Erin Lizotte, Michigan State University Extension, MSU Department of Entomology Dave Smitley lāua ʻo Jill O'Donnell, MSU Extension-ʻApelila 1, 2015
ʻO ka spruce spider mites nā mea ʻeha nui o nā kumu Kalikimaka ʻo Michigan.ʻO ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides hiki ke kōkua i ka poʻe mahiʻai e pale i nā mite predatory maikaʻi, ma laila e kōkua ai i ke kāohi ʻana i kēia pest koʻikoʻi.
Ma Michigan, ʻo ka spruce spider mite (Oligonuchus umunguis) kekahi mea ʻino nui o nā kumu lāʻau coniferous.Hoʻopilikia kēia ʻupena liʻiliʻi i nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka i hana ʻia ma ke kūʻai ʻana a ke kumu pinepine nei i nā poho waiwai nui i ka mahi ʻana i ka spruce a me Fraser fir.Ma nā mahi kanu kuʻuna, he liʻiliʻi ka heluna o nā mite predatory ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā insecticides.Pōmaikaʻi nā mite predatory i nā mea ulu no ka mea ʻai lākou i nā pests a kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka heluna kanaka.Me ka ʻole o lākou, e poha koke ka spruce spider mite, e pōʻino ai nā kumulāʻau.
Ke hoʻokokoke mai nei ka pūnāwai, pono e hoʻomākaukau nā mea kanu e hoʻonui i kā lākou mau hoʻolālā hahai holoholona.I mea e ʻike ai i nā mite spider spruce, pono nā mea kanu e hoʻāʻo i nā kumulāʻau he nui i kēlā me kēia mea kanu a koho pono i nā kumulāʻau mai nā kiʻekiʻe a me nā lālani i loko a i waho.ʻO nā kumu lāʻau nui aʻe e hoʻonui i ka pololei o nā mea ulu i ka wā e loiloi ai i ka heluna kanaka a me nā pilikia e hiki mai ana.Pono e mālama ʻia ka ʻike ʻana i ke kau, ʻaʻole wale ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o nā hōʻailona, ​​​​no ka mea maʻamau ka lōʻihi no ka mālama pono ʻana.ʻO ke ala maʻalahi loa e ʻike ai i nā mite makua a me nā ʻōpio ʻo ia ka lulu a hahau i nā lālā ma ka papa kiʻi a pepa paha (kiʻi 1).
ʻO ka spruce spider mite egg he pōpō ʻulaʻula liʻiliʻi me ka lauoho ma waena.E ʻike maopopo ʻia nā hua i hāʻule (kiʻi 2).I ka wā hoʻoikaika kino, liʻiliʻi loa ka spider mite a he kino palupalu kona kino.He ʻano oval paʻa ka spruce spider mite me nā lauoho ma luna o ka ʻōpū.ʻOkoʻa ka ʻili o ka ʻili, akā ʻo Tetranychus spruce maʻamau ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo, ʻeleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻeleʻele paha, ʻaʻole keʻokeʻo, ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha.ʻO nā mite predatory maikaʻi he keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo, keʻokeʻo waiu, ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia lākou mai nā pest mites ma ka nānā ʻana i kā lākou hana.Ke hoʻopilikia ʻia, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o nā mite predatory ma mua o nā mite pest, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke neʻe wikiwiki ʻana ma ka papa kiʻi.Kolo mālie nā ʻāwīwī spruce ʻulaʻula.
Kiʻi 2. Nā mites a me nā hua manu spruce makua.Puna kiʻi: USDA FS-Northeast Regional Archives, Bugwood.org
ʻO nā hōʻailona o ka spruce spider mite pōʻino ʻo ia ka chlorosis, nā kui kui a me ka wehe ʻana a me nā ʻāpana lau ʻeleʻele, a hiki ke laha i ka lāʻau holoʻokoʻa.I ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻeha ma ke aniani lima, ʻike ʻia nā hōʻailona ma ke ʻano he wahi poʻe melemele liʻiliʻi a puni ka wahi hānai (kiʻi 3).Ma o ka nānā pono ʻana, ka hoʻokele kūʻē ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides i ʻoi aku ka pōʻino i nā mites predatory maoli, hiki ke pale ʻia nā spruce spider mites mai ka luku ʻia.ʻO ke ala maʻalahi e hoʻoholo ai i nā pono o ka hoʻokele ʻana, ʻo ia ka loiloi inā hōʻike ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana e ulu ana ka heluna kanaka a i ʻole i kahi pae o ka luku.He mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo i ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana o ka nui o ka spruce spider mite, no laila, ʻo ka nānā wale ʻana i ka pōʻino o ka lāʻau, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike pololei i ka pono o ka mālama ʻana, no ka mea, ʻo ka heluna kanaka i make mai ia manawa ke kumu o ka pōʻino, no laila, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka pipi ʻana. .
Kiʻi 3. Ua pōʻino ka spruce spider mite hānai nila.Kiʻi kiʻi: John A. Weidhass o Virginia Tech a me State University Bugwood.org
Aia ka papa ma lalo nei i nā koho lapa'au o kēia manawa, kā lākou māhele kemika, ka pae ola i mana'o 'ia, ka maika'i pili, ka manawa ho'omalu a me nā mea 'awa'awa pili i nā mites predatory pono.Inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā insecticides, ʻaʻole hiki ke lilo nā spider ʻulaʻula i mea pilikia, no ka mea, e mālama nā mites predatory iā lākou.E ho'āʻo e pale i ka pipiʻi ʻana i nā lāʻau pesticides e paipai i ka mālama kūlohelohe.
Chlorpyrifos 4E AG, Government 4E, Hatchet, Lorsban Advanced, Lorsban 4E, Lorsban 75WG, Nufos 4E, Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E, Warhawk, Whirlwind, Yuma 4E insecticide, Vulcan (poisoned rif)
Avid 0.15EC, Ardent 0.15EC, hoʻohiwahiwa alohilohi, Nufarm Abamectin, Minx Quali-Pro Abamectin 0.15EC, Timectin 0.15ECT&O (abamectin)
Mahalo iā Pro, Couraze 2F, Couraze 4F, Mallet 75WSP, Nuprid 1.6F, Pasada 1.6F, Prey, Provado 1.6F, Sherpa, Widow, Wrangler (imidacloprid)
1 ʻO nā ʻano hoʻoneʻe ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi nā larvae mite, nymphs a me nā pae makua.He mea palekana ka 2S i nā mea ʻaihue mite, ʻona ʻawaʻawa ʻo M, a ʻona nui ʻo H.ʻOi aku ka lohi o Avermectin, thiazole a me tetronic acid acaricides, no laila, ʻaʻole e kāhāhā nā mea kanu inā e ola ana nā mite ma hope o ka noi ʻana.He 7 a 10 lā paha e ʻike ai i ka make piha.4 Hiki i ka aila mahiʻai ke hoʻoulu i ka phytotoxicity, ʻoi loa ke hoʻohana ʻia i ke kauwela, a hiki ke hōʻemi i ka waihoʻoluʻu polū i ka uliuli spruce.He mea maʻamau ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻaila horticultural i hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi ʻia me ka 1% i kēlā me kēia manawa o ka makahiki, akā inā he 2% a i ʻole ke kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hōʻino i nā pua i hoʻololi ʻia i nā kristal hau spruce a hōʻeha i nā hōʻailona ʻino. ..5 Pono e heluhelu ʻia ka lepili ʻo Apollo a mālama pono i mea e hoʻohana pono ai a hoʻolohi i ka ulu ʻana o ke kū'ē.
Pyrethroids, organophosphates a me abamectins he maikaʻi ka hana knockdown a me ke koena o ka mana o ka spruce spider mites i ka wā e ola ana, akā ʻo kā lākou hopena make i nā mites predatory e hoʻolilo iā lākou i nā koho lapaʻau maikaʻi ʻole.Ma muli o ka emi ʻana o nā ʻenemi maoli a me ka heluna o nā mites predatory, ua hū ka spruce spider mites, pono e hoʻomau ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea i kēia kau.ʻO ka Neonicotine, aia i loko o ka imidacloprid ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui maikaʻi, he koho maikaʻi ʻole no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i nā mite spider spruce, a ma kekahi mau mea hiki ke hoʻoulu maoli i ka maʻi spider mites.
Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, ʻo nā carbamates, quinolones, pyridazinones, quinazolines a me ka mea hoʻoponopono ulu lāʻau ethoxazole e hōʻike ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ma luna o Tetranychus spruce a me nā mites predatory.ʻona.ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea e hoʻemi i ka pilikia o ka mite outbreaks a hāʻawi i ʻekolu a ʻehā mau pule o ke koena o ka mana no nā pae ola a pau o ka spruce spider mites, akā ʻo etozol ka hana liʻiliʻi i nā pākeke.
Hōʻike ka ʻaila Tetronic, thiazole, sulfite a me ka ʻaila horticultural i nā hopena maikaʻi i ke koena o ka lōʻihi o ka spider mite.Loaʻa i ka ʻaila horticultural ka phytotoxicity a me ka chlorosis, no laila e makaʻala nā mea kanu i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā huahana hou a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea i mālama ʻole ʻia.ʻO ka waikawa Tetronic, ka thiazole, ka sulfite a me ka aila horticultural kekahi mau pōmaikaʻi hou aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, he mea palekana i nā mite predatory a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ke kumu o ka maʻi mite.
Hiki i nā mea kanu ke ʻike he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mālama ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, a i ʻole ke hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides i kūpono ʻole i nā pae ola a pau.E ʻoluʻolu e heluhelu pono i ka lepili, no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau huahana i hoʻokahi ʻano i kēlā me kēia kau.I ka hoʻomaka o ka pūnāwai, e nānā i nā nila a me nā lālā no nā hua o Tetranychus spruce.Inā nui nā hua, e hoʻopili i ka ʻaila horticultural ma kahi ʻano o 2% e pepehi iā lākou ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻana.ʻO kahi ʻaila māla kiʻekiʻe me ka 2% ʻoi aku ka palekana no ka hapa nui o nā kumulāʻau Kalikimaka, koe wale ka spruce uliuli, a nalowale kekahi o kona ʻulaʻula polū ma hope o ka pīpī ʻana me ka ʻaila.
I mea e hoʻopaneʻe ai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā anti-acaricides, ua paipai ka Michigan State University Promotion Department i nā mea ulu e hahai i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo lepili, e kaupalena i ka helu o nā huahana kikoʻī i hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi kau, a koho i nā acaricides mai ka ʻoi aku o hoʻokahi insecticide.No ka laʻana, i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka piʻi ʻana o ka heluna kanaka, hiki i nā mea kanu ke hoʻomomona i ka ʻaila dormant i ka pūnāwai a laila hoʻohana i ka waikawa tetronic.Pono ka noi hou mai kahi ʻano ʻē aʻe ma waho o ka tetrahydroacid.
Ke hoʻololi mau nei nā lula pesticide, a ʻaʻole e pani ka ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia i kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi.I mea e pale ai iā ʻoe iho, nā mea ʻē aʻe a me ke kaiapuni, e ʻoluʻolu e heluhelu a hahai i ka lepili.
Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mea ma ka hana i kākoʻo ʻia e ka National Institute of Food and Agriculture o ke Keʻena ʻOihana Mahiʻai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma lalo o ka helu aelike 2013-41534-21068.ʻO nā manaʻo, nā ʻike, nā hopena, a i ʻole nā ​​manaʻo i hōʻike ʻia ma kēia puke, ʻo ia nā manaʻo o ka mea kākau a ʻaʻole ia e hōʻike i ka manaʻo o ke Keʻena ʻOihana Mahiai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
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Ua wehe ʻia nā hoʻolālā hoʻonui a me nā mea waiwai o Michigan State University i kēlā me kēia kanaka, me ka nānā ʻole i ka lāhui, ka waihoʻoluʻu, ke ʻano o ka lāhui, ke kāne, ka ʻike kāne, ka hoʻomana, ka makahiki, ke kiʻekiʻe, ke kaumaha, ke kīnā, ka manaʻo politika, ka moe kolohe, ke kūlana male, kūlana ʻohana, a hoʻomaha paha. Kūlana koa.Ma ka launa pū ʻana me ka US Department of Agriculture, ua hoʻopuka ʻia ma o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o MSU mai Mei 8 a Iune 30, 1914. Quentin Tyler, Luna Hoʻokele Interim, MSU Development Department, East Lansing, Michigan, MI48824.No ka hoʻonaʻauao wale nō kēia ʻike.ʻO ka haʻi ʻana i nā huahana kālepa a i ʻole nā ​​​​inoa kālepa ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo ua kākoʻo ʻia lākou e MSU Extension a i ʻole nā ​​​​huahana makemake ʻole i ʻōlelo ʻia.