Kisan halittun Fipronil ya fi mai guba fiye da yadda ake tunani a baya kuma ana samunsa a cikin hanyoyin ruwa a cikin Amurka Oktoba 27, 2020
Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka ta gano cewa gaurayawan maganin kashe kwari suna yaduwa sosai a cikin kogunan Amurka da koguna 24 ga Satumba, 2020
Kisan Kaya: Rahoton ya gano cewa masana'antar sutura ce babban abin da ke haifar da asarar rayayyun halittu 17 ga Satumba, 2020
Gilashin glaciers na Arctic yana kama magungunan kashe kwari da sauran gurɓataccen muhalli daga ɗigon ruwa a duniya, kuma suna sakin sinadarai masu cutarwa lokacin da ɗumamar duniya ta narke.20 ga Agusta, 2020
Dabbobin dolphin da suka makale a yankin gabar tekun gabas ba su da lafiya kuma sun gurbata da magungunan kashe kwari, robobi, masu kashe kwayoyin cuta da karafa 19 ga Agusta, 2020
Dauki mataki!Fadawa Evian don tallafawa canjin duniya zuwa kwayoyin halitta don kare amincin buƙatun sa 27 ga Yuli, 2020
Haɗin tasirin tasirin maganin kashe qwari da sauyin yanayi yana lalata kifin murjani sosai Yuli 21, 2020
A cewar USGS, daya ko fiye da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin kashi 56% na ruwa a cikin rafukan da aka zayyana sun wuce aƙalla ma'aunin tarayya ɗaya na halittun ruwa.Yawancin waɗannan magungunan kashe qwari kuma suna da alaƙa da nau'ikan tasirin lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli, gami da ciwon daji, lahani na haihuwa, cututtukan jijiyoyin jiki da lafiyar haihuwa.Binciken da ke gaba yana nuna tasirin magungunan kashe qwari akan ingancin ruwa, lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli.
Ingancin Ruwa na Ƙasa: Lafiyar Muhalli na Kogin Ƙasa, 1993-2005, Rahoton 2013 da Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka ta bayar "bisa matsayin al'ummomin halittu masu alaka da muhimman abubuwan jiki da sinadarai (kamar digiri) Yi la'akari da sauye-sauye na ruwa da kuma yawan abubuwan gina jiki da sauran gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu.Algae, macroinvertebrates da kifaye na iya auna lafiyar kogin kai tsaye saboda suna rayuwa a cikin kogin na makonni da yawa zuwa shekaru da yawa, saboda haka, yayin da lokaci ya wuce Tasirin canje-canje a cikin mahallinsu na sinadarai da na zahiri yana ci gaba da kasancewa tare.Ƙarshen rahoton ita ce: "Lokacin da ake ƙoƙarin fahimtar dalilan da ke haifar da raguwar lafiyar rafi, baya ga sauye-sauyen kwararar ruwa, ya kamata a yi la'akari da tasirin da zai iya haifar da sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari, musamman ma yana cikin yankunan noma da birane."Hasali ma, a cewar marubucin, kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na magudanan ruwa a yankunan noma da birane ne ake ganin lafiya.Wadannan rafukan sun fi samun kwararar dabi'u, yayin da hanyoyi da gonaki ke haifar da karancin gurbataccen ruwa.
Faruwar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin ruwa da tarkace da aka tattara daga wuraren zama na amphibian a duk faɗin Amurka a cikin 2009-2010.Wannan binciken da Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka ta gudanar a cikin 2012 ya yi bincike a California tsakanin 2009 da 2010 Bayani kan shafuka 11 a cikin jihar da kuma shafuka 18 a wasu wurare.Yi amfani da gas chromatography/mass spectrometry don nazarin magungunan kashe qwari guda 96 a cikin samfuran ruwa.A cikin ɗaya ko fiye na samfuran ruwa 54, an gano jimillar magungunan kashe qwari guda 24, da suka haɗa da magungunan kashe qwari guda 7, magungunan kashe qwari guda 10, magungunan kashe qwari guda 4, 1 synergist da 2 kayayyakin lalata magungunan kashe qwari.Ta amfani da kara kuzari hakar, gel permeation chromatography don cire sulfur da carbon / alumina tara m lokaci hakar shafi don cire tsangwama na laka matrix, 94 magungunan kashe qwari a cikin gado laka samfurori da aka bincikar.A cikin magudanar ruwa, an gano magungunan kashe qwari guda 22 a cikin samfura ɗaya ko fiye, gami da 9 fungicides, 3 pyrethroid insecticides, p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p, p'-DDT) da manyan samfuran lalata da kuma magungunan herbicides da yawa.Rahoton da Hukumar Kula da Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka ta fitar “Falar magungunan kashe qwari a cikin ruwa da matsuguni da aka tattara daga wuraren zama na amphibian a duk faɗin Amurka daga 2009 zuwa 2010”.
Magance matsalar nitrates a California Rahoton da Jami'ar California Davis (UC Davis) ta bayar a shekara ta 2012 ya yi nazari akan yankuna hudu na Lake Tulare Basin da yankin Monterey County a cikin Salinas Valley.Binciken ya gano: “Matsalar nitrate na iya ɗaukar shekaru da yawa.Ya zuwa yanzu, takin noma da sharar dabbobi da ake amfani da su a gonaki su ne mafi girma tushen tushen nitrate a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa;rage nauyin nitrate yana yiwuwa, wasu kuma ba su da tsada.gyaran kai tsaye na cire nitrate daga manyan kwandon ruwa na cikin ƙasa yana da tsada kuma a zahiri ba zai yiwu ba.Akasin haka, "famfo da takin zamani" da kuma ingantaccen sarrafa ruwa na ƙasa.Ayyukan rage ruwa (kamar hadawa, magani da madadin samar da ruwa) sune mafi inganci.Yayin da gurɓatar nitrate ke ci gaba da yaɗuwa, a yawancin lokuta haɗuwa zai zama ƙasa da ƙasa.Yawancin ƙananan al'ummomi ba za su iya samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan samar da ruwa ba.Maɗaukakin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙi ke ke tasiri sosai ga ƙananan tsarin.Mafi kyawun tushen samun kudin shiga shine kudaden amfani da takin nitrogen a cikin wadannan magudanan ruwa;Kudaden amfani da taki na nitrogen na iya rama kananan al'ummomin da abin ya shafa Rage farashi da tasirin gurbatar nitrate;rashin daidaituwa da rashin samun bayanai suna hana tasiri da ci gaba da kimantawa.Ana buƙatar haɗin kai a faɗin jihar don haɗa tarin bayanan da suka shafi ruwa daban-daban waɗanda jahohi da yawa ayyukan hukumomin gida ke gudanarwa.
Samfurin koma baya don ƙididdige tattarawar atrazine da desethylatrazine a cikin ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi a yankunan aikin gona a Amurka.Wannan binciken da aka buga a cikin Journal of Environmental Quality a cikin 2012 ya yi amfani da samfurin don hango ko hasashen ruwan karkashin kasa mara zurfi a cikin yuwuwar yanayin aikin gona Jimillar taro na atrazine da degraded deethylatrazine (DEA).A duk faɗin Amurka.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 5% na yankunan noma ne kawai ke da yuwuwar fiye da 10% don wuce matsakaicin matakin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen iska na USEPA na 3.0 μgL.
Algae yana fure a kan tafkin Erie, wanda ya haifar da yanayin aikin gona da yanayin yanayi, ya kafa tarihi kuma ya yi daidai da yanayin da ake sa ran nan gaba.Binciken da aka buga a cikin Nazarin Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a cikin 2012 ya kammala da cewa: "Tsarin lokaci mai tsawo a cikin ayyukan noma da kuma nauyin phosphorus a yammaci karuwa ya kasance daidai.Basin tabkin, waɗannan yanayin, haɗe da yanayin yanayin yanayi a cikin bazara na 2011, sun haifar da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki.A takaice dai matsalar algae a tafkin Erie na faruwa ne sakamakon ayyukan noma musamman takin zamani.Yin amfani da shi, wannan yana ba da abinci mai gina jiki don ci gaban manyan furanni.Yanayin zafi yana kara tsananta wannan yanayin, yana haifar da cyanobacteria ko cyanobacteria don girma da kuma ninka, ta haka ne ya haifar da sakamako mai guba.An buga mai taken "Binciken rikodin rikodin Lake Erie algae ya yi daidai da yanayin da ake sa ran nan gaba sakamakon yanayin aikin gona da yanayin yanayi" an buga shi a cikin Ayyukan Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa.Karanta "Labarin Cire Maganin Kwari" tun daga Afrilu 2013.
Ƙaddara da sufuri na Glyphosate da Aminomethylphosphonic Acid a cikin Ruwa na Ruwa na Basin Aikin Noma Wani labarin a cikin "Kimiyyar Kula da Kwari" a cikin 2012 ya ƙaddara cewa "ana gano glyphosate da AMPA akai-akai a cikin ruwan saman ruwa na kwandon noma guda huɗu."Mitar ganowa da girman kowane kwano sun bambanta, kuma nauyin (a matsayin kaso na amfani) yana tsakanin 0.009 da 0.86%, wanda ƙila yana da alaƙa da manyan halaye guda uku: ƙarfin tushe, ruwan sama da ruwan sama da hanyar kwarara.”
Glyphosate da samfuran lalacewa (AMPA) ana rarraba su sosai a cikin ƙasa, ruwan saman ƙasa, ruwan ƙasa da hazo a cikin Amurka.Nazarin 2011 da USGS ta fitar daga 2001 zuwa 2009 ya taƙaita samfuran ruwa da laka da aka tattara daga 2001 zuwa 2009 Ƙaddamarwar glyphosate.Sakamako na mahalli 3,606.1,008 samfurori na tabbatar da ingancin da aka tattara daga jihohin 38 da Gundumar Columbia sun nuna cewa glyphosate ya fi wayar hannu fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya kuma an rarraba shi a cikin yanayi.Ana gano Glyphosate akai-akai a cikin ƙasa da laka (91% na samfurin), ramuka da magudanar ruwa (71%), hazo (71%), koguna (51%) da manyan koguna (46%) Zuwa;a cikin dausayi (38%), ruwan ƙasa (34%), tafkuna (22%), wuraren sharar ruwa (WWTP) (9%) da ruwan ƙasa (6%) suna faruwa a ƙasa akai-akai.Ƙungiyar Geophysical ta Amurka ta buga wani bincike akan "Rarraba Rarraba Glyphosate da Abubuwan Ragewarta (AMPA) a cikin Ƙasa, Ruwan Sama, Ruwan ƙasa da Hazo a Amurka, 2001-2009".
Abin da ya faru da rabo na glyphosate da aminomethylphosphonic acid mai lalacewa a cikin yanayi.A cikin 2011, wannan labarin da aka buga a cikin "Toxins na Muhalli da Chemicals" ya kasance game da glyphosate, mafi yawan amfani da herbicide da rahotonsa na farko game da matakin muhalli na babban lalacewa.Samfurin yana samar da aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) a cikin ruwan sama da ranakun damina… A cikin ruwan sama da ruwan sama, yawan gano glyphosate ya tashi daga 60% zuwa 100%.A cikin samfurori na iska da ruwan sama, ƙaddamar da glyphosate yana cikin kewayon <0.01 zuwa 9.1 ng / m (3) da <0.1 zuwa 2.5 µg / L… , amma an kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 0.7% na aikace-aikacen ana cire su daga iska a lokacin ruwan sama.Glyphosate za a iya cire shi da kyau daga iska;an kiyasta cewa ruwan sama na mako-mako na ≥30 mm zai iya cire matsakaicin 97% na glyphosate a cikin iska.
Rukunin Ayyukan Muhalli akan Hexavalent Chromium a Ruwan Tap a Amurka sun gano a cikin rahoton da aka fitar a shekara ta 2011 cewa, bisa ga gwaje-gwajen dakin gwaje-gwaje, “ruwan famfo na 31 cikin 35 a Amurka yana dauke da chromium hexavalent (ko hexavalent chromium) .Wannan shi ne carcinogenic "Eileen Brokovic Chemical."An gano matakin mafi girma a Norman, Oklahoma.Honolulu, Hawaii;Biranen 25 da EWG ya gwada suna da matakan ƙwayar cuta mafi girma fiye da California Manufar lafiyar jama'a da aka gabatar.Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan famfo (yawan jama'a 90,000) daga Norman, Oklahoma ya fi sau 200 iyakar aminci da California ta gabatar."
Daga 2005 zuwa 2006, azoxystrobin, propiconazole da sauran zaɓaɓɓun fungicides sun faru a cikin kogin Amurka.Labari na 2011 da aka buga a cikin "Rashin Ruwa, Iska da Ruwa" ya gano: "Akwai samfurori 103 Akalla an gano ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya a cikin 56%, kuma kusan 5 daga cikinsu sune ƙwayoyin cuta.An gano shi a cikin samfurin guda ɗaya, kuma gaurayawan ƙwayoyin cuta sun kasance na kowa.Mafi girman abin da aka gano shi ne azoazolone (45 daga cikin 103 samfurori).%), sai metalaxyl (27%), propiconazole (17%), mycotin (9%) da tebuconazole (6%).Matsakaicin gano fungicides shine 0.002 zuwa 1.15μg/L.Eh Akwai alamun cewa faruwar maganin fungicides na yanayi ne, kuma adadin ganowa ya fi a ƙarshen bazara da farkon kaka fiye da lokacin bazara, kuma adadin gano ya fi girma.A wasu wurare, an gano magungunan kashe qwari a duk samfuran da aka tattara, wanda ke nuni da cewa wasu rafukan na iya bayyana a duk tsawon lokacin. ”…
Canje-canje a cikin amfani da abin da ya faru na magungunan kashe qwari a cikin ruwan saman a yankunan noman shinkafa na California.Wannan binciken da USGS ta fitar a cikin 2011 "ya binciki canje-canje a cikin ingancin ruwa na filayen shinkafa na California, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta, Sacramento / San Joaquin River Delta muhimmin wurin zama ga mutane da yawa masu barazana ga halitta.An yi nazarin magungunan kashe qwari guda 92 da samfuran lalata kayan gwari a cikin samfuran ruwa da aka tace ta hanyar chromatography gas / mass spectrometry.An gano Azoxystrobin da azoxystrobin da samfuran lalata magungunan kashe qwari a cikin kowane samfurin.3,4-DCA (babban bazuwar samfurin propane), yawancin abin da ya kasance 136 da 128μg. /L.Propylene glycol yana cikin 60% na samfurori tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin 6.5μg / L.
Mai bincike na gwaji na ƙwayar cuta na ƙwayar cuta a cikin ruwa na sha, wanda aka buga a cikin ƙasa mai mahimmanci a cikin samfuran ruwa tare da taro na NGL-1.Phosphate magungunan kashe qwari.Masu bincike sun gano monocrotophos, imidacloprid, triazophos, attriazine, propanol, quinolol, da methazine a cikin kwayoyin phosphates a cikin ruwan sha da najasa da aka tattara daga sassa daban-daban na birnin.
Kwatanta ɓarkewar ɓarna na ciyawar ciyawa da hasarar rashi: binciken filin shekaru takwas.Labarin 2010 da aka buga a cikin mujallar "Invironmental Quality" yayi nazari game da raguwa da haɓakar diazepam da metapropamide.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ko da matsi na tururi na herbicides guda biyu sun yi ƙasa kaɗan, asarar rashin daidaituwarsu yana da girma fiye da asarar gudu (<0.007).Matsakaicin asarar alachlor na shekara-shekara bai wuce 2.5% ba, kuma zubar da jini bai wuce 3% na aikace-aikacen ba.A gefe guda, asarar juzu'i na ciyawa bayan kwanaki 5 ya bambanta daga kusan 5-63% na metolachlor da kusan 2-12% na dezine.Bugu da ƙari, asarar rashin daidaituwa na maganin herbicides a lokacin rana ya fi girma fiye da asarar tururi da dare (<0.05).Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da cewa hasarar tururin wasu magungunan ciyawa da aka saba amfani da su yakan wuce asarar gudu.A wuri ɗaya da kuma amfani da hanyar gudanarwa iri ɗaya, asarar tururin ciyawa zai bambanta sosai daga shekara zuwa shekara saboda yanayin muhalli na gida.”
Abubuwan da ke faruwa a yawan magungunan kashe qwari a cikin kogunan birane a Amurka.Daga 1992 zuwa 2008, binciken 2010 da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka ta fitar ya tattara samfurori daga kogunan birane a Amurka kuma an bincika kasancewar "magungunan ciyawa takwas da samfurin lalata guda ɗaya."(Simazine, promer, atrazine, des-ethylatrazine”, alachlor, trifluralin, pendimethalin, tebutinol da dakota, da magungunan kashe qwari guda biyar Da kuma abubuwan lalata guda biyu (toxorrif, malathion, diazinon, fipronil, fipronil sulfide, dessulfoxyfipronil na herbarcide analysis). Sakamako ya nuna Yawancin abubuwa masu mahimmanci, ko sama ko ƙasa, sun bambanta ta yadda suke canzawa dangane da lokaci, yanki, da maganin ciyawa.
A cikin 2002-05, mahaɗan kwayoyin halittar ɗan adam a cikin tsarin ruwa na al'umma tara an cire su daga magudanan ruwa.Binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta buga a cikin 2008 ya gano cewa "kusan rabin (134) na mahadi an gano su aƙalla sau ɗaya a cikin samfuran ruwa na tushen.Yawanci 47 mahadi (a cikin 10% ko fiye) Samfuran), da 6 mahadi (chloroform, r-dezine, octazine, metolachlor, desethylatrazine da hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyridine) an gano su fiye da rabin samfuran HHCB.shine fili mafi yawan ganowa a wurare biyar na kowane rukunin yanar gizo (shekara-shekara).Gano chloroform, aromatic hydrocarbon HHCB da acetylhexamethyltetralin (AHTN) yana nuna zubar da ruwan datti a saman saman kwandon akwai alaƙa tsakanin faruwa da wanzuwar maganin ciyawa.Magungunan herbicides attriazine, simazine da metolachlor suma sune mahadi da aka fi ganowa.Waɗannan magungunan herbicides da samfuran lalata da yawa na sauran maganin ciyawa na gama gari yawanci suna da alaƙa da mahallin mahaifa Gwaji a irin wannan ko mafi girma taro.Yakan ƙunshi cakuɗen mahadi biyu ko fiye.Jimillar mahadi da jimillar su c Yayin da yawan filayen birane da noma a cikin kwarkwata ya ƙaru, yawan abin da ake samu yana ƙaruwa."
Daga 1991 zuwa 2004, ingancin ruwa na rijiyoyin gida a cikin manyan magudanan ruwa a Amurka.Wannan ita ce labarin 2008 da Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta buga a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Ƙimar Ruwa na Ƙasa.“An dauki samfurin ruwan ne a shekarar 1991-2004.An tattara daga rijiyoyin gida (ruwan sha daga rijiyoyin masu zaman kansu da ake amfani da su a cikin gidaje) don nazarin gurɓataccen ruwan sha.Dangane da ma'anar Dokar Ruwa mai Aminci, ana ɗaukar gurɓatattun abubuwa a matsayin duk abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa… Akwai kusan 23 gabaɗaya.% Na rijiyoyin suna da aƙalla gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu wanda maida hankalinsa ya fi MCL ko HBSL.Dangane da nazarin samfuran daga rijiyoyin 1389, yawancin gurɓataccen abu a cikin waɗannan samfuran an auna su…”
Binciken kimiyya na binciken yanayin ƙasa na Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem a Amurka da mahimmancinsa ga kula da muhalli.An taƙaita wannan labarin da USGS ta buga a cikin 2007 kamar haka: “ Canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa, ingancin ruwa a cikin kwano, gami da abubuwan gina jiki, sediments da gurɓatawa;Dangane da sauye-sauye na dogon lokaci na ingancin ruwa na yankin, mazaunin yankin ya tattara ne a cikin shuke-shuken ruwa na karkashin ruwa da wuraren dausayi, da kuma abubuwan da ke shafar yawan kifaye da tsuntsayen ruwa."… “Synthetic Organic pesticides da wasu kayayyakin lalata sun kasance a cikin ruwan karkashin kasa da magudanan ruwa na Tekun Fasha An gano shi sosai.Mafi yawan magungunan kashe qwari sune maganin ciyawa da ake amfani da su a cikin masara, waken soya da ƙananan hatsi.Ana kuma gano maganin kashe kwari a garuruwa.Ana samun magungunan kashe qwari a duk shekara, amma sauye-sauye a cikin maida hankalinsu yana nuna adadin aikace-aikacen da halayen da suka shafi ƙaura;An kuma sami gurɓatattun gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar su kwayoyi da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin Tekun Fasha, tare da mafi yawan adadin a cikin najasa na birni.
Maganin kashe qwari na noma da wasu samfuran lalata a yankuna biyar na magudanar ruwa da gangar jikin Chesapeake Bay a Amurka.Labarin da aka buga a cikin "Muhalli Toxicology da Chemistry" a cikin 2007 yayi nazarin magungunan kashe kwari na noma a yankuna biyar na tidal: "A farkon bazara na 2000, an tattara samfuran ruwan saman daga shafuka 18 a cikin Chesapeake Bay.Binciken magungunan kashe qwari.A cikin 2004, tashoshin yanayi 61 a yankuna da yawa sun kasance suna da alaƙa da magungunan kashe qwari guda 21 da samfuran lalata 11, waɗanda uku daga cikinsu suna kan Tekun Del Mar na Noma: Kogin Chester, Kogin Nantic da Kogin Pocomok, yankuna biyu suna yammacin yankin. birni.Tekuna: Kogin Rhode, Procyon da Lower Mobok Bay, gami da Kogin Hou da Kogin Pokson.A cikin waɗannan binciken guda biyu, magungunan ciyawa da samfuran lalata su sune aka fi samu A cikin 2000, an sami pyrazine da alachlor a duk rukunin yanar gizo 18 a cikin 2000. A cikin 2004, an sami mafi girman ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta iyaye a yankin Chester River na sama.A cikin waɗannan karatun, duk wani bincike Abubuwan da ke tattare da su shine ethane sulfonic acid na 2,900 ng/L metolachlor (MESA) a cikin Kogin Nanticoke.Ana samun samfurin lalata MESA a cikin kogin Pocomoke (2,100 ng/L) da kogin Chester (1,200 ng/L).Matsakaicin nazari a cikin L) shima shine mafi girma. ”
Ingancin Ruwa na Ƙasa-Magungunan Gwari a cikin Rafukan Ƙasa da Ruwan Ƙasa.Labarin 2006 da USGS ta buga daga 1992 zuwa 2001 yana nufin amsawa: “Mene ne ingancin rafuka da ruwan karkashin kasa a kasarmu?Yaya ingancin ya canza akan lokaci?Menene halayen halitta da ayyukan ɗan adam?Shafi ingancin koguna da ruwan karkashin kasa.Ina waɗannan tasirin suka fi bayyana?Ta hanyar haɗa bayanai game da ilmin sinadarai na ruwa, halayen jiki, wuraren zama na kogi da halittun ruwa, shirin NAWQA yana nufin samar da tsarin tushen kimiyya ga al'amuran ruwa na yanzu da masu tasowa da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa da fahimtar NAWQA.Sakamakon NAWQA yana taimakawa wajen yanke shawara mai kyau don yin ingantacciyar kula da ruwa da kariyar ingancin ruwa da dabarun maidowa."
An buga samfurin guba na ruwa na magudanar ruwa da ke mamaye gabar teku a California a cikin 1999 a cikin Noma, Ecosystem and Environment.“Manufar ita ce a binciki abin da ya faru, tsanani, tushe da kuma sanadin gurbacewar ruwa na gurbacewar yanayi a cikin koguna da magudanan ruwa.Gurbatacciyar hanya daga yankunan noma da biranen da ke kusa da tsarin kogin Pajaro, zaɓaɓɓun magudanan ruwa, koguna na sama, ramukan raƙuman ruwa da wurare bakwai a cikin ramukan magudanar ruwa don gano magudanar ruwa da ka iya haifar da kwararar ruwa zuwa mashigar ruwa.An gano magungunan kashe qwari guda uku (toxaphene, DDT da diazinon sun yi sama da wuraren da aka buga ƙorafi don rayuwar ruwa ta gida, ɗumbin ɓangarorin ruwa Mahimmanci da haɓakar kwararar kogin.
Bincike na ruwa da lafiyar ɗan adam ya gano cewa triclosan da abubuwan da ke lalata gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba sun gurɓata tafkunan ruwa.Binciken da aka buga a cikin 2013 ta Kimiyyar Muhalli da Fasaha ta samar da samfurin tafkunan ruwan ruwa a Minnesota, gami da Lake Superior.Marubucin binciken, Dokta Bill Arnold, farfesa a Jami'ar Minnesota, ya ce: "Mun gano cewa a cikin dukan tabkuna, akwai triclosan a cikin sediments, kuma tun da aka kirkiro triclosan a 1964, yawan taro na gaba daya. yana karuwa.Har wala yau.Mun kuma gano cewa akwai wasu sinadarai guda bakwai da suka samo asali ne ko kuma abubuwan da suka lalace na triclosan, wadanda suma suna cikin sinadarai, kuma yawansu yana karuwa a kan lokaci."Wasu kayayyakin bazuwar da masana kimiyya suka gano Su ne polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), nau'in sinadarai da aka sani da guba ga mutane da namun daji.Karanta shigarwar "Labarin Cire Maganin Kwarin Kwari", Janairu 2013.
Abubuwan da suka faru da yuwuwar tushen maganin kwari na pyrethroid a cikin ruwan kogin na yankuna bakwai na birni a Amurka.Wannan binciken na 2012 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli da Fasaha ya sake nazarin bayanan ƙasa akan maganin kwari na pyrethroid., An gano cewa "an gano daya ko fiye da pyrethroids a kusan rabin samfuran, daga cikinsu bifenthrin yana da mafi girman adadin ganowa.Yawaita (41%), kuma ana samunsa a kowane yanki na birni.An Gano Yawan cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, permethrin da permethrin ya ragu sosai.Matsalolin pyrethroid da mace-macen hyaluronic acid a cikin gwajin kwanaki 28 sun yi ƙasa da yawancin binciken kogin birane.Juyin Logarithmic na jimlar pyrethroids Raka'a masu guba (TUs) suna da alaƙa da mahimmancin ƙimar rayuwa, kuma bifenthrin na iya zama alhakin mafi yawan abubuwan da aka lura da su.Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa pyrethroids yawanci ana samun su a cikin kogin birane kuma ana iya adana su cikin kogunan abubuwa masu guba.Kasar."
Alamar fitsarin fitsari na bayyanar da Atrazine na haihuwa da kuma sakamakon haihuwa mara kyau a cikin ƙungiyar haihuwa ta PELAGIE.An buga wannan binciken a cikin "Hanyoyin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli" kuma "ya kimanta alaƙar da ke tsakanin sakamakon haifuwa mara kyau da kuma alamun cututtukan urinary na bayyanar atrazine na haihuwa.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin wadannan magungunan ciyawa guda biyu da kuma fallasa wasu magungunan ciyawa da ake amfani da su a kan amfanin gona na masara (octazine, pretilachlor, metolachlor da acetochlor)… Wannan binciken ya yi amfani da zane-zane, kuma an kafa shari'ar a cikin 2002 A cikin ƙungiyar haihuwa mai zuwa da aka gudanar a Brittany, Faransa har zuwa 2006. Mun tattara samfuran fitsari daga mata masu juna biyu don bincika alamun cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta kafin 19th.Wannan binciken shine na farko don tantance dangantakar tsakanin sakamakon haihuwa da triazines da triazines.Nazarin kan alaƙar ma'aunin ƙwayoyin fitsari masu yawa na bayyanar cututtukan chloroacetanilide.Ga ƙasashen da har yanzu ake amfani da atrazine, shaidun da ke da alaƙa da sakamakon haihuwa sun ja hankalin musamman."
Ƙimar haƙƙin ɗan adam na maganin ciyawa na iska a ciki da wajen tafkin Delta a cikin Oregon, rahoton 2011 da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Muhalli da Haƙƙin Dan Adam ya fitar ya yi nazari game da fallasa magungunan ciyawa na iska zuwa gandun daji kusa da iyalai da tasirin lafiyarsu ga waɗannan iyalai."Bayan Weyerhaeuser ya gudanar da feshin iska a ranar 8 ga Afrilu da 19 ga Afrilu, bi da bi, an ba da samfuran fitsari daga mazauna 34, ciki har da mazauna, zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje na Jami'ar Emory kuma an gwada su da 2, kasancewar 4-D.Duk samfuran urea talatin da huɗu sun gwada inganci ga magungunan ciyawa.Misalai biyu: Fitar da fitsari na manya na atrazine ya karu da 129 a cikin fitsari bayan aikace-aikacen iska %, haɓakar 31% a fitsari 2,4-D, haɓakar 163% a cikin ƙarar fitsari na atrazine a cikin fitsarin babbar mace. mazaunin, da 54 da ƴan watanni da suka gabata Idan aka kwatanta da matakin tushe, adadin 2,4-D a cikin fitsari bayan aikace-aikacen iska ya karu.Ta fuskar ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama, wannan na iya haifar da alhakin hukumar."
Cututtukan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da ɓarna magungunan kashe qwari da aka yi niyya ta hanyar aikace-aikacen aikin gona: ƙasashe 11, 1998-2006, an buga binciken a cikin "Hanyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli", "yana ƙididdige abubuwan da suka faru na cututtuka masu tsanani da ke haifar da kwari a cikin aikace-aikacen aikin gona na waje. , da kuma kwatanta bayyanar cututtuka da cututtuka."Sakamakon ya nuna: “Daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2006, mun gano wasu kararraki 2945 da suka shafi asarar magungunan kashe kwari na noma daga jihohi 11.Bincikenmu ya nuna cewa 47% na mutane suna Exposure a wurin aiki, 92% na mutane suna fama da ƙananan cututtuka, da 14% na yara (<15 shekaru).A cikin waɗannan shekaru 9, abubuwan da suka faru na shekara-shekara sun bambanta daga 1.39 zuwa 5.32 a kowace mutane miliyan.A California Daga cikin gundumomi biyar masu tsananin aikin noma, jimillar ma'aikatan aikin gona (shekarun mutum miliyan) shine 114.3, sauran ma'aikata 0.79, marasa aikin 1.56, mazauna kuma 42.2.Aikace-aikacen fumigants a cikin ƙasa yana da mafi girman kaso (45%) aikace-aikacen jirgin sama ya ɗauki kashi 24% na lokuta.Abubuwan gama gari waɗanda ke haifar da ɓacin rai sun haɗa da yanayin yanayi, rufe wuraren da ba daidai ba, da rashin kulawa na masu amfani da ke kusa da wuraren da ba a kai hari ba.”Binciken ya kammala da cewa: “Saboda ɓata lokaci, ma’aikatan aikin gona da mazauna yankunan noma sun fi yawan gubar magungunan kashe qwari, kuma tuƙin ƙasa shine babban haɗari, yana haifar da manyan hatsarori.Sakamakon bincikenmu yana nuna wuraren da za a iya rage ayyukan daga sabawa.
Shin maganin hana haihuwa na baka yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga estrogenicity na ruwan sha?Binciken na 2011 ya sake nazarin wallafe-wallafen akan hanyoyin daban-daban na isrogen a cikin ruwa, ruwa da ruwan sha don sanin ko OC shine tushen isrogen a cikin ruwa mai zurfi, yana mai da hankali kan kwayoyin aiki daga OC.Marubucin ya gano cewa albarkatun masana'antu da na noma ba wai kawai suna sakin isrogen ba, har ma suna sakin wasu sinadarai masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya kwaikwayi estrogen.Wadannan mahadi suna kara yawan gurbatar isrogen na samar da ruwan mu.Binciken ya gano magungunan kashe qwari a matsayin abin da ke taimakawa ga estrogen a cikin ruwa.Ana kiran magungunan kashe qwari da yawa xenoestrogens.Suna yin kwaikwayon estrogen kuma suna lalata tsarin endocrine.Binciken "Shin maganin hana haihuwa na baka yana ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga estrogen a cikin ruwan sha?"an buga shi a Kimiyyar Muhalli da Fasaha.Karanta shigarwar "Labarin Cire Maganin Kwari" tun daga Disamba 2010.
Halayen hawan jinin haila da matakan hormone na haihuwa na mata da aka fallasa azine a cikin ruwan sha "Binciken muhalli" Rahoton da aka buga a 2011 "ya yi nazarin dangantakar dake tsakanin bayyanar azine a cikin ruwan sha da aikin hawan haila (ciki har da matakan hormone haihuwa).Dangantaka tsakanin mata masu shekaru 18-40 da ke zaune a cikin al'ummomin noma sun amsa tambayoyin (n = 102) game da yawan amfani da atrazine (Illinois) da ƙarancin amfani da atrazine (Vermont).Diary na zagayowar haila (n=67), da samfuran fitsari na yau da kullun ana ba da su don nazarin hormone luteinizing (LH), estradiol da progesterone metabolites (n=35).Alamomin fallasa sun haɗa da matsayin wurin zama, ruwan famfo, ruwan birni Da yawan atrazine da chlorotriazine a cikin fitsari, da kiyasin adadin yawan ruwa.Matan da ke zaune a Illinois sun fi iya ba da rahoton yanayin hailar da ba daidai ba (rashin daidaituwa (OR) = 4.69; 95% tazarar amincewa (CI)): 1.58-13.95), kuma tazara tsakanin watanni biyu ya fi makonni 6 (OR = 6.16; 95% CI: 1.29-29.38).Amfanin yau da kullun na> kofuna 2 na ruwan Illinois da ba a tace ba zai ƙara haɗarin lokaci mara kyau (OR = 5.73; 95% CI: 1.58-20.77).Adadin “kashi” na r da chlorotriazine a cikin ruwan famfo ya yi daidai da matsakaicin metabolites na estradiol a tsakiyar luteal lokaci."Kashi" na taro na dezine na birni Yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da tsawon lokacin follicular, kuma yana da alaƙa da matsakaicin matakin metabolite na progesterone a cikin kashi na biyu na luteal.Shaidu na farko da muka bayar sun nuna cewa matakin atrazine ya yi ƙasa da na US EPA MCL, wanda ke da alaƙa da haɓakar hawan haila.Tsawaitawa yana da alaƙa da raguwar matakan ƙwayoyin cuta na endocrin a cikin yanayin haila na rashin haihuwa.”
Kimanta haɗarin kwararar magungunan kashe qwari na turfgrass zuwa ruwan sha.Jami'ar Cornell (Jami'ar Cornell) da aka saki a cikin 2011 ta gudanar da kimanta haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam game da kwararar magungunan kashe qwari daga lawn da darussan golf a wurare 9 na ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da Kaddara da tsarin ƙirar sufuri.Adadin magungunan kashe qwari guda 37 da aka yi rajista don amfani da su akan darussan golf an kwatanta su da ka'idojin ruwan sha… Don hanyoyin da ba a sani ba, duka isoproturon da 24-D sun haifar da haɗari da haɗari a fiye da wurare 3.Haɗarin amfani da chlorobutanil kawai akan ganye da T-shirts an samo su.MCPA, ciyawa dione da 24-D da aka yi amfani da su ga lawns na iya haifar da haɗari da haɗari.Ƙaddamar da acephate da aka yi amfani da shi a kan tituna tare da m RQ≥0.01 a cikin wurare hudu shine mafi girma, kuma ƙaddamar da oxadiazon a kan lawn tare da RQ≥0.01 na yau da kullum a Houston shine mafi girma.Matsakaicin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin hanyar gaskiya shine mafi girma, kuma yawan maganin kashe qwari a cikin kore shine mafi ƙanƙanta.An lura da mafi girman tasiri a yankunan da ke da hazo mai girma na shekara-shekara da kuma tsawon lokacin girma, yayin da mafi ƙarancin tasiri ya kasance a yankunan da ke da ƙananan hazo.Wadannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa mutanen da ke zaune a wuraren da aka yi ruwan sama mai yawa na iya samun kamuwa da maganin kashe kwari a cikin ruwan shansu fiye da hasashen da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta yi hasashe.”
Cin nitrate da haɗarin ciwon daji na thyroid da cutar thyroid.Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin Epidemiology a cikin 2010 ya bincika cin nitrate a cikin ruwan jama'a da abinci a cikin ƙungiyar tsofaffin mata na 21977 a Iowa.Dangantakar da ke tsakanin shigarwa da ciwon daji na thyroid da kuma haɗarin hypothyroidism na kai-da-kai da hyperthyroidism.Sun yi rajista a cikin 1986 kuma sun yi amfani da tushen ruwa guda sama da shekaru 10.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa matan da suka yi amfani da ruwa na jama'a tare da matakin nitrate na 5 milligrams a kowace lita (mg/lita) ko mafi girma fiye da shekaru biyar suna da kusan karuwa sau uku a cikin hadarin ciwon daji na thyroid.Ƙara yawan cin abinci na nitrate yana da alaƙa da ƙara yawan haɗarin thyroid da kuma yawan hypothyroidism, amma ba tare da hyperthyroidism ba.Masu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa nitrates yana hana ikon thyroid don amfani da iodide, wanda ake bukata don aikin thyroid."Nazari akan Ciwon Nitrate da Haɗarin Ciwon Ciwon Kankara da Cutar thyroid" an buga shi a cikin ilimin cututtuka.Karanta shigarwar "Labarin Cire Maganin Kwari" tun daga Yuli 2010.
Maganin kashe kwari da Haihuwa a cikin Ruwan Sama a Amurka Wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a Acta Paediatrica a cikin 2009, ya bincika "idan haɗarin lahanin haihuwa a cikin jariran da aka haifa da aka yi hasashe a cikin watanni tare da mafi girman maganin kashe kwari na ruwa ya fi girma…" binciken. Ƙarshe Ƙarshen ita ce "ƙarar yawan ƙwayar magungunan kashe qwari a tsakanin jariran da aka haifa a cikin LMP daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli yana da haɗarin lahani ga jarirai a cikin ruwa.Ko da yake wannan binciken ba zai iya tabbatar da alaƙar da ke da alaƙa tsakanin magungunan kashe qwari da lahani na haihuwa ba, wannan ƙungiyar na iya ba da alamu ga abubuwan gama gari waɗanda waɗannan sauye-sauyen biyu suka raba.Karanta shigarwar "Labarin Cire Maganin Kwari" tun daga Afrilu 2009.
Dioxins a cikin triclosan ana samun karuwa a cikin ruwa.Wani bincike da aka buga a cikin 2010 ta Kimiyyar Muhalli da Fasaha ta binciki samfurori na asali waɗanda ke ƙunshe da tarin gurɓataccen ruwa daga tafkin Pepin a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata.Lake Ping wani yanki ne na kogin Mississippi mai nisan mil 120 daga ƙasa daga Minneapolis-St.Paul Metropolitan Area.Sa'an nan kuma an yi nazarin samfuran sinadarai don triclosan, triclosan da dioxins guda huɗu a cikin dukan dangin sinadarai na dioxin.Masu binciken sun gano cewa ko da yake matakan duk sauran dioxins sun ragu da kashi 73-90% a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, matakan dioxins daban-daban guda hudu da aka samu daga triclosan sun tashi da 200-300%.Karanta labaran yau da kullun Bayan Magungunan Gwari, Mayu 2010.
Shan ruwa mai kyau da cutar Parkinson a yankunan karkara na California.An buga binciken na 2009 a cikin "Halin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli" kuma yayi nazarin magungunan kashe qwari guda 26, musamman magungunan kashe qwari guda 6.“Zaɓe su domin suna iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa ko kuma saboda suna da illa ga PD.An zaɓe shi, kuma aƙalla kashi 10% na al'ummarmu an fallasa su."Su ne: diazinon, toxrif, propargyl, paraquat, dimethoate da methamyl.Bayyanawa ga proppropgite yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da abin da ya faru na PD, tare da haɓakar 90% cikin haɗari.Har yanzu ana amfani da shi a California, galibi don goro, masara da inabi.Bindiga mai guba ya kasance sinadarai na yau da kullun, wanda ke da alaƙa da 87% mafi girman haɗarin PD.Ko da yake an hana shi don amfani da zama a cikin 2001, har yanzu ana amfani da shi sosai akan amfanin gona a California.Methomyl kuma ya ƙara haɗarin rashin lafiya da kashi 67%.Karanta shigarwar "Labarin Cire Maganin Kwarin Kwari", Agusta 2009.
Ruwan ruwa na zama shine tushen magungunan kashe qwari na pyrethroid zuwa kogunan birane.Wani binciken da aka buga a cikin "Glaɓantar Muhalli" a cikin 2009 ya bincika "guduwar ruwa a wuraren zama kusa da Sacramento, California… na shekara guda.Pyrethroids suna samuwa a cikin kowane samfurin.Bifenthrin yana cikin ruwa Mafi girman maida hankali shine 73 ng / L, kuma mafi girman maida hankali a cikin laka da aka dakatar shine 1211 ng/g.Pyrethroids sune mafi mahimmancin abubuwan bincike na toxicological, sannan cypermethrin da cyfluthrin suka biyo baya.Bifenthrin na iya fitowa daga amfani duk da cewa yanayin yanayi na fitarwa daga magudanar ruwa ya fi dacewa da amfani da ƙwararru a matsayin babban tushen amfani da ma'aikata ko kwararrun masu kula da kwaro.A cikin jigilar pyrethroids zuwa rafukan birane, ruwan sama na ruwan sama yana da mahimmanci fiye da ruwan rani na ban ruwa.Guguwa mai karfi na iya fitar da ruwan bifenthrin har guda 250 zuwa kogunan birane cikin sa'o'i 3, kuma hakan ma gaskiya ne a cikin watanni 6 na zubar ruwan ban ruwa."
An buga yawan guba na pyrethroids da magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate a cikin magudanar ruwa guda biyu na bakin teku (California, Amurka) a cikin "Muhalli Toxicology da Chemistry" a cikin 2012, wanda yayi nazarin canje-canje a cikin taro da guba na organophosphates da pyrethroids.“An zana shafuka goma a wuraren nazari guda huɗu.Wani yanki da birnin ya shafa, sauran kuma yana cikin wuraren noma.An yi amfani da ƙwanƙarar ruwan ƙuma (Ceriodaphnia dubia) don tantance gubar ruwa, kuma an yi amfani da Amphibian Hyalella Azteca don tantance yawan gurɓataccen ruwa.Binciken Binciken Chemistry ya nuna cewa mafi yawan abubuwan da aka lura da su na gubar ruwa suna da alaƙa da magungunan kashe qwari na organophosphate, musamman rif mai guba, yayin da gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ta haifar da cakuda magungunan kashe qwari na pyrethroid.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa duka amfanin gona da filayen birni suna ba da gudummawar daɗaɗɗen ƙwayar waɗannan magungunan kashe qwari zuwa magudanar ruwa.
Almonds suna amfani da organophosphates da pyrethroids a cikin kwarin San Joaquin da haɗarin muhalli masu alaƙa.Wannan binciken na 2012 da aka buga a cikin Journal of Soils and Sediments yayi amfani da bayanan Bayanan Amfani da Magungunan Magunguna na California don tantance yanayin amfani da kwayoyin phosphorus (OP) da pyrethroids a cikin almonds daga 1992 zuwa 2005. Yin amfani da magungunan kashe qwari na OP a kowane adadin a cikin almonds yana da an rage.Duk da haka, an gano sakamakon magungunan kashe qwari na pyrethroid ya bambanta.A cikin wannan binciken, pyrethroids ba su da illa ga muhalli fiye da OP.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa "amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin aikin noma mai zurfi da haɗarin muhalli yana da mummunan tasiri ga bambancin halittu."
Gano na neonicotinoid kwari imidacloprid a cikin ruwa surface na uku noma yankunan a California, Amurka, 2010-2011, da 2012 binciken da aka buga a cikin 2012 muhalli gurbatawa da Toxicology Bulletin tattara uku noma yankunan a California 75 surface ruwa samfurori a cikin gundumar, da kuma An yi nazarin "neonicotinoids" maganin kwari imidacloprid.An tattara samfurori a lokacin lokacin rani mai bushewa a California a cikin 2010 da 2011. An gano Imidacloprid a cikin samfurori 67 (89%).Matsakaicin ya wuce daidaitattun 1.05μg/L (19%) na kwayoyin halittun ruwa na invertebrate na yau da kullun a cikin samfuran 14 na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA).Abubuwan da aka tattara su ma gabaɗaya sun fi irin wannan ƙa'idodin guba da aka kafa don Turai da Kanada.Sakamakon ya nuna cewa imidacloprid yakan yi ƙaura zuwa wasu wurare kuma yana ƙazantar da ruwa mai zurfi, kuma maida hankalinsa na iya cutar da kwayoyin halittun ruwa bayan an yi amfani da su a ƙarƙashin yanayin noma a California.”
Matsayin chlorthalidone na fungicide da corticosterone a cikin amphibians, rigakafi da mace-mace ba na layi ba ne.Wani bincike da aka buga a cikin "Muhalli Lafiya View" a 2011 ya nuna cewa mafi yadu amfani da fungicides a Amurka, chlorothalonil Low allurai kuma iya kashe kwadi.A cewar masu binciken, ana daukar gurbatar sinadarai a matsayin na biyu mafi girma ga barazana ga halittun ruwa da na amphibian a Amurka.Saboda yawancin mahimman tsarin amphibian suna kama da ɗan adam, masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa amphibians na iya zama samfurin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba don nazarin tasirin abubuwan sinadarai ga lafiyar ɗan adam a cikin muhalli, kuma sun tashi don ƙididdige martanin amphibians ga chlorothalonil.Karanta shigarwar "Labarin Cire Maganin Kwarin Kwari", Afrilu 2011.
Tasirin fasahar sarrafa tururuwa akan guguwar kwari da inganci Wannan binciken na 2010 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Kula da Kwari ya binciki kwararar tururuwa a kusa da wuraren zama (musamman bifenthrin ko fipronil sprays)."A cikin 2007, matsakaicin yawan ƙwayar bifenthrin a cikin ruwan ban ruwa shine 14.9 microg L (-1) mako 1 bayan jiyya, da 2.5 microg L (-1) a cikin makonni 8, Ya isa sosai.Mai guba ga kwayoyin halittun ruwa.Sabanin haka, bayan makonni 8 na jiyya tare da granules bifenthrin, ba a gano maida hankali a cikin ruwa mai gudu ba.Matsakaicin adadin fipronil da aka yi amfani da shi azaman feshin gefe bayan jiyya 4.2 micrograms L (-1) na sati 1 da 0.01 micrograms L (-1) a makonni 8.Ƙimar farko kuma tana nuna cewa yana iya zama mai kula da kwayoyin halitta.A cikin 2008, yin amfani da wuraren da ba a fesa ba da kuma aikace-aikacen da ke gudana na allura ya rage gudu daga magungunan kashe qwari."
Harkokin sufurin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin kwararowar ƙasa na ciyawa tsutsotsi: dangantakar dake tsakanin halayen magungunan kashe qwari da jigilar jama'a.An buga binciken a cikin mujallar Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry a cikin 2010. An tsara gwajin don "auna turf a matsayin adadin magungunan kashe qwari a cikin gudu daga filin wasan golf" da kyau fahimtar abubuwan da suka shafi samuwar sinadarai da sufuri na jama'a.Lokacin da aka saya daga kasuwa, bindiga mai guba, fluoroacetonitrile, methacrylic acid (MCPP), gishiri dimethylamine na 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) ko 1% zuwa 23% na dicamba kafin hazo da aka kwatanta (62 + /- 13 mm), an yi amfani da ƙirar magungunan kashe qwari a ƙimar alama na 23 +/- 9 hours.Bambancin lokaci tsakanin ciyawar tine mai raɗaɗi da kuma zubar da ruwa baya tasiri sosai ko yawan sinadarai da ake amfani da su a cikin ruwan.Ban da bindiga mai guba, duk sinadarai na sha'awa an gano su a cikin samfurin farko na gudu da kuma duk abin da ya faru.Taswirorin sinadarai na waɗannan magungunan kashe qwari guda biyar suna bin yanayin rarrabuwar motsi da ke da alaƙa da ƙasa Organic carbon partition coefficient (K(OC)).Bayanan da aka tattara daga wannan binciken yana ba da bayanai game da jigilar sinadarai a cikin turf, wanda za'a iya amfani da su don yin samfurin kwaikwayo don hango ko hasashen yiwuwar gurɓataccen tushen tushen da ba shi da ma'ana da kimanta haɗarin muhalli.”
Atrazine yana haifar da cikakkiyar mace da simintin sinadarai a cikin kwaɗin maza na Afirka (Xenopus laevis).Wannan binciken, wanda aka buga a cikin Ayyukan Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a cikin 2010, "yana tabbatar da sakamakon haifuwa na atrazine a cikin manya masu amphibians.Mazajen da aka fallasa su da rdesine duka sun lalace (simintin simintin simintin gyare-gyare) An sake mayar da ita cikakkiyar mace zuwa manyan mata.Kashi 10% na mazajen halittar da aka fallasa sun zama mata masu aiki, waɗanda ke haɗuwa da mazan da ba a fallasa su kuma suna samar da ƙwai tare da ƙwai.Maza da aka fallasa su da radixine suna fama da raguwar testosterone, Girman glandar haihuwa yana raguwa, haɓakar larynx yana lalata / mace, an hana halayen jima'i, spermatogenesis yana raguwa, kuma an rage yawan haihuwa. "Wannan binciken "Atrazine ya jawo cikakkiyar mata a cikin kwadi maza na Afirka (Xenopus laevis) An buga shi a cikin "Chemistry and Chemical Castration".Karanta labaran yau da kullun fiye da magungunan kashe qwari, Maris 2010.
Dagewar triclosan a cikin tsire-tsire masu kula da ruwan sha da yuwuwar tasirinsa mai guba akan biofilms na kogin.Wannan binciken da aka buga a cikin Aquatic Toxicology a cikin 2010 yayi nazarin tasirin triclosan da aka fitar daga tsire-tsire masu kula da ruwa na Bahar Rum akan algae da ƙwayoyin cuta.."Ana amfani da saitin tashoshi na gwaji don gwada tasirin ɗan gajeren lokaci na triclosan akan algae biofilm da ƙwayoyin cuta (daga 0.05 zuwa 500 μgL-1).Matsakaicin triclosan da ke da alaƙa da yanayin yana haifar da haɓakar mutuwar kwayan cuta, kuma ƙarancin tasirin sakamako (NEC) shine 0.21 μgL-1.A mafi girman taro da aka gwada, matattun ƙwayoyin cuta sun kai kashi 85% na adadin ƙwayoyin cuta.Triclosan ya fi algae guba ga kwayoyin cuta.Yayin da maida hankali na triclosan ya karu (NEC = 0.42μgL-1), aikin photosynthesis An hana shi, kuma an rage tsarin da ba na hoto ba.Haɓakawa a cikin tattarawar triclosan shima yana shafar yuwuwar ƙwayoyin diatom.Algae toxicity na iya zama sakamakon sakamakon kai tsaye a kan ƙwayar cuta ta biofilm, amma ana lura da shi a cikin dukkanin abubuwan da ke da alaka da algae Ragewar bayyane da sannu-sannu a cikin sakamakon yana nuna sakamakon kai tsaye na fungicides.Gubar da aka gano a kan abubuwan da ba su da manufa ba tare da kasancewa a cikin biofilm, ikon triclosan don tsira ta hanyar tsarin kula da najasa da kuma ƙananan ƙarancin dilution na tsarin Bahar Rum zai dace da triclosan toxicity ya wuce fiye da kwayoyin cuta a cikin wuraren zama na ruwa. .”
Pyrethroid kwari a cikin kogunan salmon a cikin birane a cikin Pacific Northwest an buga su a cikin "Tsarin Muhalli" a cikin 2010, "Sediments in Oregon da Washington State… yawansu yana da matuƙar guba” ga invertebrates masu hankali.Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na samfuran sedimenti 35 sun ƙunshi pyrethroids masu aunawa.Dangane da guba na kwayoyin ruwa, bifenthrin shine pyrethroid mafi damuwa, daidai da binciken da ya gabata a wasu wurare.”
Atrazine yana rage haifuwar kifin kitse (Pimephales promelas).Wannan binciken da aka buga a cikin 2010 a cikin toxicology na ruwa ya fallasa kifin mai zuwa atrazine kuma ya lura da tasirin samar da kwai, nakasa nama da matakan hormone.A ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa na EPA, ana fallasa kifaye zuwa ƙima daga 0 zuwa 50 micrograms kowace lita na desin har zuwa kwanaki 30.Masu bincike sun gano cewa atrazine yana rushe tsarin haihuwa na al'ada, kuma kifi ba zai iya yin kwai da yawa ba bayan an fallasa shi a cikin atrazine.Idan aka kwatanta da kifin da ba a fallasa, jimillar samar da ƙwai na kifin da aka fallasa ga atrazine ya ragu cikin kwanaki 17 zuwa 20 bayan fallasa.Kifin da aka fallasa ga atrazine ya sanya ƙwai kaɗan, kuma kyallen haifuwa na maza da mata ba su da kyau.Karanta "Labaran Yau da kullun Bayan Magungunan Gwari", Yuni 2010.
Tasirin nanoparticles akan embryos na kifin mai baƙar fata.Wannan binciken da aka buga a cikin Ecotoxicology a cikin 2010 ya fallasa kifin mai baƙar fata zuwa nau'ikan abubuwan dakatarwa ko zugawar nanoparticle na sa'o'i 96 a cikin matakai da yawa na haɓakarsa.Lokacin da nanosilver ya yarda ya daidaita, an rage yawan guba na maganin sau da yawa, amma har yanzu yana haifar da nakasar kananan kifi.Ba tare da la'akari da maganin duban dan tayi ba, nano-azurfa na iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa, ciki har da ciwon kai da edema, kuma a ƙarshe mutuwa.Masu bincike sun gano cewa nanosilver da aka sonicated ko dakatar da shi a cikin wani bayani yana da guba kuma har ma da mutuwa ga ƙananan yara masu guba.Kifi mai kitse wani nau'in halitta ne da ake amfani da shi wajen auna guba ga rayuwar ruwa.Karanta labaran yau da kullun fiye da magungunan kashe qwari, Maris 2010.
Nazari mai inganci yana nuna daidaitattun tasirin radix akan kifayen ruwa da masu amphibians.Nazarin 2009 da aka buga a cikin "Hanyoyin Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli" ya bincika fiye da binciken kimiyya 100 da aka gudanar akan radix 100.Masu binciken sun gano cewa Tianjin yana da tasiri a kaikaice a kan kifaye da masu amphibians, musamman lalata garkuwar jiki., Hormones da tsarin haihuwa."Atrazine ya rage girman metamorphosis ko kusa da metamorphosis a cikin nazarin 15 na 17 da 14 na nau'in 14.Atrazine ya inganta amphibians da kifi a cikin 12 na 13 nazarin.A cikin 6 na binciken 7, an rage halayen anti-predator a cikin 6 na binciken 7, kuma an rage karfin ikon kifi ga masu amphibians.Rage raguwa na 13 na aiki na rigakafi da kuma 16 kamuwa da cututtuka sun haɗu da raguwa a cikin 7 na nazarin 10, deflux ya canza aƙalla wani bangare na ilimin halittar gonadal kuma ya ci gaba da rinjayar aikin gonadal.A cikin 2 na 2 nazarin, an canza spermatogenesis a cikin nazarin 7.An canza maida hankali na hormones na jima'i a cikin 6 na binciken.Atrazine bai shafi vitllogenin a cikin binciken 5 ba, kuma an ƙara aromatase zuwa 1 kawai na karatun 6.Karanta "Labaran Agrochemical Daily", Oktoba 2009.
Organohalogen pollutants da metabolites a cikin kwakwalwar dolphins a yammacin Arewacin Atlantic.Rahoton bincike da aka buga a cikin "Tsarin Muhalli" a cikin 2009 ya gano abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da magungunan kashe qwari na organochlorine (OCs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), PCBs Hydroxylated (OH-PCBs), methylsulfonyl PCBs (MeSO2-PCBs, polybrominated diphenyl ether) flame. retardants da OH-PBDEs ana samun su a cikin ruwan cerebrospinal da cerebellar launin toka na da yawa marine dabbobi masu shayarwa, ciki har da short-beke kowa dabbar dolphins, Atlantic farin-fuskõkinsu hatimi A taro na PCBs ne mamaki high Matsalolin PCBs a cikin ruwan toka mai ruwan toka na cerebrospinal kashi daya ne a cikin miliyan.
Daga 1995 zuwa 2004, bisexuality ya yadu a cikin kogin Amurka (Micropterus spp.).Binciken na 2009, wanda aka buga a cikin Aquatic Toxicology, ya kimanta bambancin jinsi tsakanin kifayen ruwa a cikin ruwa guda tara a Amurka.“Oocytes na jijiyoyi (mafi yawan gwaje-gwajen maza da ke dauke da kwayoyin halittar mace) sune mafi yawan nau’in jima’i da aka gani, duk da cewa an gwada kifin makamancin haka na maza (n = 1477) da mace (n = 1633).An sami jinsi biyu a cikin 3% na kifi.Daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan 16 da aka bincika, nau'ikan 4 (25%) da kifi 34 (31%) a wurare 111 an sami matsayin Jima'i.Ba a samo Bistual ba a cikin nau'ikan da yawa a cikin wannan wurin, amma ya fi kowa kyau a cikin manyan bass (microroterus 18%) da ƙananan bass (M. Dolomieu; maza 33%).Adadin kifin bisexual a kowane bangare na bass babba shine 8-91%, kuma bass smallmouth shine 14-73%.A kudu maso gabashin Amurka, lamarin da ya shafi madigo ya fi girma, a Apalachicola, Sa Bisexual bigmouth bass suna nan a duk wurare a cikin kogin Fanner da Xiaojian.Ba tare da la'akari da ko jinsi biyu ba, jimlar mercury, trans-HCB, p, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDD da PCBs ana lura da su. Shi ne mafi yawan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen sinadari a duk wurare."
Jerin gurɓatattun abubuwa: Yadda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke shafar al'ummomin ruwa.Wannan rahoton binciken da aka buga a cikin Oecologia a cikin 2009 "nazarin yadda ake amfani da magungunan kashe qwari guda biyar (malathion, carbaryl, gubar rif, Diazinon da endosulfan) da herbicides biyar (glyphosate, atrazine, acetochlor), ƙarancin maida hankali (2-16 ppb) na alachlor, alachlor da 2,4-D) Zai shafi al'ummar ruwa da suka hada da zooplankton, phytoplankton, epiphytes da tsutsotsi masu amphibians (kwadi mai launin toka, kwadon bishiyar, damisa variegated da damisa, Rana pipiens).Na yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na waje kuma na duba kowane maganin kashe qwari daban, Cakudar magungunan kashe qwari, cakuda magungunan ciyawa da cakuda magungunan kashe qwari guda goma.”
Gubar da magungunan kashe qwari guda biyu ke yi ga halittun da ba na nukiliya ba a California, Amurka, da dangantakarsa da raguwar adadin masu amphibians.Wani binciken da aka buga a 2009 a cikin "Muhalli Toxicology da Chemistry" ya binciki magungunan kwari guda biyu da aka fi amfani da su a tsakiyar California.Ma'aikatan kwari-mafi yawan guba na rif da endosulfan.Larvae Pacific itacen kwari (Pseudacris regilla) da kuma ƙafar ƙafar ƙafar rawaya (Rana boylii), masu amphibians, sun ƙi yawan jama'a kuma suna rayuwa kuma suna haifuwa a cikin ciyayi na kusa da Saliyo.Masu binciken sun fallasa tsutsa zuwa magungunan kashe qwari daga Gosner mataki na 25 zuwa 26 ta hanyar metamorphosis.Matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaitan kisa (LC50) na bindiga mai guba shine 365 ″ g/L a cikin regilla, da 66.5″ g/L don R. boylii.Masu bincike sun gano cewa endosulfan ya fi guba ga duka guba fiye da gubar bindiga, kuma lokacin da aka fallasa shi zuwa babban adadin endosulfan, ci gaban nau'in nau'in biyu ba shi da kyau.Endosulfan kuma ya shafi girma da saurin ci gaban nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan biyu.Karanta "Labaran Agrochemical Daily", Yuli 2009.
Canja wurin uwaye na xenobiotics da tasirin sa akan bass ɗin tsutsa na San Francisco estuary.Wannan binciken na 2008 da aka buga a PNAS ya gano cewa "shekaru 8 na filin da sakamakon binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna cewa bass mara kyau ya faru a farkon matakin rayuwa na San Francisco estuary.Mummunan gurɓata yanayi sun fallasa yankin, kuma yawan jama'a ya ci gaba da raguwa tun rugujewar farko a cikin 1970s.PCBs masu ilimin halitta, polybrominated diphenyl ethers da kuma a halin yanzu ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari/kafafu a duk samfuran kwai daga kifin da aka tattara daga kogin.Fasaha ta yin amfani da ƙa'idar rashin son rai na iya gano canje-canjen ci gaba waɗanda ba a iya gani a baya tare da daidaitattun hanyoyin.Yin amfani da gwaiduwa mara kyau, ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwa da haɓaka hanta, da haɓaka gabaɗayan an lura da su a cikin tsutsar kifin da aka tattara daga koguna.”
Martanin al'ummomi da mahalli don tursasa rikice-rikicen magungunan kashe qwari a cikin yanayin muhallin ruwa.Binciken da aka buga a cikin Ecotoxicology a cikin 2008 ya yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na ruwa na waje don tantance tasirin maganin kashe qwari na gama-gari na Sevin da sinadari mai aiki na carbaryl akan plankton ruwa mai daɗi Tasirin gidan yanar gizon abinci."Mun lura da martanin ƙwayoyin cuta, phytoplankton da al'ummomin zooplankton ban da tattara iskar oxygen.Ba da daɗewa ba bayan aikace-aikacen Sevin, ƙwayar carbaryl ta kai ga kololuwarta kuma ta ragu da sauri, kuma ba a sami bambancin magani ba bayan kwanaki 30.A cikin jiyya na bugun jini, planktonic Yawa, bambance-bambance, yalwa, da kuma iskar oxygen na dabbobi sun ragu, yayin da yawan phytoplankton da microorganisms ya karu.Idan aka kwatanta da fa'idodin copods a cikin sauran jiyya guda uku, zooplankton a cikin babban maganin kashe qwari an haɗa shi da rotifers.Kodayake yawancin al'ummomin al'umma da halayen halittu suna nuna alamun farfadowa a cikin kwanaki 40 bayan an lalata su ta hanyar magungunan kashe qwari, har yanzu akwai mahimmanci da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, phytoplankton da zooplankton al'ummomin bayan lalata magungunan kashe qwari."
Jerin abubuwan da ba a zata ba: illar kisa na magungunan kashe qwari a kan kwadi a cikin ƙima.Wannan binciken da aka buga a "Ecology Applications" a cikin 2008 "ya yi nazarin yadda ake amfani da ƙananan ƙididdiga a cikin adadi daban-daban, lokuta da allurai (10-250 micrograms/lita) na maganin kwari na duniya (malathion).Mitar ta shafi al'ummomin ruwa da ke dauke da zooplankton, phytoplankton, tsire-tsire na ruwa da kuma tsutsa masu amphibians (wanda aka haifa a yawa biyu) na kwanaki 79.Duk hanyoyin aikace-aikacen suna haifar da raguwar zooplankton, wanda ke haifar da cascade na trophic wanda phytoplankton ke yaduwa da yawa.A wasu jiyya, gasa epiphytes daga baya sun ragu.Rage tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa yana shafar kwadi (kwadi) Lokacin metamorphosis na Rana pipiens yana da ɗan tasiri.Duk da haka, kwaɗin damisa (Rana pipiens) metamorphoses ya fi tsayi, kuma girma da ci gaban su yana raguwa sosai.Yayin da yanayin ke bushewa, yana kaiwa ga mutuwa na gaba.Saboda haka, malathion (Rapid decomposition) ba kai tsaye ya kashe masu amphibians ba, amma ya haifar da amsawar trophic cascade, wanda a kaikaice ya kai ga mutuwar adadi mai yawa na amphibians.Yana da mahimmanci a maimaita aikace-aikacen a mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci (sau 7 a mako, 10 μg / L kowane lokaci) "Magungunan Matsi") yana da tasiri mai girma na 25 akan yawancin masu amsawa fiye da aikace-aikacen "pulse" guda ɗaya.Wadannan sakamakon ba wai kawai mahimmanci ba ne, saboda malathion shine maganin kashe kwari da aka fi amfani dashi, amma kuma ana samunsa a cikin dausayi.Kuma saboda ainihin tsarin trophic cascade ya zama ruwan dare ga magungunan kashe qwari da yawa, yana ba da damar mutane su hango magungunan kashe qwari da yawa.Maganin kashe kwari yana shafar al'ummomin ruwa da kuma yawan tsutsa.
Gano manyan matsalolin da ke shafar macroinvertebrates a cikin kogin Salinas (California, Amurka): tasirin magungunan kashe qwari da abubuwan da aka dakatar.An buga wannan binciken na 2006 a cikin gurɓataccen muhalli akan amphibians, beetles da et al.An gudanar da bincike don sanin waɗanne damuwa ne suka fi haifar da guba kuma suna cikin kogin California."Bincike na yanzu ya nuna cewa idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da aka dakatar da su a cikin kogin Salinas, magungunan kashe qwari sune mafi mahimmancin tushen damuwa ga macroinvertebrates."
Bayan da aka fallasa su zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin halitta masu dacewa na herbicide atrazine, an buga hermaphrodite, demasculine frogs a cikin Ayyukan Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 2002. Wannan binciken yayi nazari akan tasirin atrazine akan frog na Afirka (Xenopus laevis).) Tasirin ci gaban jima'i.Ana nutsar da tsutsa a cikin atrazine (0.01-200 ppb) a duk tsawon ci gaban tsutsa.Mun duba histology na gonadal da girman maƙogwaro yayin metamorphosis.Atrazine (> ko = 0.1 ppb) yana haifar da hermaphrodite Kuma ya taurare makogwaron tsirara maza (> ko = 1.0 ppb).Bugu da ƙari, mun bincika matakan testosterone na plasma na maza da suka balaga jima'i.Lokacin da aka fallasa zuwa 25 ppb atrazine, matakan testosterone na namiji X. laevis ya ragu sau 10.Mun yi tsammanin cewa atrazine zai haifar da aromatase kuma ya inganta canjin testosterone zuwa estrogen.Wannan halakar da samar da steroid na iya bayyana demasculinization na namiji makogwaro da kuma samar da hermaphroditism.Mai tasiri kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin binciken na yanzu Matsayin shine bayyanar da gaske, yana nuna cewa sauran masu amphibians da aka fallasa su a cikin daji na iya zama cikin haɗari na rashin ci gaban jima'i.Wannan nau'i mai yawa na mahadi da sauran masu rushewar endocrin muhalli na iya zama abin da ke haifar da raguwar adadin masu amphibians a duniya.”
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