Hiki i nā hoʻolālā hoʻololi ke kōkua i nā mea kanu e pale i nā insecticides a me nā acaricides mai ka nalowale ʻana o ko lākou pono.
Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā insecticides a me nā acaricides e hoʻopau i ka pilikia o nā iniseti a me nā pest mite i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka hilinaʻi mau ʻana i nā insecticides a/a i ʻole acaricides hiki ke alakaʻi i ke kū'ē ʻana i ka heluna kanaka pest a/a i ʻole mite.No laila, pono e hoʻomaopopo ka poʻe hana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke ʻano o ka hana o nā insecticides i koho ʻia a me nā acaricides i mea e hoʻomohala ai i kahi hoʻolālā hoʻololi i manaʻo ʻia e hōʻemi / hoʻopaneʻe i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā pesticides.ʻO ke ʻano o ka hana ke ʻano o ka hopena o nā insecticides a i ʻole acaricides i ka metabolism a / a i ʻole nā ​​hana physiological o nā iniseti a i ʻole nā ​​​​mites.Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā insecticides a me nā acaricides ma ka palapala Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) i kapa ʻia ʻo "IRAC Action Mode Classification Scheme" ma irac-online.org.
Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ka hiʻohiʻona IRAC o nā Pūʻulu Hana 9 a me 29, i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā mea pale hānai koho."ʻO nā pesticides pale hānai koho ʻekolu i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoulu hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo: pymetrozine (hoʻoikaika: Syngenta Crop Protection; Greensboro, NC), flunipropamide (aria: FMC Corp.), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), a me pyrifluquinazon (Rycar: SePRO Corp. .; Karemela, Indiana).ʻOiai ua hoʻokomo mua ʻia nā insecticides ʻekolu i ka hui 9th (9A-pymetrozine a me pyrifluquinazon; a me 9C-flonicamid), ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka flunipropamide i ka 29th ma muli o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā wahi kikoʻī.hui.Ma keʻano laulā, hana nā hui ʻelua i ka chondroitin (stretch receptors) a me nā ʻāpana sensory i loko o nā iniseti, nona ke kuleana no ka lohe ʻana, ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ka kaʻa, a me ka ʻike gravity.
ʻO Pyrmeazine a me pyrflurazine (IRAC pūʻulu 9) i manaʻo ʻia he TRPV channel modulators i loko o nā kino cartilage.Hoʻopilikia kēia mau mea hoʻoikaika i ka ʻīpuka o Nan-lav TRPV (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilla) ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā paʻakikī o ke kahawai i loko o nā ʻāpana hoʻokipa e hohola i nā tendons, he mea nui ia no ka ʻike a me ka neʻe.Eia kekahi, hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia ka ʻai ʻana a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe o nā pests.Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Flunicarmid (IRAC group 29) he mea hoʻoponopono kino o ka chondroitin me nā wahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia.Hoʻopaʻa ka mea hana i ka hana o ka perichondrium relaxation receptor organ e mālama ai i ka manaʻo (no ka laʻana, ke kaulike).ʻOkoʻa ʻo Flonicamid (hui 29) mai ka pymetrozine a me ka pyrifluquinazon (hui 9) i kēlā fluonicamid ʻaʻole i hoʻopaʻa i ka Nan-lav TRPV channel complex.
ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ʻo nā mea pale hānai koho (a i ʻole inhibitors) he pūʻulu o nā insecticides me ka nui o nā hopena a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano hana kino o ka hana, hiki ke pale i nā iniseti mai ka hānai ʻana ma ke keakea ʻana i ka neuromodulation o ka lawe ʻana i ka wai o ka mea kanu waha.Hiki i kēia mau insecticides ke hoʻololi i ke ʻano ma ke kāohi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka hele ʻana o nā probes i loko o ka wai vascular (phloem sieve) o ka mea kanu, kahi e pale ai i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai.Ke alakaʻi nei kēia i ka pōloli.
Hoʻoikaika nā mea pale hānai koho e kūʻē i kekahi mau carnivores phloem e pilikia ana i nā ʻōnaehana hana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo.ʻO kēia nā aphids a me nā whiteflies.Hoʻoikaika nā mea pale hānai koho i ka wā ʻōpio a me ke kanaka makua, a ke kāohi koke lākou i ka hānai ʻana.No ka laʻana, ʻoiai hiki ke ola nā aphids no ʻelua a ʻehā lā, e pau lākou i ka ʻai i loko o kekahi mau hola.Eia kekahi, hiki i ka hānai koho ʻana i nā blockers ke pale i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā maʻi i lawe ʻia e nā aphids.ʻAʻole ikaika kēia mau lāʻau insecticides i nā nalo (Diptera), nā pipi (Coleoptera) a i ʻole nā ​​ʻanuhe (Lepidoptera).Loaʻa i nā mea pale hānai koho nā hana ʻōnaehana a me ka hana cross-layer (ke komo ʻana i ka ʻiʻo o ka lau a hoʻokumu i kahi waihona o nā mea hana i loko o ka lau), a hiki ke hāʻawi i nā hana koena a hiki i ʻekolu pule.ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻawaʻawa pololei a me ka pololei ʻole i ka nalo meli a me nā ʻenemi kūlohelohe nā mea hoʻomake ʻai meaʻai koho.
ʻAʻole maʻalahi ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana o nā mea pale hānai koho i ka pale ʻana i nā pepeke i ka manawa pōkole.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana i kēia ʻano hana ke hōʻemi i ka hopena o nā insecticides blocker feeding selective.No ka laʻana, loaʻa paha nā pilikia e pili ana i ke kūʻē kea o nā pepeke o ka hui 9 a me ka neonicotinoid (IRAC 4A pūʻulu) nā inike kūʻē (ma muli o ke kūʻē ʻana o nā iniseti e hāʻawi ana i ka papa kemika like a/a i ʻole ke ʻano hana like).ʻO ka mīkini kūʻē lāʻau hoʻokahi o ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau) no ka mea hiki i nā enzymes e like me cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase ke hoʻololi i kēia mau pesticides.No laila, pono e hoʻokō nā mea hana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka hoʻokele kūpono a hoʻopili i nā insecticides me nā ʻano hana like ʻole ma waena o nā mea pale hānai koho i ka papahana rotation e pale aku i nā pilikia e pili ana i ke kūʻē ʻana i ka lāʻau.
Raymond is a professor and extension expert in Horticultural Entomology/Plant Protection in the Entomology Department of Kansas State University. His research and promotion plans involve plant protection in greenhouses, nurseries, landscapes, greenhouses, vegetables and fruits. rcloyd@ksu.edu or 785-532-4750
I ka lilo ʻana o ka poʻe mahiʻai i ka hana ma ka pūnāwai, a liʻiliʻi a liʻiliʻi ka palena o ka hewa, he mea nui i ka poʻe mahiʻai e hōʻoia i ka pololei o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kā lākou hana mahiʻai.He ʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no nā mea hānai e hoʻohana i nā ʻokiʻoki ʻole no ka hana hou ʻana.
Wahi a Dr. Ryan Dickson, he loea hoʻolaha ma ke Kulanui o New Hampshire, ʻo ka pilikia maʻamau me nā hana ʻōmaʻomaʻo punawai he ʻoki nui loa.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ʻo ia ka hāʻawi nui ʻana i nā mea kanu a ʻaʻa mua iā lākou.
"Ke hoʻonui nui ʻoe i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hana ʻana, hiki ke hoʻolei i nā mea momona momona mai ka lining," wahi a Dickson."Aia kekahi pilikia o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka wai i loko o ka substrate, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻike o ka oxygen o ke kumu ʻoki a hoʻopaneʻe i ke aʻa ʻana."
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "Ke loaʻa iā ʻoe nā ʻoki aʻa ʻole, aia ka mea kanu ma ka ʻaoʻao o ka make.ʻO kāu hana kēia.Pono ʻoe e hoʻihoʻi iā ia i ke olakino a hana i kahi lining kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa ka mea nui loa no ka mea ulu e hiki mai ana.Mat."I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, loaʻa i kahi kaulike maikaʻi ma waena o ka nui a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka noe.I ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu, e hoʻomau ʻoe i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana, no laila pono ka mea kanu koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Dixon, ʻo ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka noe liʻiliʻi ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻomaloʻo ʻana, no ka mea hiki i ka maloʻo iki ke hoʻopaneʻe i ke aʻa.ʻAʻole hiki ke kala ʻia ka pilikia o nā haʻalele a me nā hemahema.Hoʻohana pinepine nā mea kanu i ka noe ma ke ʻano he ʻinikua.
Wahi a Dixon, inā e hoʻokuʻu nui ka mea kanu a loaʻa ka leaching kiʻekiʻe, e piʻi aʻe ka pH i ka mea ulu i ka wā o ka hana hou ʻana.
ʻO nā meaʻai i loko o ke kikowaena kōkua e hoʻopaʻa i ka pH.Inā ua kānana ʻia kēia mau meaʻai ma muli o ka hoʻoinu nui ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoinu ʻana, hiki ke piʻi ka pH ma luna o ka pae maikaʻi loa."Ua'ōleloʻo ia."Hoʻopuka kēia i nā pilikia ʻelua.ʻO ka mea mua, he haʻahaʻa loa nā meaʻai i hoʻomoʻa ʻia e ka mea kanu i ka wā o ke aʻa.ʻO ke kumu ʻelua, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH, e emi ana ka solubility o kekahi mau micronutrients (e like me ka hao a me ka manganese) a ʻaʻole hiki ke komo.Inā ʻike ʻoe ʻaʻole lawa kāu mau meaʻai a ʻeleʻele nā ​​mea kanu, kiʻekiʻe ka pH i ka waena a haʻahaʻa nā meaʻai, a laila ʻo ka hana mua maʻalahi ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka mea momona a hoʻonui i ka meaʻai i loko o ka waena.Hāʻawi kēia i nā meaʻai i ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo o nā lau, a kōkua pū i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pH a hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hao a me ka manganese.”
I mea e hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ai i ke kaʻina hana atomization, paipai ʻo Dickson e hoʻolilo i ka manawa i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo e nānā i nā mea kanu a me ka atomization.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, ʻo ka mea maikaʻi loa, pono nā mea kanu e hoʻokahe i nā mea kanu ma hope o ka maloʻo ʻana akā ma mua o ka maloʻo.Inā e hoʻohuehu ka mea kanu i ka wā e pulu mau ana nā lau, a i ʻole e mae ka mea kanu, aia ka pilikia.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "Hiki iā ʻoe ke wean i ka mea kanu.""A i ka wā e loaʻa ai ke aʻa o ka mea kanu, ʻaʻole pono ia e noe."
Manaʻo ʻo Dickson i ka nānā ʻana i ka pH a me ka meaʻai meaʻai i ka wā kanu e hoʻoholo ai inā ua kānana ʻia nā meaʻai a no ka hoʻoholo ʻana inā makemake ʻia ka fertilization.Paipai ʻo Dickson i ka nānā mau ʻana i ka ʻike pH a me EC.Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo ia, ʻo nā mea kanu hou a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea kanu i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā pilikia meaʻai pono e nānā mau ʻia.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Dixon, ʻo nā mea kanu ʻelua i ʻoi aku ka pōʻino, ʻo ia ka petunia a me ka pua pua nui.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "ʻO kēia nā mea kanu ikaika e pili ana i nā meaʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka pH kiʻekiʻe."“E nānā pū ʻia nā mea kanu me nā manawa aʻa lōʻihi, e like me nā iwi a me nā mea kanu ʻōpala.Pono lākou i ka manawa hou ma lalo o ka noe.No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hiki ke unuhi i nā meaʻai mai ka waena ma mua o ke aʻa ʻana.
Ua aʻo au i kekahi o kaʻu mau papa hana hua kanu i ka hāʻule.I kēlā papa, ua nānā mākou i nā mea kanu i loko o ka ipuhao, nā pua ʻoki a me nā mea kanu lau.Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hale hana, ua kanu mākou i nā mea kanu i loko o ka ipuhao, me ka poinsettia.I loko o ka hale hana, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa mākou i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka "total crop management" -a holistic ala e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻikepili a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻikepili me nā loiloi koʻikoʻi no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kanu i hoʻopaʻa ʻia (Figure 1).ʻO ka mea mua, pono mākou e nānā mau i nā mea pili i ke kaiapuni ʻōmaʻomaʻo, e like me ka hui ʻana o ke ao, ka awelika wela o kēlā me kēia lā, a me ka ʻokoʻa o ke ao me ka pō.I ka wā e ulu ana ka mea kanu a i ʻole he kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi, ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mea kanu;nā ʻano o ka substrate a me ka wai irrigation, e like me ka pH a me ka conductivity uila (EC);a me ka heluna pest.I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka ʻāina ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka ulu ʻana o ka mea kanu, substrate, ka wai, a me nā pests, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻoholo ʻana.ʻAʻole pono ʻoe e koho i nā mea e hana nei i loko o ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a i ʻole ka ipu;akā, ʻike ʻoe a hoʻoholo i ka ʻike.
I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kau, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā haumāna i nā pahuhopu no ko lākou kiʻekiʻe hope, nā kūlana ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ka maikaʻi o ka wai, a me ke ʻano o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka substrate.No ka poinsettia, he 5.8 a hiki i ka 6.2 ka pH pahuhopu kūpono, a ʻo ka EC he 2.5 a 4.5 mS/cm.Manaʻo ʻia ʻo Poinsettia he huaʻai "maʻamau" (ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa, ʻaʻole kiʻekiʻe) e pili ana i nā koi pH, akā mai ka waiwai EC kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua manaʻo ʻia he "fei hānai kaumaha".
ʻElua pule ma hope o ke kanu ʻana i ka poinsettia, ua alakaʻi mākou i ka hoʻāʻo mua ʻana o ka substrate.ʻO kēia ka mea pohihihi.Ua hoʻi mai kekahi haumāna mai ka hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me he mea lā ua huikau iki.He pH ka Poinsettia ma waena o 4.8 a me 4.9.I ka wā mua, ua ʻōlelo au ʻaʻole hiki ke calibrated pololei ka pH paʻa lima a me ka mika EC.No laila, hele lākou i waho, hoʻoponopono hou i ka mika, a loaʻa nā hopena like.Ke kānana nei nā haumāna ʻē aʻe i ka hale hana, a haʻahaʻa loa ko lākou pH.Ua manaʻo wau ʻaʻole maikaʻi ka hopena calibration, no laila ua wehe mākou i kahi hue hou o ka hopena a hoʻoponopono hou.Eia hou, ua loaʻa iā mākou nā hopena like.ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻāʻo mākou i nā mika paʻa lima like ʻole, a laila hoʻāʻo i nā hoʻonā calibration o nā hōʻailona like ʻole.He haʻahaʻa loa ka pH o ka substrate.
He aha ke kumu o ka pH haʻahaʻa?A laila, ua aʻo mākou i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ka wai maʻemaʻe, ka hoʻonā waiwai waiwai a me nā syringes.ʻO ka pH a me ka EC o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a mākou i hoʻohana ai he mea maʻamau, a ua hōʻike nā hopena ʻaʻohe pilikia.Ke hana nei i hope mai ka hopena o ka hose, ua hoʻāʻo mākou i ka wai kūloko maʻemaʻe.Eia hou, ʻike ʻia kēia mau waiwai i ka laulā.ʻAʻole mākou e ʻakika i kā mākou wai no ka mea ʻo ka wai kūloko a mākou e hoʻohana ai he alkalinity ma kahi o 60 ppm- "plug and play" wai.Ma hope aʻe, e nānā kāua i kā mākou mea hoʻoheheʻe fertilizer stock solution a me fertilizer injector.Hoʻohana mākou i kahi hui o 21-5-20 e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pH a me 15-5-15 e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka pH e hana i kahi hopena fertilizer hiki ke hoʻopiha i ka wai e mālama i ka pH o ka substrate.Ua hoʻohui mākou i kahi hoʻonā waiwai hou, a he mea maopopo ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā injectors a hoʻokomo pololei ʻia.
No laila, he aha ka mea e hāʻule ai ka pH?ʻAʻole hiki iaʻu ke noʻonoʻo i kekahi mea i loko o kā mākou hale hana e pilikia ai.ʻO kā mākou pilikia ma muli o nā kumu ʻē aʻe!Ua hoʻoholo wau i hoʻokahi mea a mākou i ana ʻole: alkalinity.No laila, lawe au i ka pahu hoʻāʻo alkalinity a hoʻāʻo i ka wai maʻemaʻe o ke kūlanakauhale.E nānā, ʻaʻole ka alkalinity ka 60s maʻamau.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, aia ma kahi o 75% haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka maʻamau i waena o nā ʻōpio.Ua kāhea ko mākou luna hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ke kūlanakauhale e nīnau e pili ana i ka alkalinity haʻahaʻa.Ua hoʻololi hou ke kūlanakauhale i kona ala, a ua maopopo ua hōʻemi lākou i ka neʻe alkalinity ma lalo o ka pae mua.
Ua ʻike hope mākou ʻo ka mea hewa: ka alkalinity haʻahaʻa i ka wai irrigation.Hiki paha i ka 21-5-20 ke hoʻoulu i ka hopena waika nui me ka wai kaona hou haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.Ua hana mākou i kekahi mau hana e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka pH o ka substrate.ʻO ka mea mua, i mea e hoʻonui wikiwiki ai i ka pH o ka substrate, ua lawe mākou i kahi noi limestone flowable.No ka mālama pH lōʻihi, ua hoʻololi mākou i ka fertilizer i 100% o 15-5-15 e hoʻohana i ka hopena o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pH, a haʻalele loa i ka acidic 21-5-20.
No ke aha e kamaʻilio ai e pili ana i ka poinsettia ke komo i ka hana piha i ka pūnāwai?ʻAʻole pili ka pono o kēia moʻolelo me ka poinsettia.Akā, hoʻoikaika ia i ka waiwai o ka nānā mau a me ka hoʻāʻo.Ua hōʻuluʻulu ʻia nā ʻōlelo a Lord Kelvin, he physicist matematika a me ka ʻenekinia, ma ke ʻano he hōʻuluʻulu waiwai i ka nānā mau ʻana: "ʻO ke ana ʻo ka ʻike."Ma hope o ka lūlū ʻana, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, e mau ana ka pilikia me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi.I ka wā i ʻike ai mākou he haʻahaʻa ka pH substrate, ʻike maikaʻi nā wana a ʻaʻohe hōʻailona ʻike.Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻaʻole mākou e hana i ka wai, a laila ʻo ka hōʻailona mua o kahi pilikia he mau hōʻailona ia o ka make ʻana o ka micronutrient ma nā lau.Inā ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona o ka pilikia, a laila ua hana ʻia kekahi pōʻino.Hōʻike pū kēia moʻolelo i ka waiwai o nā ʻano hana hoʻonā pilikia (Figure 2).I ko mākou hoʻoponopono mua ʻana i ka pilikia, ʻaʻole i loko o ko mākou manaʻo ke kūlanakauhale nāna i hoʻololi i kā mākou kaʻina hana wai.Eia naʻe, ma hope o ka noiʻi pono ʻana i nā mea i loko e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomalu, manaʻo mākou he kumu waho kēia i hiki ʻole iā mākou ke hoʻomalu, a hoʻonui i ka laulā o kā mākou noiʻi.
Christopher is an assistant professor of horticulture in the Department of Horticulture at Iowa State University. ccurrey@iastate.edu
E pōʻino ka pilina pili kanaka, a i kekahi manawa e nalo mālie.I kekahi manawa he dramatic ka haʻihaʻi ʻana, i kekahi manawa he maʻalahi a ʻike ʻia.ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo kēia ka mea maikaʻi loa.No ke aha a i ʻole ke kumu i haʻalele ai kekahi iā ʻoe, a i ʻole ʻoe i haʻalele iā lākou, ʻo ia ke ʻano o kāu mālama ʻana i ke kūlana, e hana ana i kahi ʻike mau a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana iā ʻoe a me kāu hui.ʻAʻohe mea e hōʻoluʻolu i nā mana ma mua o ka noi ʻana i nā limahana e haʻalele a hoʻopau ʻia.ʻO ka maʻamau, lilo ka pōleʻa i mea huikau inā pono e haʻi i nā kikoʻī o ka haʻalele ʻana i nā lālā o ka hui.
ʻAʻole hewa ka haʻalele ʻana.ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ke koho ka limahana e haʻalele a waiho ʻia paha e ka hoʻokele.Ke ʻimi nei paha nā limahana i waho i nā manawa kūpono ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hele pū me ʻoe, a i ʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kūlana hana a me ka loaʻa kālā ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā poʻe kūpono ʻole no kāu hui.Eia naʻe, ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana me he mea lā e hōʻoluʻolu ʻole nā ​​​​mea āpau a hōʻike i ka palekana koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā luna.
ʻO kahi hana maʻamau-ʻo ka hana o ka hapa nui o kā mākou mau luna i hewa i kekahi manawa i kā mākou ʻoihana-paʻa i nā manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole e pili ana i ka haʻalele ʻana a haʻalele paha.Ke loaʻa iā ʻoe ka ʻōlelo waha e pili ana i ka haʻalele ʻana a i ʻole nā ​​​​limahana mua, he aha ka ʻike āu e hoʻouna ai i kāu poʻe limahana o kēia manawa e pili ana iā ʻoe a me ka hui?Ke haʻalele kekahi iā ʻoe, maʻalahi ka nānā ʻana i ko lākou mau hemahema ʻano, a ʻo ia hoʻi.Akā i loko o kahi ʻoihana, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ka nui o nā poʻe e pili pū ana me ʻoe a manaʻolana ʻoe e ʻike i kāu hana i kēlā manawa, ʻoiai inā hana ikaika nā limahana haʻalele e kūkulu i kā lākou ʻoihana kūleʻa.ʻO kāu hana ka wānana i kā lākou e hana ai inā koho lākou e haʻalele.ʻO ka mea nui aku, e hōʻike iā lākou inā makemake ʻoe i nā hana a nā limahana o kēia manawa.
ʻO kāu hana ke hoʻoulu i ka hilinaʻi i kāu mau limahana i kēia mau manawa;mai hoʻoweliweli iā lākou.ʻAʻole paha ʻoe i hana ʻole a hoʻopau ʻia paha i kekahi manawa o kāu ʻoihana.Ua ʻike paha ʻoe i ka manaʻo e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia e ka hoʻokele i ka wā a i ʻole ma hope o kou haʻalele ʻana.Ma ke ʻano o ka hoʻohui ʻana, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka ʻoihana ʻōmaʻomaʻo inā makemake ʻoe.E hoʻihoʻi ʻia paha ia ʻano hoʻohaʻahaʻa iā ʻoe a i ʻole ka limahana i make ma o ka ʻōlelo ʻoihana.Ke waiho nei kēia ʻano ʻōlelo ʻōlelo ʻino i ka waha o kēlā me kēia kanaka, a ʻaʻole ia he mea maikaʻi no ka moʻomeheu pili aupuni maikaʻi.
He aha kāu e hana ai ma kēia kūlana?ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻomanaʻo ʻaʻole pili nā manaʻo pilikino e pili ana i ka mea i make i kāu hoʻolālā kamaʻilio.E noʻonoʻo i nā mea maoli.ʻO ka ʻaelike āu e kūkākūkā ai e haʻalele, pono e ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka haʻalele ʻana o ke kanaka.Eia kekahi, e ʻoluʻolu e hana wikiwiki.ʻO ka kali ʻana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka haʻalele ʻana o kahi limahana e alakaʻi pinepine ai i ka ʻōlelo ʻino e hoʻopau i kāu hana.E hoʻomalu i ke kamaʻilio.
Inā haʻalele wale nā ​​limahana no ko lākou mau kumu ponoʻī, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻolaha iā lākou ma nā hālāwai hui a i ʻole nā ​​hālāwai limahana.E noi iā lākou e hoʻouna i nā leka uila a me nā memo me nā limahana ʻē aʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hele i ka hālāwai.ʻO kā lākou hoʻoholo kēia, ʻaʻole na ʻoe, a he kuleana ko lākou e haʻalele i kēlā me kēia manawa.No ka poʻe a pau e hana ana iā ʻoe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e wehewehe hou i kēia subconsciously.Eia kekahi, koi ia i nā limahana e wehewehe pololei i ke kumu a lākou i haʻalele ai a pane i nā nīnau i ʻole ʻoe e hilinaʻi i ko lākou waha a i ʻole nā ​​​​huaʻōlelo wahaheʻe i ka wā e haʻalele ai.Ma hope o kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana, ʻo kāu hana ke hoʻomaikaʻi iā lākou no kā lākou lawelawe a me kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana i ka hui a me ka hui.Makemake wau iā lākou i ka maikaʻi loa a mālama i ka manaʻo maikaʻi me lākou ma mua o ka neʻe ʻana.
Ke hoʻolaha lākou, pono ʻoe e wehewehe i kahi hoʻolālā i ke koena o nā limahana, e wehewehe ana i kou manaʻo e pani i ka limahana a i ʻole pehea e mālama ai i kā lākou kuleana, a hiki i ka hana ʻana pēlā.Ma hope o ko lākou haʻalele ʻana, mai hele i waho o ke ala e kuhikuhi ai i kā lākou mau hemahema, e hōʻemi i kā lākou hāʻawi hana a i ʻole e ʻae i nā ʻōlelo ʻino a nā limahana ʻē aʻe iā lākou.E hoʻolilo wale ia iā ʻoe i mea ʻole, a e kanu pū i nā ʻanoʻano kānalua o ka manaʻo o nā limahana ʻē aʻe.
Inā pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia kekahi ma muli o ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hana a i ʻole ka uhaki i nā kulekele, a laila ʻo ʻoe ka mea nāna i hoʻolaha i ka limahana.I kēia hihia, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻouna i kahi memo a i ʻole leka uila i ka limahana e hōʻemi i ka hana keaka.Ma ke ʻano o ka manawa, pono ʻoe e haʻi koke i nā limahana e hoʻopilikia pololei ʻia e ka haʻalele.Hiki ke hoʻolaha ʻia nā limahana ʻē aʻe i ka lā hana aʻe.Ke ʻae ʻoe i kekahi e haʻalele, e noʻonoʻo i ka ʻōlelo i kau ʻia ai ka leka.Ke ʻōlelo wale nei ʻaʻole hana hou nā limahana i ka ʻoihana a makemake lākou i ka maikaʻi.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ʻaʻole e komo i nā kikoʻī ke hoʻokuʻu aku ʻoe i kekahi, ʻoiai hiki i kekahi pae o ka ʻike maopopo ke hoʻopau i ka makaʻu.I ka hoʻolaha, pono ʻoe e paipai i nā limahana ʻē aʻe e hāpai pololei i nā nīnau a me nā hopohopo e pili ana i ka haʻalele ʻana iā ʻoe.I kēia manawa, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoholo i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ke kanaka.Inā ʻae ʻia kahi limahana e uhaki i kekahi kulekele kikoʻī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loiloi pololei ʻana me nā mana a me nā luna e hoʻomaopopo iā lākou i ke koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻonaʻauao kulekele, hoʻokō, a me nā palapala.
He paʻakikī ka loli, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī no kekahi poʻe.I ka hapanui o nā hihia, maikaʻi ka hoʻololi.Hoʻopili i nā loli limahana i ka hui me kahi ʻano ʻoihana a maikaʻi, a aia ʻoe ma ke ala kūpono e kūkulu i kahi moʻomeheu hilinaʻi.
ʻO Leslie (CPH) nona ka Halleck Horticultural, LLC, kahi e hāʻawi ai ʻo ia i nā kūkākūkā horticultural, ʻoihana a me nā hoʻolālā kūʻai aku, hoʻomohala huahana a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻike no nā hui ʻoihana ʻōmaʻomaʻo.lesliehalleck.com
Ua lanakila ʻo Regina Coronado, ka mea ulu nui o Bell Nursery, i kahi kūlana paʻakikī a lilo i alakaʻi o ka mākeke māla ʻAmelika.
Mai ka kofe a me ka soybeans i nā mea kanu a me nā mea ʻala, mai nā mea hoʻonaninani i nā mea kanu, i nā mea hoʻonaninani, ua ulu ʻo Regina Coronado i nā mea āpau.Ua neʻe ʻo ia mai kona home i Guatemala a hiki i Florida, Texas, Georgia, Wakinekona a i kēia manawa ʻo North Carolina, a hana ʻo ia ma nā ʻāina āpau.Mai ka makahiki 2015, ua hana ʻo ia i ka mahiʻai ʻana o Bell Nursery ma aneʻi.
I ke komo ʻana o Coronado i ka ʻoihana hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo US, pono ʻo ia e lanakila i nā pilikia he nui a e ʻimi i nā manawa i ʻike ʻia e nā mea ʻē aʻe.
“ʻO ka mea mua, he malihini au.Inā no ka ʻāina ʻē ʻoe, pono ʻoe e hōʻoia he akamai ʻoe.Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Coronado ua loaʻa iā ia kahi visa, a laila he kāleka ʻōmaʻomaʻo a lilo i kamaʻāina ʻAmelika i ka makahiki 2008. "ʻO ka lua o ka mea ʻo ia kahi ʻoihana i hoʻomalu ʻia e nā kāne, no laila pono ʻoe e paʻakikī e ola."
Ma muli o kona hoʻomanawanui, hoʻolaʻa a me ka ʻuhane kūpaʻa ʻole o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana, ua lanakila ʻo Coronado i kēia mau pilikia a ua hoʻokumu i kahi ʻoihana kūleʻa i ka ʻoihana ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
I ka hui pū ʻana i kona aloha i waho me kona aloha i ka ʻepekema, ua loaʻa iā Coronado ke kēkelē ma ka mahiʻai ma Guatemala.I kona ʻike ʻana he liʻiliʻi ʻo ia - ʻoiai ma kona ʻāina hānau, e hana ana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he loea ʻenehana lepo no nā mea kanu kofe.
"I ka haʻalele ʻana o ka luna, ua noi au no kona kūlana, a i koʻu hele ʻana i ka ʻoihana waiwai kanaka, haʻi mai lākou iaʻu ua hoʻokō wau i nā koi āpau, akā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻae iaʻu e lilo i poʻo o ka hale hana lepo no ka mea [ no ka mea, he ʻōpiopio wau, he wahine wau, "wahi a Coronado.
I kekahi mau mahina ma hope mai, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi manawa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.Ua kūʻai kekahi kanaka ma Guatemala i kahi kahu hānai liʻiliʻi ma Florida, a ua hoʻolimalima ʻo ia i kahi agronomist e hoʻolimalima i ʻekolu mahina ma laila e aʻo ai i ka ʻoihana ʻōmaʻomaʻo e kōkua iā ia e kūkulu hou i kahi hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo ma Guatemala.Ma hope o ka hōʻea ʻana o Coronado i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua lilo ʻekolu mahina i 26 mau makahiki, a ke hoʻonui nei.
I ka hana ʻana i kēlā kahu hānai, hoʻopili pinepine ʻo ia mai Speedling."Ua ʻike au i kēlā hale ʻōmaʻomaʻo no ka manawa mua, a manaʻo wau, 'Auwe, makemake wau e hiki iaʻu ke hana ma ʻaneʻi!'" Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Coronado, ka mea i hoʻopau i ka hana ma Speedling no 7 mau makahiki ma ke ʻano he mea kanu mea kanu nui ma Texas , A laila ma Georgia .
Ma laila, hui ʻo ia me Louis Stacy, ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu iā Stacy Greenhouse.I kekahi lā, i kona kipa ʻana iā Speedling, haʻalele ʻo ia i kāna kāleka ʻoihana ma Coronado a haʻi iā ia inā pono ʻo ia e kelepona iā ia ma ka hana.Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana iā ia ma South Carolina ma 2002, kahi i aʻo ai i nā mea āpau e pili ana i nā perennials.
"Noʻu, he kumu aʻoaʻo maikaʻi ʻo ia," wahi a Coronado no Stacey.Ua make ʻo Stacey i Ianuali, i ka makahiki 81 i kekahi mau lā ma mua o ka ninaninau.“Makemake wau i nā mea a pau āna i aʻo mai ai iaʻu i nā makahiki, e like me kāna kūpaʻa i ka maikaʻi.Ua hoʻokomo maoli ʻo ia i ka huaʻōlelo "quality" i loko o koʻu noʻonoʻo no ka mea i loko o kona noʻonoʻo, ʻo ke ala wale nō e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻokūkū me ka Cometing no nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe.
I ka wā i hoʻomaha ai ʻo Stacy, ua ʻimi ʻo Coronado i nā manawa ma ke komohana o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Wakinekona e hana i ka māla ma ke komohana ʻĀkau, a laila hoʻi ʻo ia i ka hikina e hui pū me Bell Nursery.
Ma ke ʻano he mea ulu nui o Bell Nursery, ʻo Coronado ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i nā perennials.Uhi ia ma kahi o 100 mau ʻeka a ua puʻunaue ʻia i loko o ʻelua mau hale hana: ʻo kekahi mea kūikawā i ka mahi ʻana i nā pua kala e like me nā lilia, iris, dianthus a me ka phlox, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe i ke kanu ʻana.Uhi mea kanu a me jade host.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: "Makemake wau i nā mea a pau aʻu i ulu ai.""Noʻu, he makemake nui ka ulu ʻana, a laki wau i ka uku ʻia no koʻu makemake."
Manaʻo ʻo Coronado i kahi hui wai, hui noi kemika, a me ka hui mālama mea kanu ma kēlā me kēia wahi (ma kahi o 40 mau mile ke kaʻawale).Hana ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia hale hana no kekahi mau lā, e kālele ana i ka reconnaissance a me ka hoʻokele maikaʻi.
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Coronado: "Ke hana nei au i nā mea he nui iaʻu iho, hana nui i ka mana maikaʻi ma ka ipuhao, ke ʻoki ʻana, ka weeding a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā lālani, no ka mea, ʻo ka pahuhopu o Bell ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe i ka hale kūʻai.""Hoʻohana au i ka manawa nui e hoʻāʻo i ka wai a me ka lepo., A e ho'āʻo e hoʻohana i nā ʻano ʻano hou a me nā kemika hou.ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻaʻohe oʻu manawa e luhi ai. "
"No ka poʻe a me aʻu iho, he hoʻomaʻamaʻa pau ʻole kēia," wahi a Coronado."Ke ho'āʻo mau nei au e noho hou, no ka mea, noʻu, ʻo ka ulu ʻana e like me ke kauka.Inā hāʻule ʻoe ma hope, ʻaʻole maikaʻi ia noʻu a i ʻole ka hui no ka mea makemake mākou e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono.
Ua kūpaʻa ʻo Coronado i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana iā ia iho a me nā poʻe a puni iā ​​​​ia.He ala kēia e hāʻawi hou ai i ka ʻoihana.I ka ulu ʻana o kāna ʻoihana, ua hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻoihana a kōkua ʻia e ia.
"ʻOliʻoli loa wau i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka manawa e hele mai i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa," wahi a Coronado, e hoʻi ana i Guatemala i kēlā me kēia makahiki.“I koʻu hele ʻana mai i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua paʻakikī loa koʻu ola, akā ʻo koʻu hoʻomaikaʻi mau i ka noho ʻana ma ʻaneʻi.Manaʻo wau inā loaʻa kahi manawa, pono wau e hoʻāʻo.I kekahi manawa hoʻokahi wale nō hiki mai ka manawa, inā ʻaʻole au e hopu i ka manawa, e nalowale ana ka manawa.