Wani sabon rahoto ya yi nuni da azancin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu masu mahimmanci ga pyrethroids.A cikin wannan labarin, Sue Cowgill, Babban Masanin Kimiyyar Kare amfanin gona na AHDB (Pest), yayi nazarin abubuwan da sakamakon zai haifar ga masu noman dankalin turawa.
A zamanin yau, masu noman suna da ƙarancin hanyoyin magance kwari.Shirin "Daftarin Tsarin Ayyuka na Ƙasa akan Amfani da Dorewar Magungunan Gwari" ya gane cewa irin wannan damuwa zai ƙarfafa mutane su haɓaka juriya.Ko da yake wannan yana iya ba da cikakkiyar dabara don sarrafa juriyar magungunan kashe qwari;a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, dole ne mu yi amfani da bayanai da magungunan kashe qwari da ke samuwa a yanzu.
Game da gudanarwa, yana da mahimmanci a fili la'akari da kwayar cutar da za a yi la'akari.Sun bambanta a cikin saurin da ake ɗauka da yada su ta hanyar aphids.Bi da bi, wannan zai shafi tasirin maganin kwari da cutar da aphids da aka yi niyya.A cikin dankali, ƙwayoyin cuta masu mahimmanci na kasuwanci sun kasu kashi biyu.
A cikin Burtaniya, ƙwayar dankalin turawa (PLRV) galibi ana yada ta ta hanyar peach-potato aphids, amma sauran aphids da aka zaunar da su, kamar aphids dankalin turawa, na iya shiga ciki.
Aphids suna ciyarwa kuma suna sha PLRV, amma yana ɗaukar sa'o'i da yawa kafin su iya yada shi.Duk da haka, aphids masu kamuwa da cuta na iya ci gaba da yada cutar a duk rayuwarsu (wannan ƙwayar cuta ce mai "cirewa").
Saboda rashin lokaci, ana iya sa ran cewa magungunan kashe qwari zasu taimaka katse tsarin watsawa.Saboda haka, yanayin juriya yana da mahimmanci ga gudanar da PLRV.
Kwayoyin cuta na dankalin turawa marasa dawwama, kamar ƙwayar dankalin turawa Y (PVY), sune mafi matsala a samar da dankalin turawa GB.
Lokacin da aphids suka fito daga cikin ganyen, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ana ɗaukar su a ƙarshen bakinsu.Ana iya isar da waɗannan a cikin mintuna, idan ba 'yan daƙiƙa ba.Ko da dankali ba shine gargajiya na gargajiya na aphids ba, har yanzu ana iya kamuwa da su ta hanyar gano aphids bazuwar.
Gudun yadawa yana nufin cewa magungunan kashe qwari sau da yawa suna da wuya a karya wannan zagayowar.Baya ga haɓaka dogaro ga sarrafa marasa sinadarai, ƙarin nau'in aphid yana buƙatar la'akari da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta.
A cewar masu binciken, peach-potato aphids, aphids hatsi, ceri-cherry-oat aphids da willow-carrot aphids sune manyan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da PVY a cikin dankalin Scotland iri.
Saboda muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yaduwar PLRV da PVY, ya zama dole a fahimci matsayin juriya na aphid.Abin takaici, ya zama ƙwararren wajen samar da juriya-kimanin 80% na samfuran Burtaniya sun nuna juriya ga pyrethroids-a cikin nau'i biyu:
Akwai rahotannin juriya na neonicotinoid a cikin peach-potato aphids a kasashen waje.Ana duba iyakataccen adadin samfuran kan yanar gizo a cikin GB kowace shekara don saka idanu akan rage hankalinsu ga acetamide, fluniamide da spirotetramine.Ya zuwa yanzu, babu wata shaida ta rage hankali ga waɗannan abubuwa masu aiki.
Damuwa ta farko game da juriya na aphids hatsi zuwa pyrethroids za a iya komawa zuwa 2011. Idan aka kwatanta da cikakkiyar aphid hatsi mai saukin kamuwa, an tabbatar da kasancewar maye gurbin kdr kuma an nuna cewa kusan sau 40 ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki don kashe juriya.
An ƙirƙiri wata dabara don tantance maye gurbi na kdr a cikin aphids (daga cibiyar sadarwar tarkon ruwa ta ƙasa).A cikin 2019, an gwada samfurori daga tarkuna biyar, kuma kusan kashi 30% na aphids suna da wannan maye gurbi.
Koyaya, irin wannan gwajin ba zai iya ba da bayanai game da wasu nau'ikan juriya ba.Sakamakon haka, nan da shekarar 2020, an kuma tattara ƙaramin adadin (5) na samfuran aphids na hatsi daga gonakin hatsi kuma an gwada su a cikin nazarin halittu.Tun 2011, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙarfin juriya bai ƙaru ba, kuma har yanzu ana iya samun juriyar kdr a cikin aphids na hatsi.
A zahiri, yin amfani da feshin pyrethroid a matsakaicin adadin da aka ba da shawarar yakamata ya sarrafa aphids na hatsi.Duk da haka, tasirin su akan watsawar PVY ya fi dacewa da lokacin jirgin da kuma yawan aphids na hatsi fiye da matsayin juriya na aphids.
Ko da yake akwai rahotanni cewa ceri oat aphids daga Ireland sun rage hankali ga pyrethroids, bioassays akan samfuran GB da suka fara daga 2020 (21) ba su nuna shaidar wannan matsala ba.
A halin yanzu, pyrethroids ya kamata su iya sarrafa tsuntsu ceri oat aphids.Wannan labari ne mai daɗi ga masu noman hatsi waɗanda suka damu da BYDV.BYDV kwayar cuta ce mai dawwama wacce ta fi sauƙin sarrafawa ta hanyar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari fiye da PVY.
Hoton Willow karas aphids bai bayyana ba.Musamman ma, masu bincike ba su da bayanan tarihi game da yiwuwar kwari ga pyrethroids.Ba tare da bayanai akan cikakkiyar nau'in aphids ba, ba shi yiwuwa a ƙididdige juriyar juriya (kamar yadda aphids ɗin hatsi suke yi).Wata hanya ita ce a yi amfani da mitar filin daidai don gwada aphids.Ya zuwa yanzu, samfurori shida ne kawai aka gwada ta wannan hanyar, kuma adadin kisa yana tsakanin 30% zuwa 70%.Ana buƙatar ƙarin samfurori don samun ƙarin fahimtar wannan kwaro.
Cibiyar sadarwa ta AHDB mai kama da rawaya tana ba da bayanan gida game da jiragen GB.Sakamakon 2020 yana nuna bambanci a cikin lamba da nau'in aphids.
Shafin Aphid da Virus yana ba da bayanin bayyani gami da matsayin juriya da bayanan shirin fesa.
Daga ƙarshe, masana'antu suna buƙatar matsawa zuwa hanyar haɗin gwiwa.Wannan ya haɗa da matakan dogon lokaci, kamar sarrafa hanyoyin rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta.Duk da haka, wannan kuma yana nufin amfani da wasu hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar amfani da intercropping, ciyawa da man ma'adinai.Ana binciken wadannan ne a cibiyar sadarwa ta SPot ta AHDB, kuma ana fatan za a samu gwajin da sakamakon a shekarar 2021 (ya danganta da ci gaban sarrafa wata kwayar cuta ta daban).