauv 70% ntawm qhov chaw kuaj, tsawg kawg yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab tshaj qhov kev tswj hwm (3).Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev ntsuam xyuas meta (2, 3) tsuas yog tsom rau cov dej saum npoo av cuam tshuam los ntawm kev siv av ua liaj ua teb, thiab yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb tsis sib xws.Cov tshuaj tua kab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tshuaj tua kab, kuj tseem muaj nyob rau hauv cov dej siab hauv nroog (4).Nws tsis tshua muaj qhov kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov dej ntws tawm los ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb thiab thaj chaw hauv nroog;Yog li ntawd, nws tsis paub meej tias cov tshuaj tua kab ua rau muaj kev hem thawj loj rau cov peev txheej dej thiab lawv txoj kev ncaj ncees.
Benzopyrazoles thiab neonicotinoids suav txog ib feem peb ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj tua kab thoob ntiaj teb hauv xyoo 2010 (5).Hauv cov dej saum npoo av hauv Tebchaws Meskas, fipronil thiab nws cov khoom degradation (phenylpyrazoles) yog cov tshuaj tua kab ntau tshaj plaws, thiab lawv cov concentrations feem ntau tshaj cov qauv dej (6-8).Txawm hais tias neonicotinoids tau nyiam cov xim vim lawv cov teebmeem ntawm cov muv thiab noog thiab lawv qhov tshwm sim (9), fipronil muaj tshuaj lom ntau rau cov ntses thiab noog (10), thaum lwm cov phenylpyrazoles Class compounds muaj tshuaj tua kab mob (5).Fipronil yog ib qho tshuaj tua kab uas siv los tswj cov kab tsuag hauv nroog thiab thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb.Txij li thaum fipronil nkag mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb kev lag luam hauv xyoo 1993, kev siv fipronil hauv Tebchaws Meskas, Nyiv thiab Tebchaws Askiv tau nce ntau heev (5).Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, fipronil yog siv los tswj cov ntsaum thiab kab tsuag, thiab siv rau hauv cov qoob loo xws li pob kws (xws li kev kho cov noob), qos yaj ywm thiab orchards (11, 12).Kev ua liaj ua teb siv fipronil hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau nce siab hauv xyoo 2002 (13).Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv nroog hauv tebchaws, kev siv nroog hauv California tau nce siab hauv xyoo 2006 thiab 2015 (https://calpip.cdpr.ca).gov/main .cfm, nkag mus rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2, 2019).Txawm hais tias muaj siab ntau ntawm fipronil (6.41μg / L) muaj nyob rau hauv cov kwj hauv qee thaj chaw ua liaj ua teb nrog cov ntawv thov siab (14), piv nrog cov kwj dej ua liaj ua teb, cov kwj hauv nroog hauv Tebchaws Meskas feem ntau muaj kev tshawb nrhiav ntau dua thiab siab dua, zoo rau cov Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cua daj cua dub yog txuam nrog kev sim (6, 7, 14-17).
Fipronil nkag mus rau hauv dej ecosystem ntawm dej ntws los yog leaches los ntawm cov av mus rau hauv kwj (7, 14, 18).Fipronil muaj qhov tsis sib haum xeeb (Henry txoj cai tsis tu ncua 2.31 × 10-4 Pa m3 mol-1), qis mus rau nruab nrab cov dej solubility (3.78 mg / l ntawm 20 ° C), thiab tsis tshua muaj hydrophobicity (log Kow yog 3.9 txog 4.1), kev txav mus los hauv cov av me me heev (log Koc yog 2.6 txog 3.1) (12, 19), thiab nws nthuav tawm qis-rau-nruab nrab nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig (20).Finazepril yog degraded los ntawm photolysis, oxidation, pH-dependent hydrolysis thiab txo, tsim plaub lub ntsiab degradation khoom: dessulfoxyphenapril (los yog sulfoxide), phenaprenip sulfone (sulfone), Filofenamide (amide) thiab filofenib sulfide (sulfide).Fipronil degradation cov khoom zoo li yuav ruaj khov thiab ruaj khov dua li cov niam txiv compound (21, 22).
Lub toxicity ntawm fipronil thiab nws degradation mus rau hauv hom tsis yog hom phiaj (xws li dej invertebrates) tau raug sau tseg zoo (14, 15).Fipronil yog cov tshuaj neurotoxic uas cuam tshuam nrog cov tshuaj chloride ion dhau los ntawm cov tshuaj chloride tswj los ntawm gamma-aminobutyric acid hauv kab, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ua rau muaj kev txaus siab thiab kev tuag (20).Fipronil yog xaiv tshuaj lom, yog li nws muaj ntau dua receptor binding affinity rau kab ntau dua li tsiaj txhu (23).Cov tshuaj tua kab ua haujlwm ntawm fipronil degradation cov khoom sib txawv.Lub toxicity ntawm sulfone thiab sulfide rau cov dej tsis qab zib invertebrates yog zoo sib xws los yog siab tshaj ntawm cov niam txiv compound.Desulfinyl muaj cov tshuaj toxicity me ntsis tab sis muaj tshuaj lom tsawg dua li cov niam txiv sib xyaw.Tsis muaj tshuaj lom (23, 24).Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov dej invertebrates rau fipronil thiab fipronil degradation nws txawv heev nyob rau hauv thiab nruab nrab ntawm taxa (15), thiab nyob rau hauv tej lub sij hawm txawm ntau tshaj qhov kev txiav txim ntawm magnitude (25).Thaum kawg, muaj pov thawj tias phenylpyrazoles muaj tshuaj lom ntau rau lub ecosystem dua li yav dhau los xav (3).
Aquatic biological benchmarks raws li kev soj ntsuam toxicity kuaj tej zaum yuav underestimate qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm teb pej xeem (26-28).Cov qauv dej feem ntau yog tsim los ntawm ib hom kev kuaj tshuaj toxicity siv ib lossis ob peb hom dej invertebrate (piv txwv li, Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomus thiab Crustacea: Daphnia magna thiab Hyalella azteca).Cov kab mob no feem ntau yooj yim rau kev cog qoob loo dua li lwm cov benthic macroinvertebrates (piv txwv li, phe genus: :), thiab qee qhov tsis tshua muaj kuab paug.Piv txwv li, D. Magna tsis tshua nkag siab rau ntau cov hlau ntau dua li qee cov kab, thaum A. zteca tsis tshua nkag siab rau pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin dua li nws rhiab heev rau cov kab mob (29, 30).Lwm qhov kev txwv ntawm cov qauv ntsuas uas twb muaj lawm yog cov ntsiab lus kawg siv hauv kev suav.Cov qauv ntsuas mob hnyav yog ua raws li kev tuag (lossis kho rau crustaceans), thaum cov qauv ntsuas ntev feem ntau yog raws li qhov kawg ntawm qhov kawg (xws li kev loj hlob thiab kev yug me nyuam) (yog tias muaj).Txawm li cas los xij, muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj heev, xws li kev loj hlob, tshwm sim, tuag tes tuag taw, thiab kev loj hlob qeeb, uas yuav cuam tshuam rau kev vam meej ntawm taxa thiab zej zog dynamics.Raws li qhov tshwm sim, txawm hais tias qhov ntsuas ntsuas tau muab keeb kwm yav dhau los rau kev lom neeg tseem ceeb ntawm cov txiaj ntsig, qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ecological raws li qhov pib ntawm toxicity yog tsis paub tseeb.
Txhawm rau kom nkag siab zoo dua qhov cuam tshuam ntawm fipronil compounds ntawm benthic aquatic ecosystems (invertebrates thiab algae), ntuj benthic cov zej zog raug coj mus rau hauv chav kuaj thiab nthuav tawm cov concentration gradients thaum lub sij hawm 30-hnub ntws Fipronil los yog ib qho ntawm plaub qhov kev sim fipronil degradation.Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb yog tsim kom muaj ib hom kab mob tshwj xeeb 50% cov nyhuv concentration (EC50 tus nqi) rau txhua qhov fipronil compound sawv cev rau cov se dav dav ntawm cov dej hauv zej zog, thiab txiav txim siab qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov pa phem ntawm cov qauv hauv zej zog thiab kev ua haujlwm [xws li, txaus ntshai concentration] 5 % Ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam (HC5) thiab qhov cuam tshuam tsis ncaj xws li hloov pauv qhov tshwm sim thiab trophic dynamics].Tom qab ntawd qhov pib (compound-specific HC5 tus nqi) tau los ntawm kev sim mesoscopic tau siv rau thaj chaw sau los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas Geological Survey (USGS) los ntawm tsib cheeb tsam hauv Tebchaws Meskas (Northeast, Southeast, Midwest, Northwest Pacific, thiab Central California. Ntug hiav txwv dej) Cov ntaub ntawv) raws li ib feem ntawm USGS qhov kev ntsuam xyuas zoo hauv cheeb tsam (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/).Raws li peb paub, qhov no yog thawj qhov kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm ecological.Nws ua tiav tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm fipronil compounds ntawm cov kab mob benthic hauv kev tswj hwm meso-ib puag ncig, thiab tom qab ntawd siv cov txiaj ntsig no rau kev ntsuam xyuas thaj av teb chaws.
Qhov kev sim mesocosmic 30-hnub tau ua nyob rau USGS Aquatic Laboratory (AXL) hauv Fort Collins, Colorado, Tebchaws USA thaum Lub Kaum Hli 18th txog Kaum Ib Hlis 17th, 2017, rau 1 hnub ntawm domestication thiab 30 hnub ntawm kev sim.Cov txheej txheem tau piav qhia yav dhau los (29, 31) thiab nthuav dav hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv.Qhov chaw meso qhov chaw muaj 36 circulating flows nyob rau hauv plaub active flows (circulating water tanks).Txhua lub kwj deg nyob tau nruab nrog lub tshuab txias kom txias dej thiab teeb pom kev nrog lub voj voog 16: 8 lub teeb-tsaus.Meso-theem ntws yog stainless hlau, uas yog haum rau hydrophobicity ntawm fipronil (log Kow = 4.0) thiab haum rau organic tu cov kuab tshuaj (Daim duab S1).Cov dej siv rau qhov kev sim meso-scale tau sau los ntawm Cache La Poudre River (kwv yees qhov chaw suav nrog Rocky Mountain National Park, National Forest thiab Continental Divide) thiab khaws cia hauv AXL's plaub polyethylene cia tank.Kev soj ntsuam yav dhau los ntawm cov sediment thiab cov qauv dej sau los ntawm qhov chaw tsis pom muaj tshuaj tua kab (29).
Meso-scale sim tsim muaj 30 ua kwj thiab 6 tswj kwj.Cov kwj dej kho mob tau txais cov dej kho, txhua qhov uas tsis muaj qhov sib txuas tsis tu ncua ntawm fipronil compounds: fipronil (fipronil (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-3), amide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 205650-69-7), desulfurization pawg [US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Pesticide Library, CAS 205650-65-3], sulfone (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120068-37-2) thiab sulfide (Sigma-Aldrich, CAS 120067-83-6); 97.8%. nrog dej deionized mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau ntim los npaj ib qho kev daws teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj methanol hauv ib koob tshuaj sib txawv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ntxiv methanol rau txhua txoj kev kho mob raws li qhov xav tau hauv peb cov kev tswj hwm, kom ntseeg tau tias cov tshuaj methanol tib yam. 0.05 ml / L) nyob rau hauv cov kwj deg Qhov nruab nrab ntawm peb txoj kev tswj hwm tau txais cov dej ntws tsis muaj methanol, txwv tsis pub lawv raug kho raws li tag nrho lwm cov kwj dej.
Hnub 8, hnub tim 16 thiab hnub 26, qhov ntsuas kub, pH nqi, hluav taws xob conductivity thiab degradation ntawm fipronil thiab fipronil tau ntsuas nyob rau hauv cov dej membrane.Txhawm rau taug qab qhov degradation ntawm niam txiv compound fipronil thaum lub sij hawm tshaj tawm xov xwm, fipronil (niam txiv) tau siv los kho cov kua hauv plab hnyuv mucosa rau lwm peb hnub [hnub 5, 12 thiab 21 (n = 6)] rau qhov kub thiab txias, pH, Conductivity, fipronil thiab fipronil degradation qauv.Cov tshuaj ntsuam xyuas tshuaj tua kab tau sau los ntawm lim 10 ml ntawm cov dej ntws mus rau hauv 20 ml amber iav vial los ntawm Whatman 0.7-μm GF / F syringe lim nruab nrog lub taub loj.Cov qauv no tau khov tam sim ntawd thiab xa mus rau USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) hauv Lakewood, Colorado, Tebchaws Asmeskas rau kev tshuaj xyuas.Siv txoj kev txhim kho ntawm txoj kev tshaj tawm yav dhau los, Fipronil thiab 4 degradation cov khoom hauv cov qauv dej tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj ncaj qha aqueous (DAI) kua chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS / MS; Agilent 6495).Qhov ntsuas ntsuas ntsuas qib (IDL) yog kwv yees ua tus qauv ntsuas qhov tsawg kawg nkaus uas ua tau raws li tus qauv qhia tau zoo;IDL ntawm fipronil yog 0.005 μg / L, thiab IDL ntawm lwm plaub fipronil yog 0.001 μg / L.Cov khoom siv ntxiv muab cov lus piav qhia ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem siv los ntsuas cov tshuaj fipronil, suav nrog cov txheej txheem tswj kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev lees paub (piv txwv li, rov qab ua qauv, spikes, kev tshuaj xyuas thib peb, thiab qhov khoob).
Thaum kawg ntawm 30-hnub Mesocosmic kev sim, qhov kev suav thiab txheeb xyuas cov neeg laus thiab cov menyuam mos cov pob txha pob txha tau ua tiav (qhov tseem ceeb sau cov ntaub ntawv kawg).Cov neeg laus uas tshwm sim tau raug sau los ntawm lub vas txhua hnub thiab khov rau hauv 15 ml Falcon centrifuge raj.Thaum kawg ntawm qhov kev sim (hnub 30), cov ntsiab lus ntawm daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv txhua lub kwj deg tau muab tshuaj txhuam kom tshem tawm cov pob txha pob txha, thiab sieved (250 μm) thiab khaws cia hauv 80% ethanol.Timberline Aquatics (Fort Collins, CO) tau ua tiav qhov kev txheeb xyuas taxonomic ntawm larvae thiab cov neeg laus invertebrates mus rau qib qis tshaj taxonomic ua tau, feem ntau yog hom.Hnub 9, 19 thiab 29, chlorophyll a tau ntsuas hauv triplicate hauv mesoscopic membrane ntawm txhua tus kwj dej.Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg ua ib feem ntawm kev sim mesoscopic yog muab rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm nrog (35).
Kev tshawb fawb ecological tau ua nyob rau hauv me me (wading) kwj hauv tsib thaj chaw loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas, thiab tshuaj tua kab raug tshuaj xyuas thaum lub sijhawm ntsuas dhau los.Nyob rau hauv luv luv, raws li kev ua liaj ua teb thiab hauv nroog siv av (36-40), 77 mus rau 100 qhov chaw raug xaiv nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam (444 qhov chaw nyob rau hauv tag nrho).Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav thiab lub caij ntuj sov ntawm ib xyoos (2013-2017), cov qauv dej tau sau ib zaug ib lub lim tiam hauv txhua cheeb tsam rau 4 mus rau 12 lub lis piam.Lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb nyob ntawm thaj av thiab kev loj hlob siv zog.Txawm li cas los xij, 11 chaw nres tsheb hauv thaj av qaum teb sab hnub tuaj yuav luag nyob hauv cov dej ntws.Tsis muaj kev txhim kho, tsuas yog sau ib qho qauv xwb.Txij li lub sijhawm saib xyuas cov tshuaj tua kab hauv cov kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv, rau kev sib piv, tsuas yog plaub qhov kev kuaj zaum kawg uas tau sau tseg ntawm txhua qhov chaw raug txiav txim siab ntawm no.Nws tau xav tias ib qho piv txwv uas tau sau tseg ntawm qhov chaw tsis tau tsim kho Northeast (n = 11) tuaj yeem sawv cev rau 4 lub lis piam ua piv txwv.Txoj kev no ua rau tib tus naj npawb ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab (tshwj tsis yog rau 11 qhov chaw hauv Northeast) thiab tib lub sijhawm ntawm kev soj ntsuam;nws ntseeg hais tias 4 lub lis piam ntev txaus rau lub sij hawm ntev raug rau biota, tab sis luv txaus hais tias lub ecological zej zog tsis yuav tsum tau rov qab los ntawm cov kev sib cuag.
Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txaus txaus, cov qauv dej yog sau los ntawm txoj kev ceev nrooj thiab qhov dav increments (41).Thaum cov dej ntws tsis txaus los siv txoj kev no, koj tuaj yeem sau cov qauv los ntawm kev sib sib zog nqus ntawm cov qauv los yog rub los ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus ntawm qhov ntws.Siv lub syringe loj syringe thiab disc lim (0.7μm) los sau 10 ml ntawm lim cov qauv (42).Los ntawm DAI LC-MS / MS / MS / MS, cov qauv dej tau txheeb xyuas ntawm NWQL rau 225 cov tshuaj tua kab thiab cov tshuaj tua kab degradation, suav nrog fipronil thiab 7 degradation cov khoom (dessulfinyl fipronil, fipronil) Sulfides, fipronil sulfone, deschlorofipronil, desthiolide, fipronil, fipronil thiab fipronil).).Cov ntawv qhia tsawg kawg nkaus rau cov kev tshawb fawb teb yog: fipronil, desmethylthio fluorobenzonitrile, fipronil sulfide, fipronil sulfone, thiab deschlorofipronil 0.004 μg / L;dessulfinyl fluorfenamide thiab Cov concentration ntawm fipronil amide yog 0.009 μg / liter;Qhov concentration ntawm fipronil sulfonate yog 0.096 μg / liter.
Cov zej zog invertebrate raug coj mus kuaj thaum kawg ntawm txhua qhov chaw kawm (caij nplooj ntoos hlav / lub caij ntuj sov), feem ntau nyob rau tib lub sijhawm raws li qhov kev sim tshuaj tua kab kawg.Tom qab lub caij cog qoob loo thiab kev siv tshuaj tua kab hnyav, lub sijhawm ua piv txwv yuav tsum ua raws li cov dej ntws qis, thiab yuav tsum sib haum nrog lub sijhawm thaum cov dej hauv zej zog invertebrate ripe thiab feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv lub neej larval theem.Siv Surber sampler nrog 500μm mesh lossis D-thav duab net, invertebrate zej zog sampling tau ua tiav hauv 437 ntawm 444 qhov chaw.Txoj kev coj mus kuaj tau piav qhia meej hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv.Ntawm NWQL, tag nrho cov invertebrates feem ntau raug txheeb xyuas thiab teev nyob rau ntawm genus lossis hom hom.Tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg uas tau sau hauv daim teb no thiab siv rau hauv phau ntawv no tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm (35).
Rau tsib fipronil tebchaw siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim mesoscopic, qhov concentration ntawm cov larval invertebrates txo los ntawm 20% los yog 50% yog xam nrog rau kev tswj (xws li EC20 thiab EC50).Cov ntaub ntawv [x = time-weighted fipronil concentration (saib ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv kom paub meej), y = larval abundance los yog lwm yam metrics] tau haum rau lub R(43) ncua pob siv peb-parameter logarithmic regression txoj kev "drc".Qhov nkhaus haum rau txhua hom (larvae) nrog kev nplua nuj txaus thiab ua tau raws li lwm qhov kev txaus siab (piv txwv li, taxa nplua nuj, tag nrho cov kev nplua nuj, thiab tag nrho kev nplua nuj) kom nkag siab ntxiv txog cov txiaj ntsig hauv zej zog.Nash-Sutcliff coefficient (45) yog siv los ntsuas tus qauv haum, qhov twg tus qauv tsis zoo tuaj yeem tau txais qhov tsis zoo tsis kawg, thiab tus nqi ntawm qhov haum zoo yog 1.
Txhawm rau tshawb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm fipronil compounds ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kab hauv qhov kev sim, cov ntaub ntawv raug soj ntsuam hauv ob txoj hauv kev.Ua ntej, los ntawm kev rho tawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev tswj hwm ntws meso los ntawm qhov pom ntawm txhua qhov kev kho mob ntws meso, qhov tshwm sim txhua hnub ntawm cov kab los ntawm txhua qhov ntws meso (tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm txhua tus neeg) tau normalized rau kev tswj.Npaj cov txiaj ntsig no tawm tsam lub sijhawm kom nkag siab qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kho cov kua dej kho mob los ntawm tus tswj cov dej nruab nrab hauv kev sim 30-hnub.Thib ob, suav tag nrho qhov tshwm sim feem pua ​​​​ntawm txhua qhov ntws mesophyll, uas txhais tau tias yog qhov sib piv ntawm tag nrho cov naj npawb ntawm mesophylls hauv qhov muab ntws mus rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov larvae thiab cov neeg laus hauv pawg tswj hwm, thiab tsim nyog rau peb qhov ntsuas logarithmic regression. .Tag nrho cov kab germination tau sau los ntawm ob lub tsev neeg ntawm Chironomidae tsev neeg, yog li kev soj ntsuam ua ke tau ua.
Cov kev hloov hauv zej zog, xws li kev poob se, tej zaum yuav kawg nyob ntawm qhov cuam tshuam ncaj qha thiab tsis ncaj ntawm cov tshuaj lom, thiab yuav ua rau muaj kev hloov hauv zej zog (piv txwv li, trophic cascade).Txhawm rau kuaj cov trophic cascade, ib qho yooj yim causal network tau soj ntsuam siv txoj kev tsom xam (R pob "piecewiseSEM") (46).Rau kev sim mesoscopic, nws tau xav tias fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide thiab sulfone (tsis kuaj amide) hauv dej kom txo cov biomass ntawm cov scraper, tsis ncaj qha ua rau muaj kev nce hauv biomass ntawm chlorophyll a (47).Qhov sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov ntsuas qhov sib txawv, thiab cov scraper thiab chlorophyll biomass yog cov lus teb sib txawv.Fisher's C statistic yog siv los ntsuas tus qauv haum, kom tus nqi P <0.05 qhia tias tus qauv zoo haum (46).
Txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev pheej hmoo-raws li kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv hauv zej zog, txhua qhov sib xyaw tau txais 95% ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam (HC5) hom kab mob sib kis (SSD) thiab kev tiv thaiv kev phom sij.Peb cov ntaub ntawv SSD tau tsim tawm: (i) tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv meso teeb, (ii) cov ntaub ntawv teev muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv meso thiab cov ntaub ntawv sau los ntawm EPA ECOTOX database query (https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox) /, nkag mus rau ntawm Lub Peb Hlis 14, 2019), lub sijhawm kawm yog 4 hnub lossis ntev dua, thiab (iii) cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa uas muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv mesoscopic thiab ECOTOX cov ntaub ntawv, uas cov ntaub ntawv ECOTOX (mob raug) muab faib los ntawm mob rau qhov piv ntawm cov mob ntev D. magna ( 19.39) los piav qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm raug thiab kwv yees tus nqi EC50 (12).Peb lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsim ntau yam SSD qauv yog (i) tsim HC5 qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv hauv teb (tsuas yog rau SSDs rau kev tshaj tawm), thiab (ii) ntsuas tias cov ntaub ntawv xov xwm tau txais ntau dua li cov koom haum tswj hwm rau kev suav nrog hauv aquaculture. robustness ntawm lub neej benchmarks thiab tus qauv teeb tsa ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kev pab, thiab yog li ntawd lub practicability ntawm kev siv mesoscopic kev tshawb fawb rau cov txheej txheem hloov.
SSD tau tsim los rau txhua cov ntaub ntawv siv R pob "ssdtools" (48).Siv lub bootstrap (n = 10,000) los kwv yees qhov nruab nrab HC5 thiab kev ntseeg siab (CI) los ntawm SSD.Plaub caug cuaj cov lus teb (tag nrho cov se uas tau txheeb xyuas tias yog cov genus lossis hom) tsim los ntawm kev tshawb fawb no tau ua ke nrog 32 cov lus teb se sau los ntawm rau qhov kev tshawb fawb luam tawm hauv ECOTOX database, rau tag nrho 81 Taxon teb tuaj yeem siv rau kev txhim kho SSD. .Txij li thaum tsis muaj ntaub ntawv pom nyob rau hauv ECOTOX database ntawm amides, tsis muaj SSD tau tsim rau amides thiab tsuas yog ib qho EC50 cov lus teb tau txais los ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no.Txawm hais tias tus nqi EC50 tsuas yog ib pawg sulfide tau pom hauv ECOTOX database, cov tub ntxhais kawm tiav tam sim no muaj 12 EC50 qhov tseem ceeb.Yog li ntawd, SSDs rau sulfinyl pawg tau tsim.
Qhov tshwj xeeb HC5 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm fipronil compounds tau los ntawm SSD cov ntaub ntawv txheej ntawm Mesocosmos tsuas yog tau ua ke nrog cov ntaub ntawv hauv cheeb tsam los ntsuas qhov raug thiab muaj peev xwm toxicity ntawm fipronil compounds hauv 444 kwj los ntawm tsib cheeb tsam hauv Tebchaws Meskas.Hauv 4 lub lim tiam dhau los lub qhov rais sampling, txhua qhov concentration ntawm fipronil tebchaw kuaj pom (tsis pom muaj cov concentration yog xoom) muab faib los ntawm nws cov HC5, thiab qhov sib piv ntawm txhua tus qauv yog summed kom tau tag nrho toxicity unit ntawm fipronil (ΣTUFipronils), qhov twg. ΣTUFipronils> 1 txhais tau tias toxicity.
Los ntawm kev sib piv cov kev phom sij ntawm 50% ntawm cov kab mob cuam tshuam (HC50) nrog rau EC50 tus nqi ntawm taxa nplua nuj tau los ntawm qhov nruab nrab membrane sim, SSD tau txais los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nruab nrab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv membrane tau soj ntsuam kom muaj kev cuam tshuam txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov zej zog thoob ntiaj teb rau fipronil. degree..Los ntawm qhov kev sib piv no, qhov sib xws ntawm SSD txoj kev (xws li tsuas yog cov taxa nrog kev sib raug zoo ntawm koob tshuaj) thiab EC50 txoj kev (suav nrog tag nrho cov se tshwj xeeb tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab qhov chaw) siv EC50 txoj kev ntsuas cov se nplua nuj tuaj yeem soj ntsuam Kev Sib deev.Kev sib raug zoo ntawm koob tshuaj.
Ib hom tshuaj tua kab uas raug tshuaj tua kab (SPEARpesticides) qhia tau suav los tshawb xyuas kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov zej zog invertebrate thiab ΣTUFipronil hauv 437 invertebrate-collecting kwj.Lub SPEARpesticides metrics converts cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm invertebrates mus rau ib tug abundance metric rau biological taxonomy nrog physiological thiab ecological yam ntxwv, yog li imparting rhiab heev rau tshuaj tua kab.SPEARpesticides qhia tsis rhiab rau tej yam ntuj tso covariates (49, 50), txawm hais tias nws qhov kev ua tau zoo yuav raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev puas tsuaj loj heev (51).Cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj sau rau ntawm qhov chaw rau txhua tus taxon yog koom tes nrog tus nqi tseem ceeb ntawm taxon ntsig txog ASTERICS software los soj ntsuam cov ecological zoo ntawm tus dej (https://gewaesser-bewertung-berechnung.de/index.php/home html).Tom qab ntawd import cov ntaub ntawv rau hauv Indicate (http://systemecology.eu/indicate/) software (version 18.05).Hauv cov software no, European trait database thiab cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub cev muaj zog rau cov tshuaj tua kab yog siv los hloov cov ntaub ntawv ntawm txhua qhov chaw mus rau SPEARpesticides qhia.Txhua ntawm tsib qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam tau siv General Additive Model (GAM) ["mgcv" pob hauv R(52)) los tshawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm SPEARpesticides metrics thiab ΣTUFipronils [log10(X + 1) conversion] Associated.Yog xav paub ntxiv txog kev ntsuas tshuaj tua kab mob SPEAR thiab rau kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv, thov mus saib Cov Khoom Siv Ntxiv.
Qhov ntsuas dej zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv txhua qhov ntws mesoscopic thiab tag nrho lub sijhawm sim mesoscopic.Qhov nruab nrab kub, pH thiab conductivity yog 13.1 ° C (± 0.27 ° C), 7.8 (± 0.12) thiab 54.1 (± 2.1) μS / cm (35), feem.Qhov ntsuas tau yaj cov organic carbon hauv dej huv yog 3.1 mg / L.Nyob rau hauv meso-saib tus dej uas lub MiniDOT recorder raug xa mus, cov pa yaj nyob ze rau qhov saturation (nruab nrab> 8.0 mg / L), qhia tau hais tias cov kwj tau tag nrho.
Kev tswj xyuas zoo thiab cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj zoo ntawm fipronil tau muab rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tso tawm nrog (35).Nyob rau hauv luv luv, tus nqi rov qab los ntawm kev kuaj matrix spikes thiab mesoscopic kuaj feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev pom zoo (rov qab los ntawm 70% mus rau 130%), IDL cov qauv paub meej txog cov qauv ntau, thiab cov chaw kuaj thiab ntsuas qhov khoob feem ntau yog huv, muaj qee qhov tshwj tsis yog. cov generalizations tau tham nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntxiv..
Raws li kev tsim qauv, qhov ntsuas qhov siab ntawm fipronil feem ntau qis dua li lub hom phiaj tus nqi (Daim duab S2) (vim tias nws yuav siv sij hawm 4 mus rau 10 hnub kom ncav cuag lub xeev khov kho raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws) (30).Piv nrog rau lwm cov fipronil tebchaw, cov concentration ntawm desulfinyl thiab amide hloov me ntsis nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov concentration nyob rau hauv kev kho mob yog me dua qhov sib txawv ntawm kev kho mob tshwj tsis yog rau cov uas tsis muaj concentration ntawm sulfone thiab sulfide.Lub sij hawm ntsuas qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas rau txhua pab pawg kho mob yog raws li hauv qab no: Fipronil, IDL rau 9.07μg / L;Desulfinyl, IDL rau 2.15μg / L;Amide, IDL rau 4.17μg / L;Sulfide, IDL rau 0.57μg / liter;thiab sulfone, IDL yog 1.13μg / liter (35).Hauv qee cov kwj deg, tsis yog lub hom phiaj fipronil tebchaw tau kuaj pom, uas yog, cov tebchaw uas tsis tau kis mus rau hauv kev kho mob tshwj xeeb, tab sis tau paub tias yog cov khoom degradation ntawm cov tshuaj kho mob.Lub mesoscopic membranes kho nrog cov niam txiv compound fipronil muaj ntau tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj degradation kuaj pom (thaum tsis siv raws li ib tug ua compound, lawv yog sulfinyl, amide, sulfide thiab sulfone);Cov no yuav yog vim cov txheej txheem tsim khoom Compound impurities thiab / lossis cov txheej txheem degradation uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm khaws cia ntawm cov tshuaj tov thiab (lossis) hauv kev sim mesoscopic es tsis yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib kis.Tsis muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm degradation concentration tau pom hauv kev kho fipronil.Cov tshuaj tsis yog lub hom phiaj degradation feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv lub cev nrog kev kho mob siab tshaj plaws, tab sis qhov concentration tsawg dua qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj tsis yog hom phiaj (saib ntu txuas ntxiv rau qhov concentration).Yog li ntawd, txij li qhov tsis yog lub hom phiaj degradation tebchaw feem ntau tsis pom nyob rau hauv qhov kev kho mob fipronil qis tshaj plaws, thiab vim tias qhov ntsuas pom tau qis dua cov nyhuv concentration hauv kev kho mob siab tshaj plaws, nws tau txiav txim siab tias cov tshuaj tsis yog lub hom phiaj muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas.
Hauv kev sim xov xwm, benthic macroinvertebrates rhiab heev rau fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, thiab sulfide [Table S1;thawj abundance cov ntaub ntawv yog muab nyob rau hauv nrog cov ntaub ntawv version (35)].Fipronil amide tsuas yog rau ya Rhithrogena sp.Toxic (tuag), nws EC50 yog 2.05μg/L [± 10.8(SE)].Dose-response curves ntawm 15 cim taxa tau tsim.Cov taxa no tau pom tias muaj kev tuag nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntau yam (Table S1), thiab tsom rau pawg taxa (xws li yoov) (Daim duab S3) thiab cov nplua nuj taxa (Daim duab 1) Ib koob tshuaj teb nkhaus tau tsim.Cov concentration (EC50) ntawm fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone thiab sulfide ntawm cov cim taxa ntawm cov se rhiab tshaj plaws ntawm 0.005-0.364, 0.002-0.252, 0.002-0.061 thiab 0.005-0.043μg / L, feem.Rhithrogena sp.Thiab Sweltsa sp.;Daim duab S4) yog qis dua qhov kev zam txim ntau dua (xws li Micropsectra / Tanytarsus thiab Lepidostoma sp.) (Table S1).Raws li qhov nruab nrab EC50 ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw hauv Table S1, sulfones thiab sulfides yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws, thaum lub cev tsis muaj zog feem ntau yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws rau desulfinyl (tsis suav nrog amides).Metrics ntawm tag nrho cov ecological xwm txheej, xws li taxa nplua nuj, tag nrho abundance, tag nrho pentaploid thiab tag nrho cov pob zeb ya, nrog rau cov taxa thiab cov abundance ntawm ib co taxa, cov no yog heev tsawg nyob rau hauv meso thiab tsis tuaj yeem xam Kos ib tug cais koob tshuaj teb nkhaus.Yog li, cov ntsuas ecological no suav nrog cov lus teb taxon tsis suav nrog hauv SSD.
Taxa nplua nuj (larva) nrog peb theem kev ua haujlwm ntawm (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, thiab (D) sulfide concentration.Txhua cov ntaub ntawv taw qhia sawv cev rau cov larvae los ntawm ib qho kwj ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 30-hnub meso sim.Taxon nplua nuj yog suav cov se tshwj xeeb hauv txhua tus kwj dej.Tus nqi concentration yog lub sij hawm-hnyav nruab nrab ntawm qhov pom kev pom ntawm txhua qhov dej ntsuas thaum kawg ntawm 30-hnub sim.Fipronil amide (tsis qhia) tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov nplua nuj taxa.Thov nco ntsoov tias x-axis yog nyob rau ntawm lub logarithmic nplai.EC20 thiab EC50 nrog SE tau tshaj tawm hauv Table S1.
Ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho tsib fipronil tebchaw, qhov tshwm sim ntawm Uetridae poob qis.Qhov feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov germination (EC50) ntawm sulfide, sulfone, fipronil, amide thiab desulfinyl tau pom tias yuav txo qis los ntawm 50% ntawm cov concentrations ntawm 0.03, 0.06, 0.11, 0.78 thiab 0.97μg / L raws li (Daim duab 2 thiab daim duab S5).Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm 30-hnub kev sim, tag nrho cov kev kho mob ntawm fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone thiab sulfide tau ncua, tshwj tsis yog rau qee qhov kev kho mob qis (Daim duab 2), thiab lawv cov tsos mob raug txwv.Nyob rau hauv kev kho mob amide, cov effluent sib sau thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov kev sim yog siab tshaj qhov kev tswj, nrog ib tug concentration ntawm 0.286μg / liter.Qhov siab tshaj plaws concentration (4.164μg / liter) thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov kev sim inhibited cov effluent, thiab cov effluent tus nqi ntawm intermediate kev kho mob zoo ib yam li cov pab pawg neeg tswj.(daim duab 2).
Qhov tshwm sim tshwm sim yog qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub tshwm sim ntawm txhua qhov kev kho mob minus (A) fipronil, (B) desulfinyl, (C) sulfone, (D) sulfide thiab (E) amide nyob rau hauv cov kwj tswj Qhov nruab nrab txhua hnub tshwm sim ntawm daim nyias nyias.Tsuas yog kev tswj hwm (n = 6), n = 1. Tus nqi concentration yog lub sij hawm-hnyav nruab nrab ntawm qhov pom concentration hauv txhua qhov ntws.
Cov koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob qhia tau hais tias, ntxiv rau kev poob se, kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog.Tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntau yam, qhov ntau ntawm tej zaum (Daim duab S3) thiab kev nplua nuj ntawm taxa (Daim duab 1) tau pom muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tshuaj fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfone, thiab sulfide.Yog li ntawd, peb tau tshawb nrhiav qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov qauv no ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv zej zog kev ua haujlwm los ntawm kev sim cov khoom noj khoom haus cascade.Kev nthuav tawm ntawm cov dej tsis muaj pob txha rau fipronil, desulfinyl, sulfide thiab sulfone muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau biomass ntawm scraper (Daim duab 3).Txhawm rau tswj qhov tsis zoo ntawm fipronil ntawm biomass ntawm scraper, lub scraper kuj cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau chlorophyll ib biomass (Daim duab 3).Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev tsis zoo no coefficients yog qhov nce hauv chlorophyll a raws li qhov concentration ntawm fipronil thiab degradants nce.Cov qauv kev sib haum xeeb tag nrho no qhia tau hais tias kev ua kom tsis zoo ntawm fipronil lossis fipronil ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv ntawm chlorophyll a (Daim duab 3).Nws yog assumed ua ntej tias qhov ncaj qha cuam tshuam ntawm fipronil los yog degradation concentration thiab chlorophyll ib biomass yog xoom, vim fipronil tebchaw yog tshuaj tua kab thiab muaj tsawg toxicity rau algae (piv txwv li, EPA mob tsis-vascular cog baseline concentration yog 100μg / L. fipronil, disulfoxide pawg, sulfone thiab sulfide https://epa.gov/pesticide-science-and-assessing-pesticide-risks/aquatic-life-benchmarks-and-ecological-risk), Tag nrho cov txiaj ntsig (tsim qauv siv tau) txhawb qhov no kev xav.
Fipronil tuaj yeem txo qis biomass (cov nyhuv ncaj qha) ntawm grazing (scraper pawg yog larvae), tab sis tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau biomass ntawm chlorophyll a.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov muaj zog tsis ncaj ncees ntawm fipronil yog txhawm rau ua kom cov biomass ntawm chlorophyll nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau cov grazing tsawg.Lub xub taw qhia txog tus qauv kev coefficient, thiab lub cim kos (-) qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke.* Qhia qhov degree ntawm qhov tseem ceeb.
Peb SSDs (nruab nrab txheej nkaus xwb, nruab nrab txheej ntxiv rau ECOTOX cov ntaub ntawv, thiab nruab nrab txheej ntxiv rau ECOTOX cov ntaub ntawv kho kom haum rau qhov sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm raug) ua rau qhov sib txawv ntawm HC5 qhov tseem ceeb (Table S3), tab sis cov txiaj ntsig tau nyob hauv thaj tsam SE.Hauv seem ntawm txoj kev tshawb no, peb yuav tsom mus rau cov ntaub ntawv SSD nrog tsuas yog lub ntiaj teb meso thiab tus nqi HC5 cuam tshuam.Rau cov lus piav qhia ntxiv ntawm peb qhov kev ntsuam xyuas SSD no, thov mus saib cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv (Tables S2 txog S5 thiab Figures S6 thiab S7).Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-fitting cov ntaub ntawv faib (qis tshaj Akaike cov ntaub ntawv tus qauv qhab nia) ntawm plaub fipronil tebchaw (Daim duab 4) tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia meso-khoom SSD yog lub log-gumbel ntawm fipronil thiab sulfone, thiab lub weibull ntawm sulfide thiab desulfurized γ ( Tab S3).Cov txiaj ntsig HC5 tau txais rau txhua qhov sib xyaw tau tshaj tawm hauv daim duab 4 rau lub ntiaj teb meso nkaus xwb, thiab hauv Table S3 qhov HC5 qhov tseem ceeb los ntawm tag nrho peb cov ntaub ntawv SSD tau tshaj tawm.HC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm fipronil, sulfide, sulfone thiab desulfinyl pawg [22.1 ± 8.78 ng / L (95% CI, 11.4 txog 46.2), 16.9 ± 3.38 ng / L (95% CI, 11.2 txog 24.0), 8. 2.66 ng / L (95% CI, 5.44 txog 15.8) thiab 83.4 ± 32.9 ng / L (95% CI, 36.4 txog 163)] Cov tebchaw no qis dua li EC50 taxa nplua nuj (tag nrho cov se tshwj xeeb) (Table S1 ; cov ntawv sau hauv cov khoom siv ntxiv yog micrograms ib liter).
Hauv kev sim meso-scale, thaum raug (A) fipronil, (B) dessulfinyl fipronil, (C) fipronil sulfone, (D) fipronil sulfide rau 30 hnub, hom rhiab heev tau piav qhia Nws yog EC50 tus nqi ntawm taxon.Cov kab xiav dashed sawv cev 95% CI.Kab rov tav dashed sawv cev rau HC5.Tus nqi HC5 (ng / L) ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw yog raws li hauv qab no: Fipronil, 4.56 ng / L (95% CI, 2.59 txog 10.2);sulfide, 3.52 ng / L (1.36 txog 9.20);Sulfone, 2.86 ng / Litre (1.93 txog 5.29);thiab sulfinyl, 3.55 ng / liter (0.35 txog 28.4).Thov nco ntsoov tias x-axis yog nyob rau ntawm lub logarithmic nplai.
Hauv tsib qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam, Fipronil (niam txiv) tau kuaj pom hauv 22% ntawm 444 cov ntsiab lus piv txwv (Table 1).Kev tshawb nrhiav ntau zaus ntawm florfenib, sulfone thiab amide zoo ib yam (18% mus rau 22% ntawm cov qauv), kev tshawb nrhiav ntau zaus ntawm sulfide thiab desulfinyl qis dua (11% mus rau 13%), thaum cov khoom degradation ntxiv yog siab heev.Tsawg (1% lossis tsawg dua) lossis tsis pom (Table 1)..Fipronil feem ntau pom nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj (52% ntawm qhov chaw) thiab tsawg kawg yog nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob (9% ntawm qhov chaw), uas qhia txog qhov sib txawv ntawm kev siv benzopyrazole thiab muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws.Cov degradants feem ntau qhia cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv cheeb tsam, nrog qhov kev tshawb pom ntau tshaj plaws nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj thiab qis tshaj nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob lossis ntug dej hiav txwv California.Qhov ntsuas ntawm fipronil yog qhov siab tshaj plaws, ua raws li cov niam txiv sib xyaw fipronil (90% feem pua ​​​​ntawm 10.8 thiab 6.3 ng / L, raws li) (Table 1) (35).Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm fipronil (61.4 ng / L), disulfinyl (10.6 ng / L) thiab sulfide (8.0 ng / L) tau txiav txim siab nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj (hauv plaub lub lis piam dhau los ntawm cov qauv).Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm sulfone tau txiav txim siab nyob rau sab hnub poob.(15.7 ng / L), amide (42.7 ng / L), dessulfinyl flupirnamide (14 ng / L) thiab fipronil sulfonate (8.1 ng / L) (35).Florfenide sulfone yog tib lub tebchaw uas tau pom tias muaj ntau tshaj HC5 (Table 1).Qhov nruab nrab ΣTUFipronils ntawm ntau thaj tsam sib txawv heev (Table 1).Lub teb chaws nruab nrab ΣTUFipronils yog 0.62 (txhua qhov chaw, tag nrho cov cheeb tsam), thiab 71 qhov chaw (16%) muaj ΣTUFipronils> 1, qhia tias nws tuaj yeem ua rau cov kab mob benthic macroinvertebrates.Hauv plaub ntawm tsib cheeb tsam kawm (tshwj tsis yog Midwest), muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm SPEARpesticides thiab ΣTUFipronil, nrog kev hloov R2 xws li 0.07 raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm California mus rau 0.34 nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj (Daim duab 5).
* Cov tshuaj siv hauv kev sim mesoscopic.†ΣTUFipronils, qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg [saib thaj chaw concentration ntawm plaub fipronil compounds / kev phom sij ntawm txhua qhov sib xyaw los ntawm qhov thib tsib feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov kab mob SSD (Daim duab 4)] Rau cov qauv ntawm fipronil txhua lub lim tiam, 4 kawg lub lim tiam ntawm cov qauv tshuaj tua kab uas tau sau ntawm txhua qhov chaw raug suav.‡Tus naj npawb ntawm cov chaw uas ntsuas tshuaj tua kab.§ Qhov 90 feem pua ​​​​yog raws li qhov siab tshaj plaws tau pom nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw thaum 4 lub lis piam dhau los ntawm kev kuaj tshuaj tua kab.nrog rau feem pua ​​​​ntawm cov qauv kuaj.¶ Siv 95% CI ntawm tus nqi HC5 (Daim duab 4 thiab Table S3, tsuas yog meso) los xam CI.Dechloroflupinib tau raug tshuaj xyuas nyob rau hauv txhua cheeb tsam thiab tsis tau pom.ND, tsis pom.
Fipronil toxic unit yog ntsuas fipronil concentration faib los ntawm qhov sib xyaw tshwj xeeb HC5 tus nqi, uas yog txiav txim los ntawm SSD tau los ntawm kev sim tawm xov xwm (saib daim duab 4).Dub kab, generalized additive qauv (GAM).Cov kab liab liab muaj CI ntawm 95% rau GAM.ΣTUFipronils hloov mus rau log10 (ΣTUFipronils + 1).
Cov teebmeem tsis zoo ntawm fipronil rau cov hom dej uas tsis yog lub hom phiaj tau raug sau tseg zoo (15, 21, 24, 25, 32, 33), tab sis qhov no yog thawj txoj kev tshawb fawb uas nws nkag siab zoo nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev tswj xyuas.Cov zej zog ntawm cov se tau raug cuam tshuam rau fipronil compounds, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau nthuav tawm ntawm thaj av loj.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim mesocosmic 30-hnub tuaj yeem tsim tau 15 pawg kab kab dej sib cais (Table S1) nrog cov ntsiab lus tsis tau tshaj tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm cov kab dej hauv cov ntaub ntawv toxicity yog underrepresented (53, 54).Taxa-tshwj xeeb cov koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob (xws li EC50) muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv zej zog-theem kev hloov pauv (xws li kev nplua nuj se thiab tej zaum yuav ya ntau poob) thiab kev hloov pauv ua haujlwm (xws li cov khoom noj khoom haus cascades thiab kev hloov pauv hauv qhov tsos).Cov nyhuv ntawm mesoscopic ntug tau nthuav tawm mus rau thaj chaw.Hauv plaub ntawm tsib qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv Tebchaws Meskas, qhov kev ntsuas fipronil concentration tau cuam tshuam nrog kev poob ntawm cov dej hauv dej hauv cov dej ntws.
HC5 tus nqi ntawm 95% ntawm cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv nruab nrab daim nyias nyias sim muaj ib tug tiv thaiv nyhuv, qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov dej invertebrate cov zej zog muaj rhiab heev rau fipronil tebchaw dua li yav tas los to taub.HC5 tus nqi (florfenib, 4.56 ng / liter; desulfoxirane, 3.55 ng / liter; sulfone, 2.86 ng / liter; sulfide, 3.52 ng / liter) yog ob peb zaug (florfenib) mus rau peb zaug ntau tshaj qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj (desulfinyl). ) hauv qab ntawm EPA tam sim no tus kab mob invertebrate benchmark [fipronil, 11 ng / liter;desulfinyl, 10,310 ng / litre;sulfone, 37 ng / litre;thiab sulfide, rau 110 ng / liter (8)].Mesoscopic thwmsim tau txheeb xyuas ntau pab pawg uas nkag siab zoo rau fipronil es tsis txhob ntawm cov uas tau qhia los ntawm EPA cov kab mob sib kis tsis zoo (4 pawg uas nkag siab ntau dua rau fipronil, 13 khub desulfinyl, 11 khub sulfone thiab 13 khub) Sulfide rhiab heev) (Daim duab 4 thiab tab) S1).Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov qauv ntsuas tsis tuaj yeem tiv thaiv ntau hom tsiaj uas tau pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntiaj teb, uas kuj muaj thoob plaws hauv dej ecosystems.Qhov sib txawv ntawm peb cov txiaj ntsig thiab qhov ntsuas ntsuas tam sim no feem ntau yog vim tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv kuaj mob fipronil toxicity siv rau ntau hom kab hauv dej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sij hawm raug tshaj 4 hnub thiab fipronil degrades.Thaum lub sij hawm 30-hnub kev sim mesocosmic, feem ntau cov kab hauv cov zej zog invertebrate tau rhiab heev rau fipronil dua li cov kab mob sib kis Aztec (crustacean), txawm tias tom qab kho Aztec Lub EC50 ntawm Teike ua rau nws zoo ib yam tom qab kev hloov pauv loj.(feem ntau yog 96 teev) mus rau lub sijhawm raug mob (Daim duab S7).Qhov kev pom zoo zoo dua tau mus txog ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm qhov kev sim thiab cov kev tshawb fawb qhia hauv ECOTOX siv tus qauv kuaj kab mob Chironomus dilutus (ib kab).Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov kab dej hauv dej yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj tua kab.Yog tias tsis kho lub sij hawm raug, qhov kev sim meso-scale thiab cov ntaub ntawv nthuav dav ntawm ECOTOX database tau pom tias ntau cov se tau pom tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dua rau cov tshuaj fipronil ntau dua li cov tshuaj Clostridium (Daim duab S6).Txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm kev kho lub sij hawm raug, Dilution Clostridium yog cov kab mob rhiab tshaj plaws rau fipronil (niam txiv) thiab sulfide, txawm hais tias nws tsis rhiab rau sulfone (Daim duab S7).Cov txiaj ntsig no qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev suav nrog ntau hom kab mob hauv dej (nrog rau ntau yam kab) los tsim cov tshuaj tua kab tiag tiag uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov kab mob hauv dej.
Txoj kev SSD tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov se uas tsis tshua muaj lossis tsis txaus ntseeg uas nws EC50 tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab, xws li Cinygmula sp.Isoperla fulva thiab Brachycentrus americanus.EC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm taxa abundance thiab tej zaum yuav ya abundance qhia txog kev hloov hauv zej zog muaj pes tsawg leeg yog raws li HC50 qhov tseem ceeb ntawm SSD ntawm fipronil, sulfone thiab sulfide.Cov txheej txheem txhawb nqa lub tswv yim hauv qab no: SSD txoj kev siv los ua kom tau txais qhov pib tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tag nrho cov zej zog, suav nrog cov se tsis tshua muaj lossis tsis txaus ntseeg hauv zej zog.Qhov pib ntawm cov kab mob hauv dej tau txiav txim siab los ntawm SSDs raws li tsuas yog ob peb lub se lossis cov se tsis txaus ntseeg yuav ua rau tsis txaus rau kev tiv thaiv cov dej hauv dej.Qhov no yog rooj plaub rau desulfinyl (Daim duab S6B).Vim tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ECOTOX database, EPA chronic invertebrate baseline concentration yog 10,310 ng / L, uas yog plaub qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj dua li 3.55 ng / L ntawm HC5.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib txawv taxon teb teeb tsa hauv kev sim mesoscopic.Qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv toxicity yog qhov teeb meem tshwj xeeb rau cov tshuaj degradable (Daim duab S6), uas yuav piav qhia yog vim li cas cov dej hauv dej uas twb muaj lawm rau cov tshuaj sulfone thiab sulfide yog li ntawm 15 txog 30 npaug qis dua SSD HC5 tus nqi raws li Tuam Tshoj Universe.Qhov zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem nruab nrab ntawm daim nyias nyias yog tias ntau yam EC50 qhov tseem ceeb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab hauv ib qho kev sim, uas yog txaus los tsim ib qho SSD tiav (piv txwv li, desulfinyl; Daim duab 4B thiab Figures S6B thiab S7B), thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam loj. ntawm lub ntuj taxa ntawm kev tiv thaiv ecosystem Ntau cov lus teb.
Mesoscopic thwmsim qhia tau hais tias fipronil thiab nws cov khoom degradation tej zaum yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog.Hauv kev sim mesoscopic, tag nrho tsib fipronil compounds tshwm sim los cuam tshuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm kab.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sib piv ntawm qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab qis tshaj qhov concentrations (inhibition thiab stimulation ntawm ib tug neeg tshwm sim los yog hloov nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm tshwm sim) yog zoo ib yam nrog rau yav tas los qhia tau los ntawm meso thwmsim siv cov tshuaj tua kab bifenthrin (29).Kev tshwm sim ntawm cov neeg laus muab cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ecological thiab tuaj yeem hloov pauv los ntawm cov pa phem xws li fipronil (55, 56).Kev tshwm sim ib txhij tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov kab thiab cov pej xeem persistence, tab sis kuj rau cov khoom ntawm cov kab laus, uas tuaj yeem siv los ua zaub mov rau cov tsiaj hauv dej thiab cov tsiaj txhu (56).Kev tiv thaiv qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov noob yuav cuam tshuam rau kev sib pauv khoom noj ntawm cov dej hauv dej thiab cov riparian ecosystems, thiab kis tau cov dej paug paug rau hauv cov av hauv av (55, 56).Qhov txo qis hauv cov nplua nuj ntawm scrapers (algae-noj kab) tau pom nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim meso-scale ua rau txo qis hauv algae noj, uas ua rau muaj kev nce hauv chlorophyll a (Daim duab 3).Qhov no trophic cascade hloov pauv cov pa roj carbon thiab nitrogen fluxes hauv cov khoom noj ua kua hauv lub vev xaib, zoo ib yam li kev tshawb fawb uas ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm pyrethroid bifenthrin ntawm cov zej zog benthic (29).Yog li, phenylpyrazoles, xws li fipronil thiab nws cov khoom degradation, pyrethroids, thiab tej zaum lwm hom tshuaj tua kab, tuaj yeem txhawb kev nce hauv algal biomass thiab perturbation ntawm carbon thiab nitrogen hauv cov kwj me me.Lwm qhov cuam tshuam tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab nitrogen cycles ntawm cov dej hauv av thiab av.
Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais los ntawm qhov ntsuas nruab nrab ntawm daim nyias nyias tau tso cai rau peb los ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam ntawm ecological ntawm fipronil compound concentrations ntsuas hauv cov kev tshawb fawb loj hauv tsib cheeb tsam hauv Tebchaws Meskas.Hauv 444 cov kwj me me, 17% ntawm qhov nruab nrab concentration ntawm ib lossis ntau dua fipronil compounds (nruab nrab tshaj 4 lub lis piam) tau tshaj HC5 tus nqi tau los ntawm kev xeem xov xwm.Siv SSD los ntawm qhov kev sim meso-scale los hloov cov ntsuas fipronil compound concentration rau hauv qhov ntsuas toxicity-hais txog qhov ntsuas, uas yog, qhov sib npaug ntawm cov tshuaj lom (ΣTUFipronils).Tus nqi ntawm 1 qhia toxicity los yog cumulative raug ntawm fipronil compound ntau tshaj qhov paub kev tiv thaiv Hom muaj nqis 95%.Qhov kev sib raug zoo tseem ceeb ntawm ΣTUFipronil hauv plaub ntawm tsib cheeb tsam thiab SPEARpesticides qhia txog kev noj qab haus huv hauv zej zog invertebrate qhia tias fipronil yuav cuam tshuam rau cov zej zog benthic invertebrate hauv cov dej hauv ntau thaj tsam hauv Tebchaws Meskas.Cov txiaj ntsig no txhawb nqa qhov kev xav ntawm Wolfram li al.(3) Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab phenpyrazole rau cov dej saum npoo av hauv Tebchaws Meskas tsis to taub tag nrho vim tias qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov kab dej hauv dej tau tshwm sim hauv qab qhov kev tswj hwm tam sim no.
Feem ntau cov kwj deg uas muaj cov ntsiab lus fipronil saum toj no cov tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam nroog sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj (https://webapps.usgs.gov/rsqa/#!/region/SESQA).Kev ntsuam xyuas yav dhau los ntawm thaj chaw tsis tsuas yog xaus lus tias fipronil yog qhov kev ntxhov siab tseem ceeb cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem hauv zej zog invertebrate hauv cov kwj dej, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov pa oxygen tsawg, cov khoom noj muaj zog, kev hloov pauv, kev puas tsuaj hauv vaj tse, thiab lwm yam tshuaj tua kab thiab cov pa phem pawg yog ib qho tseem ceeb. kev nyuaj siab (57).Qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov kev ntxhov siab no zoo ib yam nrog "lub nroog tus dej syndrome", uas yog qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov dej ecosystems feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv kev siv av hauv nroog (58, 59).Kev siv av hauv nroog hauv cheeb tsam sab hnub tuaj tau loj hlob thiab xav tias yuav nce ntxiv raws li cov pej xeem hauv cheeb tsam loj tuaj.Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev txhim kho hauv nroog yav tom ntej thiab tshuaj tua kab hauv nroog yuav tsum nce ntxiv (4).Yog tias kev lag luam hauv nroog thiab kev siv fipronil txuas ntxiv mus, kev siv cov tshuaj tua kab no hauv nroog yuav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau cov zej zog kwj dej.Txawm hais tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas meta tau xaus lus tias kev siv tshuaj tua kab ua liaj ua teb hem thoob ntiaj teb kwj ecosystems (2, 60), peb xav tias cov kev ntsuam xyuas no underestimate tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab los ntawm kev tsis suav nrog hauv nroog siv.
Ntau yam kev ntxhov siab, suav nrog tshuaj tua kab, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov zej zog macroinvertebrate hauv cov chaw tsim dej (nroog, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev siv av sib xyaw) thiab tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam txog kev siv av (58, 59, 61).Txawm hais tias txoj kev tshawb no tau siv SPEARpesticides qhia thiab cov kab mob hauv dej tshwj xeeb fipronil toxicity yam ntxwv kom txo tau qhov cuam tshuam ntawm qhov tsis sib haum xeeb, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm SPEARpesticides qhia yuav cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov chaw degradation, thiab fipronil tuaj yeem muab piv nrog lwm yam tshuaj tua kab (4, 17, 51, 57).Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus qauv kev ntxhov siab tsim los siv kev ntsuas kev ntsuas los ntawm thawj ob qhov kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam (Midwestern thiab Southeastern) tau pom tias cov tshuaj tua kab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntxhov siab rau cov zej zog macroinvertebrate hauv cov dej ntws.Hauv cov qauv no, cov lus piav qhia tseem ceeb suav nrog cov tshuaj tua kab (tshwj xeeb yog bifenthrin), cov khoom noj thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm thaj chaw nyob hauv feem ntau cov kwj deg hauv Midwest, thiab tshuaj tua kab (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog fipronil) hauv ntau lub nroog nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj.Kev hloov pauv hauv cov pa oxygen, cov as-ham thiab ntws (61, 62).Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias cov kev tshawb fawb hauv cheeb tsam sim daws qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov tshuaj tsis muaj tshuaj tua kab ntawm cov lus teb cov cim thiab kho cov kev kwv yees kwv yees los piav qhia txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm fipronil, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no txhawb fipronil txoj kev pom.) Yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov muaj zog tshaj plaws hauv cov dej ntws hauv Asmeskas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Tebchaws Meskas.
Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab degradation nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig tsis tshua muaj ntaub ntawv, tab sis kev hem thawj rau cov kab mob hauv dej yuav ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li niam txiv lub cev.Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm fipronil, cov kev tshawb fawb teb thiab meso-scale thwmsim tau qhia tias degradation cov khoom muaj xws li cov niam txiv lub cev nyob rau hauv cov qauv kwj thiab muaj tib yam los yog ntau dua toxicity (Table 1).Hauv qhov kev sim nruab nrab ntawm daim nyias nyias, fluorobenzonitrile sulfone yog cov tshuaj lom tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab degradation tau kawm, thiab nws muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li cov niam txiv compound, thiab kuj tau kuaj pom ntawm qhov zaus zoo ib yam li cov niam txiv compound.Yog tias tsuas yog niam txiv cov tshuaj tua kab raug ntsuas, cov xwm txheej toxicity tej zaum yuav tsis pom, thiab cov txheeb ze tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv toxicity thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj tua kab degradation txhais tau hais tias lawv qhov tshwm sim thiab qhov tshwm sim yuav raug tsis quav ntsej.Piv txwv li, vim tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog toxicity ntawm cov khoom degradation, kev ntsuam xyuas dav dav ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab hauv Swiss kwj deg, suav nrog 134 cov khoom siv tshuaj tua kab degradation, thiab tsuas yog cov niam txiv sib xyaw tau suav tias yog niam txiv qhov sib xyaw hauv nws qhov kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm ecotoxicological.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev ntsuas kev pheej hmoo ntawm ecological no qhia tau hais tias cov tshuaj fipronil muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau kev noj qab haus huv hauv dej, yog li nws tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias muaj kev phom sij tuaj yeem pom nyob txhua qhov chaw uas muaj cov tshuaj fipronil ntau tshaj HC5 qib.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim mesoscopic yog ywj siab ntawm qhov chaw, qhia tau hais tias qhov concentration ntawm fipronil thiab nws cov khoom degradation nyob rau hauv ntau cov kwj taxa yog qis dua li yav tas los sau tseg.Peb ntseeg tias qhov kev tshawb pom no zoo li yuav txuas ntxiv mus rau protobiota hauv cov kwj pristine nyob txhua qhov chaw.Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim meso-scale tau siv rau cov kev tshawb fawb loj hauv cheeb tsam (444 cov kwj me me uas muaj hauv nroog, kev ua liaj ua teb, thiab av sib xyaw siv thoob tsib cheeb tsam loj hauv Tebchaws Meskas), thiab nws tau pom tias muaj ntau cov kwj deg. qhov twg fipronil tau kuaj pom yuav tsum yog Qhov tshwm sim toxicity qhia tias cov txiaj ntsig no tuaj yeem txuas mus rau lwm lub tebchaws uas siv fipronil.Raws li cov lus ceeb toom, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg siv Fipronil yog nce hauv Nyiv, UK thiab Asmeskas (7).Fipronil muaj nyob rau yuav luag txhua lub tebchaws, suav nrog Australia, South America thiab Africa (https://coherentmarketinsights.com/market-insight/fipronil-market-2208).Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb meso-rau-thaj chaw tau nthuav tawm ntawm no qhia tau hais tias kev siv fipronil tuaj yeem muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb.
Rau cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv rau tsab xov xwm no, thov mus saib http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/43/eabc1299/DC1
Qhov no yog ib tsab xov xwm qhib tau muab faib raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License, uas tso cai rau siv, faib thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib qho nruab nrab, tsuav yog qhov kawg siv tsis yog rau kev lag luam nce thiab lub hauv paus yog tias lub thawj ua hauj lwm yog lawm.Kev siv.
Nco tseg: Peb tsuas yog hais kom koj muab koj tus email chaw nyob kom tus neeg koj pom zoo rau nplooj ntawv paub tias koj xav kom lawv pom email thiab nws tsis yog spam.Peb yuav tsis ntes ib qho email chaw nyob.
Lo lus nug no yog siv los ntsuas seb koj puas yog tus qhua thiab tiv thaiv tsis siv neeg xa spam.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler (Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tshuaj tua kab uas nquag pom hauv Asmeskas cov kwj deg muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li qhov kev xav yav dhau los.
Janet L. Miller, Travis S. Schmidt, Peter C. Van Metre, Barbara Mahler (Barbara J. Mahler, Mark W. Sandstrom, Lisa H. Nowell, Daren M. Carlisle, Patrick W. Moran
Cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom tias cov tshuaj tua kab uas nquag pom hauv Asmeskas cov kwj deg muaj tshuaj lom ntau dua li qhov kev xav yav dhau los.
© 2021 American Association rau Advancement of Science.tag nrho cov cai.AAAS yog tus khub ntawm HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef thiab COUNTER.ScienceAdvances ISSN 2375-2548.