(Koe wale no ka pesticides, Kepakemapa 24, 2020) He hōʻike hou mai ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) "National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Project" e hōʻike ana ua laha nui ʻia nā pesticides ma nā muliwai a me nā kahawai ʻAmelika, kahi kokoke i 90% A. ka laʻana wai i loko o ʻelima a ʻoi aʻe paha nā pesticides like ʻole.Ma muli o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) i ka makahiki 1998 i ka laha ʻana o nā pesticides ma nā ala wai a pau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ua maʻamau ka pollution pesticide ma nā ala wai ma ka mōʻaukala, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia hoʻokahi pesticide.Hoʻokomo ʻia nā kaukani o nā pesticides i nā muliwai ʻAmelika a me nā kahawai mai nā kumu mahiʻai a me nā kumu mahiʻai ʻole, e hoʻohaumia ana i nā kumu wai inu maʻamau e like me ka wai ʻili a me ka wai honua.Me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o nā pesticides i nā ala wai, he hopena maikaʻi ʻole ia i ke olakino o nā kaiaola wai, ʻoi aku ka hopena synergistic o kekahi mau pesticides me nā pesticides ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o kēia hopena.ʻO ia mau hōʻike he mea hana koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā hana hoʻoponopono kūpono e pale ai i ke olakino kanaka, holoholona a me ke kaiapuni.Ua hoʻoholo ka USGS "ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i nā mea kōkua nui i ka ʻawaʻawa hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai e kākoʻo i ka maikaʻi o ke ola wai."
ʻO ka wai ka mea nui a koʻikoʻi ma ka honua, mea nui i ke ola, a ʻo ka mea nui o nā mea ola a pau.ʻO ka wai maʻemaʻe ma lalo o ʻekolu pākēneka o ka wai maʻemaʻe, a he wahi liʻiliʻi wale nō o ka wai maʻemaʻe he wai lepo (30.1%) a i ʻole wai ma luna (0.3%) no ka ʻai.Eia naʻe, hoʻoweliweli ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau pesticides i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka nui o ka wai maʻemaʻe i loaʻa, no ka mea, hiki ke hoʻohaumia i nā ala wai kokoke, e like me nā kahawai, nā kahawai, nā loko a i ʻole nā ​​​​poʻo i lalo o ka lepo.No ka mea he 2% wale nō o ka wai o ka ʻili o nā muliwai a me nā kahawai, pono e pale ʻia kēia mau kaiaola palupalu mai ka pōʻino hou aʻe, e like me ka nalowale ʻana o nā mea ola wai a me ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka wai.Ua ʻōlelo ka poʻe noiʻi i ka hōʻike noiʻi, "[ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia noiʻi ʻana e ʻike i nā ʻano o nā hui pesticide i loaʻa i nā ʻano wai o nā kahawai wai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻāina mahiʻai, hoʻomohala a hui pū ʻia mai 2013 a 2017" ( 2017 Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ka poʻe noiʻi e hoʻomaopopo i "ka mea ʻona o nā hui pesticide i nā mea ola wai, a e loiloi i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā mea hoʻokele o ka ʻona o ka hui."
No ka loiloi ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai o ka ʻāina, ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea noiʻi i nā laʻana wai mai nā wahi laʻana i loko o ke kīʻaha i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka National Water Quality Network (NWQN)-Rivers and Streams ma 1992. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mau ʻano ʻāina ma nā ʻano hoʻohana ʻāina (mahiʻai, hoʻomohala / kūlanakauhale a hui pū ʻia).Mai ka makahiki 2013 a hiki i ka makahiki 2017, ua hōʻiliʻili nā mea noiʻi i nā laʻana wai mai kēlā me kēia kahua kahawai i kēlā me kēia mahina.I loko o kekahi mau mahina, e like me ka wā ua, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o nā pesticide, e piʻi aʻe ka pinepine o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana.Ua hoʻohana nā mea noiʻi i ka tandem mass spectrometry i hui pū ʻia me ka chromatography wai hoʻoheheʻe wai pololei e loiloi i ke kiʻekiʻe o nā pesticides i loko o nā laʻana wai e nānā i ka huina o 221 pūhui pesticide i kānana (0.7μm) wai ma ka USGS National Water Quality Laboratory.I mea e loiloi ai i ka ʻona o nā lāʻau pesticides, ua noi ka poʻe noiʻi i ka Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) e ana i ka hiki ke ʻona o nā hui pesticide i ʻekolu pūʻulu hoʻohālikelike-iʻa, cladocerans (nā crustaceans wai liʻiliʻi) a me nā invertebrates benthic.Aia i loko o ka helu helu PTI he ʻekolu pae e hōʻike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nānā ʻana o ka ʻawaʻawa i wānana ʻia: haʻahaʻa (PTI≥0.1), mau loa (0.1 1).
Ua ʻike ʻia ma ka manawa 2013-2017, aia ma kahi o ʻelima a ʻoi aʻe paha nā pesticides i loko o 88% o nā laʻana wai mai nā wahi hōʻike NWQN.ʻO 2.2% wale nō o nā laʻana wai ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ma mua o ke kiʻekiʻe i ʻike ʻia o ka ʻike pesticide.I loko o kēlā me kēia kaiapuni, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka maʻi pesticides median i loko o nā ʻano wai o kēlā me kēia ʻano hoʻohana ʻāina, 24 pesticides ma nā wahi mahiʻai, a me 7 pesticides i hui ʻia (mahiʻai a hoʻomohala ʻia), ka haʻahaʻa loa.Aia nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia ma ka waena, a ʻo kēlā me kēia laʻana wai e hōʻiliʻili i nā ʻano pesticides he 18.Hiki i nā lāʻau pesticides i loko o nā laʻana wai ke ʻona i nā mea ʻawaʻawa i loko o ka wai, a me nā mea ʻona i ka iʻa.Ma waena o nā pūhui pesticide 221 i kālailai ʻia, ʻo 17 (13 insecticides, 2 herbicides, 1 fungicide a me 1 synergist) ʻo ia nā kumu nui o ka ʻona i ka Aquatic Taxonomy.Wahi a ka hōʻike ʻana o ka PTI, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka 50% o ka pūhui pesticide i ka ʻawaʻawa o ka hāpana, aʻo nā pesticides ʻē aʻe e hāʻawi liʻiliʻi i ka ʻona.No nā cladocerans, ʻo nā pūhui pesticide nui e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻawaʻawa, ʻo ia ka insecticides bifenthrin, carbaryl, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, dichlorvos, tridifenuron, fluphthalamide, a me tebupirine phosphorus.ʻO ka herbicide attriazine a me nā insecticides bifenthrin, carbaryl, carbofuran, toxic rif, diazinon, dichlorvos, fipronil, imidacloprid a me methamidophos he mau pesticides i hiki i nā invertebrates benthic ʻO ka mea hoʻokele nui o nā mea make.ʻO nā pesticides i loaʻa ka hopena nui loa i ka iʻa, ʻo ia ka herbicide acetochlor, ka fungicide e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka carbendazim, a me ka synergistic piperonyl butoxide.
Ua hala ka United States Geological Survey (USGS) i kāna National Water Quality Assessment (“Assessing the occurrence and behavior of pesticides in streams, lake and ground water and the potential of pesticides to contaminate our drink water supply or damage aquatic ecosystems”) (NAWQA) hōʻike. .Hōʻike nā hōʻike mua o ka USGS he nui nā pesticides i loko o ke kaiaola wai a he mau mea haumia maʻamau i nā kaiaola wai maʻemaʻe.Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā pesticides i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ka wai o luna a me ka wai o ka lepo, ʻo ia ke kumu wai inu no ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka ʻAmelika.Eia kekahi, hiki i nā muliwai a me nā kahawai i haumia ʻia e nā pesticides ke hoʻokuʻu aku i ka wai i loko o nā moana a me nā loko e like me ka Great Barrier Reef (GBR).Ma waena o lākou, ua hui pū ʻia ka 99.8% o nā laʻana GBR me ka ʻoi aku o 20 mau pesticides like ʻole.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i loaʻa i kēia mau kemika nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea ola wai, akā loaʻa pū kekahi i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole i nā mea ola honua e hilinaʻi nei i ka wai ʻili a i ʻole ka wai lepo.Hiki i ka nui o kēia mau mea kemika ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi endocrine, nā kīnā hānau, neurotoxicity a me ka maʻi kanesa i loko o ke kanaka a me nā holoholona, ​​​​a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou he mea ʻawaʻawa loa i nā meaola wai.Eia hou, hōʻike pinepine ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka wai i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā pūhui pesticide ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi i loko o ke kahawai a me ka hiki ke ʻona i ke ola kai.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻo ka USGS-NAWQA a i ʻole ka loiloi pilikia wai o ka EPA e loiloi i nā pilikia kūpono o ka hui ʻana i nā pesticide i ke kaiapuni wai.
ʻO ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka pesticides ma ka ʻili a me ka wai o ka lepo ua hoʻopilikia hou ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nele o ka nānā ʻana i ke ala wai kūpono a me nā hoʻoponopono, e pale ana i nā pesticides mai ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā ala wai.ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano o ka US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) no ka pale ʻana i ke olakino kanaka a me ke kaiapuni ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā pesticides e like me ka Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) a e like me nā ʻōlelo o ka Clean Water Act Pollution. o na kumu kiko ma na ala wai.Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka EPA i nā kānāwai ala wai i ka pale ʻana i ke olakino o nā kaiaola wai, a pono e hana pēlā nā ʻano kai a me ka honua (me nā kānaka).Ma mua, ua hoʻohewa ʻo USGS-NAWQA i ka EPA no ka hoʻokumu ʻole ʻana i nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka wai pesticide.Wahi a NAWQA, "ʻAʻole hoʻopau loa nā kūlana a me nā alakaʻi i kēia manawa i nā pilikia i hana ʻia e nā pesticides i loko o nā kahawai wai no ka mea: (1) ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka waiwai o nā pesticides he nui, (2) ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo ʻia nā hui ʻana a me nā huahana decomposition, a (3 ) ʻaʻole i loiloi ʻia ka seasonality.ʻAʻole i loiloi ʻia ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻolaha ʻana, a me (4) kekahi ʻano o nā hopena kūpono, e like me ka hoʻopau ʻana o ka endocrine a me nā pane kūʻokoʻa o nā poʻe maʻalahi.
Hōʻike nā hopena o ke aʻo ʻana he 17 mau pesticides ʻokoʻa ke kumu nui o ka make wai.He mea nui ka organophosphate insecticides i ka ma'i o Cladran ma'i, a'o ka imidacloprid insecticides ke kumu o ka make mau i na invertebrates benthic.ʻO ka Organophosphates kahi papa o nā iniseti i loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ka ʻōnaehana nūnū, a ʻo kā lākou ʻano hana e like me nā mea aʻalolo i ke kaua kemika.Hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōnaehana hānau keiki ka loaʻa ʻana i nā insecticides imidacloprid a he mea make loa i nā ʻano wai like ʻole.ʻOiai ʻaʻole loaʻa nā dichlorvos, bifenthrin a me methamidophos i loko o nā laʻana, ke loaʻa kēia mau mea kemika, ʻoi aku lākou ma mua o nā paepae ʻawaʻawa maʻi a me ka nui no nā invertebrates aquatic.Eia naʻe, ua hōʻike ka poʻe noiʻi e hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka index toxicity i ka hopena hiki i nā mea ola wai, no ka mea, ua ʻike nā haʻawina i hala "ʻo ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kēlā me kēia pule e haʻalele pinepine i ka wā pōkole, hiki ke loaʻa nā piʻi ʻona i nā pesticides".
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka pūnaewele meaʻai nā invertebrates aquatic, me nā meaola benthic a me nā cladocerans, e ʻai nui i nā meaʻai i loko o ka wai, a he kumu meaʻai hoʻi no nā mea ʻai nui.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka hopena o ka pollution pesticide ma nā ala wai ke hopena i lalo i luna o nā invertebrates wai, e pepehi ana i nā invertebrates pono e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia e nā insects terrestrial.Eia kekahi, he nui nā invertebrates benthic he larvae o nā iniseti terrestrial.ʻAʻole lākou he mau hōʻailona wale nō o ka maikaʻi o ke ala wai a me nā mea olaola, akā hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā lawelawe kaiaola e like me ka bio-irrigation, decomposition a me ka meaʻai.Pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pesticides i mea e hōʻemi ai i ka hopena o nā pesticides hiki ke ʻona i nā kahawai a me nā kahawai i nā mea ola wai, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā wahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia nā agrochemical.
Hōʻike ka hōʻike i ka nui o nā pesticides i loko o ka laʻana i kēlā me kēia makahiki, me ka ʻāina mahiʻai e hoʻohana ana i ka nui o nā pesticides, me nā herbicides, insecticides a me fungicides, a me ka hoʻonui nui ʻana mai Mei a Iulai.Ma muli o ka nui o ka ʻāina mahiʻai, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā pesticides ma waena o kēlā me kēia wai ma waena a me ka hema.Ua kūlike kēia mau ʻike me nā haʻawina mua e hōʻike ana i nā kumu wai e kokoke ana i nā wahi mahiʻai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā mea haumia, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka pūnāwai, ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka holo ʻana o nā agrochemical.I Pepeluali 2020, ua hōʻike ka US Geological Survey ma ka Pesticide Cooperative Sampling Project ma Waterways (i alakaʻi ʻia e EPA).Ua ʻike ʻia nā pesticides 141 ma nā muliwai 7 ma Midwest a me 73 mau pesticides i ʻike ʻia ma nā muliwai 7 ma ka hikina hema.Ua haʻalele ke alakaʻi ʻo Trump i ka koi o ka hui kemika multinational Syngenta-ChemChina e hoʻomau i ka nānā ʻana i ka hiki ʻana o nā herbicides ma nā ala wai o ka Midwest e 2020. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻololi ke alakaʻi ʻo Trump i nā lula i ka 2015 WOTUS "Navigable Waters Protection. Rules", e hoʻonāwaliwali loa i ka pale ʻana o kekahi mau ala wai a me nā ʻāina wai ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ma ka haʻalele ʻana i nā pōʻino like ʻole e hoʻoweliweli i nā ala wai.Ka pāpā ʻana i nā hana.Ke piʻi aʻe ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke aniau, piʻi ka ua, piʻi ka wai kahe, a heheʻe ka hau glacier, e alakaʻi ana i ka hopu ʻana i nā pesticides kuʻuna i hana ʻole ʻia.ʻO ka nele o ka nānā ʻana i nā pesticide kūikawā e alakaʻi i ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka synergy o nā kemika ʻona i loko o ke kaiapuni wai., Nā kumu wai hoʻohaumia hou.
Pono e hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pesticides a hoʻopau ʻia e pale i nā ala wai o ka ʻāina a me ka honua a hoʻemi i ka nui o nā pesticides e komo i ka wai inu.Ma waho aʻe o nā lāʻau pesticides, ua kākoʻo lōʻihi ke aupuni pekelala i nā lula federal e noʻonoʻo ana i nā hoʻoweliweli synergistic o nā hui pesticide (inā i hana ʻia nā huahana a i ʻole nā ​​pesticides maoli i loko o ke kaiapuni) i nā kaiaola a me nā mea ola.ʻO ka mea pōʻino, ʻaʻole i noʻonoʻo nā lula hoʻomalu o kēia manawa i ke kaiapuni holoʻokoʻa, e hana ana i kahi makapō e kaupalena i ko mākou hiki ke hana i nā loli nui e hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maoli i ke olakino kaiaola.Eia naʻe, hiki i ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā kulekele hoʻoponopono pesticide kūloko a me ka mokuʻāina ke pale iā ʻoe a me kou ʻohana mai ka wai i hoʻohaumia ʻia i ka pesticide.Eia hou, hiki i nā ʻōnaehana organik/hou ke mālama i ka wai, hoʻoikaika i ka momona, hoʻemi i ka holo ʻana o ka ʻili a me ka erosion, hoʻemi i ka noi no nā meaʻai, a hiki ke hoʻopau i nā kemika ʻona e hoʻoweliweli i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola kanaka a me ke kaiaola, me nā kumu wai.No ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka hoʻohaumia ʻana i ka pesticide i ka wai, e ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ka ʻaoʻao papahana "Threat Waters" a me ka "Articles Beyond Pesticides" "Pesticides in my drink water?"Nā hana pale pilikino a me nā hana kaiaulu.E haʻi aku i ka US Environmental Protection Agency pono e hana ikaika e pale i ke olakino a me ke kaiapuni.
Ua paʻi ʻia kēia helu ma 12:01 AM ma Kepakemapa 24, 2020 (Poaha) a ua helu ʻia ma lalo o nā Aquatic Organisms, Pollution, Imidacloprid, Organophosphate, Pesticide Mixtures, Water.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hahai i kekahi pane i kēia komo ma o ka RSS 2.0 hānai.Hiki iā ʻoe ke lele i ka hopena a waiho i kahi pane.ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka ping i kēia manawa.
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