Kula da tarkuna a hankali da kuma amfani da magunguna a lokacin da ya dace na daga cikin mabudin hana barna mai yawa daga kwarin bishiyar zaitun, in ji masana.
Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Yankin Tuscan ta fitar da jagororin fasaha don saka idanu da sarrafa yawan kudawar 'ya'yan itacen zaitun ta masu noma da masu fasaha da ke aiki a kan gonaki da haɗin gwiwa.
An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin kwari na itacen zaitun mafi cutarwa saboda lalacewar da suke haifar da yawa da ingancin 'ya'yan itace, wannan kwaro mai lalata yana samuwa a cikin Basin Bahar Rum, Afirka ta Kudu, Tsakiya da Kudancin Amirka, Sin, Australia da Amurka.
Umarnin, wanda masana suka ba da hankali kan halin da ake ciki a Tuscany na iya daidaitawa da manoma bisa ga tsarin ci gaban kuda, wanda zai iya bambanta dangane da ƙasa da yanayin yanayin shukar zaitun.
"A cikin ƙasashen Turai, ƙalubalen da ke tasowa daga haramcin Dimethoate yana buƙatar sabon tsarin kula da kuda na zaitun," in ji Massimo Ricciolini na Ma'aikatar Kula da Lafiya ta Tuscan."Duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da buƙatun dorewa, mun yi imanin cewa ba kawai amincin phytiatric ba har ma da toxicological da amincin muhalli ya kamata su kasance tushen kowane ingantaccen dabarun yaƙi da wannan kwaro."
Janyewar kasuwar Dimethoate na tsarin organophosphate, wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen yaƙar tsutsar kuda, ya sa masana suka ɗauki matakin girma na kwari a matsayin babban burin yaƙin.
"Rigakafin ya kamata ya zama babban abin da ake mayar da hankali ga ingantaccen tsari da dorewa," in ji Ricciolini."Babu wani madadin noman kwayoyin halitta a wannan lokacin, don haka yayin da muke jiran sakamakon bincike kan sabbin ingantattun magungunan warkarwa (watau a kan kwai da tsutsa), ya zama dole a aiwatar da dabarun kashe ko korar manya."
Ya kara da cewa "Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa a yankinmu ƙuda ya kammala tsarar farko na shekara-shekara a cikin bazara," in ji shi."Kwarrin yana amfani da zaitun da ya rage a kan tsire-tsire, saboda rashin kammala girbi ko shuke-shuken zaitun da aka yi watsi da su, a matsayin tushen haifuwa da tushen abinci.Don haka, tsakanin karshen watan Yuni da farkon Yuli, yawanci, tashi na biyu na shekara, wanda ya fi na farko girma, yana faruwa.”
Matan suna ajiye ƙwai a cikin zaitun na wannan shekara, wanda ya riga ya karɓa kuma yawanci a farkon aikin ƙaddamar da dutse.
"Daga waɗannan ƙwai, ƙarni na biyu na shekara, wanda shine farkon lokacin rani, ya fito," in ji Ricciolini."Koren, 'ya'yan itatuwa masu girma suna lalacewa ta hanyar ayyukan tsutsa wanda, wucewa ta matakai uku, suna tasowa a cikin kudi na ɓangaren litattafan almara, tono rami a cikin mesocarp wanda yake da farko na sama da zaren, sa'an nan kuma mai zurfi kuma tare da mafi girma sashe, kuma, a karshe, surfacing a elliptical sashe."
"Bisa ga kakar wasa, manyan larvae suna sauke ƙasa don yin tururuwa ko, lokacin da aka kammala matakin pupal, manya suna rufewa [sun fito daga yanayin pupal]," in ji shi.
A cikin watanni masu zafi, lokacin zafi mai zafi (sama da 30 zuwa 33 ° C - 86 zuwa 91.4 ° F) da ƙarancin ƙarancin dangi (a ƙasa da kashi 60) na iya haifar da mutuwar ɓangarorin ƙwai da ƙananan larvae, sakamakon haka. yuwuwar rage cutarwa.
Yawan ƙudaje gabaɗaya yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin Satumba da Oktoba, yana haifar da haɗarin ci gaba da lalacewa har zuwa lokacin girbi, saboda faɗuwar 'ya'yan itace da tsarin iskar oxygen da ke shafar zaitun da aka tono.Don hana oviposition da ci gaban tsutsa, masu shuka yakamata su aiwatar da girbi da wuri, wanda ke da tasiri musamman a cikin shekaru masu yawa.
"A Tuscany, tare da duk wasu keɓancewa, haɗarin hare-hare yawanci yakan fi girma a bakin tekun, kuma yana ƙoƙarin raguwa zuwa yankunan da ke cikin ƙasa, tuddai masu tsayi, da Apennines," in ji Ricciolini."A cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, ƙarin ilimi game da ilimin halittar gardawan zaitun da kuma kafa babban bayanan agrometeorological da alƙaluma sun ba da damar ayyana yanayin hasashen yanayin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta."
"Ya nuna cewa, a cikin yankinmu, ƙananan zafin jiki a cikin hunturu yana aiki a matsayin ƙayyadaddun abu ga wannan kwari da kuma cewa yawan rayuwar al'ummarta a lokacin hunturu yana rinjayar yawan mutanen zamanin bazara," in ji shi.
Shawarar ita ce a sa ido kan yanayin yawan jama'a na manya, farawa daga jirgin farko na shekara-shekara, da yanayin cutar zaitun, farawa daga jirgin na biyu na shekara.
Ya kamata a gudanar da saka idanu na jirgin, a kowane mako, tare da tarkon chromotropic ko pheromone (tarko ɗaya zuwa uku don daidaitaccen yanki na hectare daya / 2.5-acre tare da itatuwan zaitun 280);Ya kamata a gudanar da sa ido kan cutar, a kowane mako, yin samfurin zaitun 100 a kowane yanki na zaitun (la'akari da matsakaicin hectare ɗaya / 2.5 acre tare da bishiyar zaitun 280).
Idan kamuwa da cuta ya wuce matakin kashi biyar (wanda aka ba da ƙwai masu rai, larvae na farko da na biyu) ko kashi 10 cikin 100 (wanda aka ba da ƙwai masu rai da tsutsa na farko), yana yiwuwa a ci gaba da amfani da samfuran larvicide da aka yarda.
A cikin wannan tsarin, dangane da ilimin yanki da cutarwar hare-hare dangane da mita da tsanani, ƙwararrun sun jaddada mahimmanci don aiwatar da wani mataki na hanawa da / ko kisan kai a kan farkon lokacin rani.
"Dole ne mu yi la'akari da cewa wasu na'urori da samfurori suna yin aiki mafi kyau a cikin manyan gonaki," in ji Ricciolini."Wasu kuma sun fi dacewa a cikin ƙananan filaye."
Manyan itatuwan zaitun (fiye da hectare biyar / 12.4 acres) suna buƙatar na'urori ko samfuran koto tare da aikin '' jan hankali da kashe '' wanda ke nufin jawo manya maza da mata zuwa abinci ko tushen pheromone sannan a kashe su ta hanyar sha (na guba. koto) ko ta hanyar lamba (tare da saman na'urar).
An yi amfani da tarko na pheromone da magungunan kashe kwari da ake samu a kasuwa, da kuma tarkunan da aka yi da hannu da ke ɗauke da kocin furotin da yawa kuma suna da tasiri;haka ma, maganin kwari na dabi'a, Spinosad, an yarda da shi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa.
A cikin ƙananan mãkirci ana bada shawarar yin amfani da samfurori tare da matakan da ba su dace ba a kan maza da mata kuma tare da tasirin anti-oviposition akan mata, irin su jan karfe, kaolin, sauran ma'adanai irin su zeolith da bentonite, da fili bisa ga naman gwari, Beauveria bassiana.Ana ci gaba da bincike akan jiyya biyu na ƙarshe.
Masu girma a cikin aikin noma na iya amfani da su, inda aka ba da izini, maganin kwari bisa Phosmet (organophosphate), Acetamiprid (neonicotinoid) da Deltamethrin (a Italiya, wannan pyrethroid ester za a iya amfani dashi kawai a cikin tarkuna).
"A kowane hali, manufar ita ce hana oviposition," in ji Ricciolini."A yankinmu, wannan yana nufin yin adawa da manya na farkon jirgin bazara, wanda ke faruwa a ƙarshen Yuni zuwa farkon Yuli.Ya kamata mu yi la'akari da ma'auni masu mahimmanci na farko da aka kama manya a cikin tarkuna, ainihin ramukan oviposition na farko da kuma ramin da ke cikin 'ya'yan itace."
"Tun daga jirgin lokacin rani na biyu, ana iya yanke shawarar rigakafin ta hanyar la'akari da tsawon lokacin aikin samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi, da kammala hasashen da ya gabata (watau matakin ci gaba wanda ke gaba da babba) matakin kwari, na farko ya kama. na manya na ƙarni na baya, da kuma ramuka na farko na sabon ƙarni," in ji Ricciolini.
Farashin man zaitun a Puglia na ci gaba da zamewa duk da karancin samar da su a shekarar 2020. Coldiretti ya yi imanin cewa dole ne gwamnati ta kara yin hakan.
Wani bincike ya nuna cewa fitar da man zaitun na Italiyanci da kuma amfani da man zaitun na budurwowi tare da alamun yanki ya karu a hankali sama da shekaru biyar.
Masu ba da agaji a Toscolano Maderno suna nuna darajar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar itatuwan zaitun da aka yi watsi da su.
Yayin da yawancin noman zaitun har yanzu suna fitowa daga masu noman gargajiya a cikin Bahar Rum, sabbin gonaki suna mai da hankali kan ingantattun gonakin noma da kuma samun ci gaba a cikin samarwa.